Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, 1974

Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara & Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare, 2014, A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species, Zootaxa 3838 (1), pp. 1-45 : 3-16

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1534C775-D28D-470F-9AEC-8BABB3D8FA56
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6124223
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5-FFEB-FFF1-38AD-FBF8FB1474E5
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, 1974
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Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead (1974a) : 284, 285, 286 (original description); Whitehead & Kingsolver (1975b): 461 (taxonomy); Kingsolver & Whitehead (1976): 1 –2, 26–29, 33 (citation, taxonomy, host plant); Borowiec (1987): 77, 78 (distribution, host plant, redescription, taxonomy); Kingsolver (1988): 4 (taxonomy); Udayagiri & Wadhi (1989): 78 (catalog); Romero & Johnson (2002): 183 (citation); Sari et al. 2002: 484 (biology); Romero & Johnson (2003): 221 (citation); Romero & Johnson (2004): 614 (citation); Lorea-Barocio et al. 2006: 512 (citation); Ribeiro-Costa (2007): 51 (citation); Silva & Ribeiro-Costa (2008): 802 –825 (diagnosis, key, comparative morphology).

Type-species: Pachymerus tuberculatum Motschulsky, 1874 (original designation).

Diagnosis. Pronotum with median and lateral gibbosities, slightly to strongly elevated ( Fig. 2 View FIGURES 1 – 7 ). Elytra with striae 3 and 4 originating from basal gibbosity ( Figs. 2, 3 View FIGURES 1 – 7 ), both curved at base and each with tooth ( Fig. 3 View FIGURES 1 – 7 ); striae 7, 8 and 9 limited basally by humeral gibbosity ( Fig. 2 View FIGURES 1 – 7 ). Hind femur about 1.5 times the width of hind coxa, with toothed carina on external ventral margin, except C. acapulcensis ( Figs. 4 View FIGURES 1 – 7 , 75 View FIGURES 72 – 76 ); internal ventral margin with two or more denticles on pre-pecten; pecten with numerous teeth ( Fig. 4 View FIGURES 1 – 7 ), 6–18, in some specimens first basal tooth separated from third by a gap bearing one very small tooth. Hind tibia with mucro shorter than apical width of tibia ( Fig. 4 View FIGURES 1 – 7 ). Pygidium entirely covered by setae, without speculum. Abdomen entirely pubescent, without polished areas. Male genitalia not elongated; median lobe not strongly arcuate, not fractured before apex; ventral valve subtriangular; internal sac with hinge and other sclerites ( Figs. 5, 6 View FIGURES 1 – 7 ), with tufts of setae at apex laterally and group of spicules medially ( Figs. 5–6 View FIGURES 1 – 7 , 79–90 View FIGURES 79 – 84 View FIGURES 85 – 90 ); tegmen with lateral lobes deeply emarginated ( Figs. 7 View FIGURES 1 – 7 , 91–102 View FIGURES 91 – 99 View FIGURES 100 – 102 ).

Redescription. BL: 2.0– 4.8 mm; BW: 1.4–3.4 mm.

Integument. Dorsum variable, mostly black ( Figs. 8–21 View FIGURES 8 – 16 View FIGURES 17 – 21 ). Antenna in general pale brown to dark brown ( Figs. 8 View FIGURES 8 – 16 , 53, 55, 57–60 View FIGURES 53 – 60 ); some species with first 3 antennomeres paler ( Figs. 58 View FIGURES 53 – 60 , 61 View FIGURES 61 – 65 ) and 8–10 darker ( Figs. 63, 65 View FIGURES 61 – 65 ). Pygidium in general reddish brown. Ventral region usually reddish brown and black. Front and middle femur and tibia mostly pale brown or brown; hind femur in general bicolor.

Pubescence. Dorsum usually variegated ( Figs. 8–21 View FIGURES 8 – 16 View FIGURES 17 – 21 ). Pronotum brown to dark brown, white and black setae, sparse setae exposing the integument forming an area from anterior to posterior region usually divided by transversal and longitudinal strip of denser setae and on each lateral regions usually one small area ( Figs. 9, 13, 14 View FIGURES 8 – 16 ). Scutellum dense, usually white ( Figs. 8, 12–16 View FIGURES 8 – 16 , 21 View FIGURES 17 – 21 ). Elytra generally variegated with brown, black and white setae ( Figs. 8, 13, 14 View FIGURES 8 – 16 , 18–21 View FIGURES 17 – 21 ); interstria 3 at base and at submedian region usually with dense, short strip of white setae ( Figs. 8, 11, 13, 14 View FIGURES 8 – 16 ). Pygidium pubescent, usually white and dense, except on four small lateral areas with sparse setae and on median region with larger area with sparse setae ( Figs. 35–39, 43–44 View FIGURES 35 – 43 View FIGURES 44 – 46 , 51 View FIGURES 47 – 52 ). Abdomen without polished areas. Ventral region usually with yellowish gray, brown and white setae ( Figs. 53–65 View FIGURES 53 – 60 View FIGURES 61 – 65 ).

Head. Ocular sinus 0.2–0.3 mm; ocular index 4.2–11.6; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.01–0.34 mm. Head moderately elongated; strongly constricted behind eyes; postocular lobe short; frons prominent with frontal carina enlarged at base ( Fig. 1 View FIGURES 1 – 7 ); gena glabrous, between base of mandible and antennal fossa about as long as width of antennal fossa ( Figs. 22–34 View FIGURES 22 – 30 View FIGURES 31 – 34 ). Antenna serrate usually from antennomeres 4–10 ( Figs. 12 View FIGURES 8 – 16 , 20 View FIGURES 17 – 21 ).

Prothorax. Pronotum campaniform, sides irregularly concave; median gibbosity usually slightly elevated, not divided by longitudinal and transversal sulcus; lateral gibbosities in general slightly to moderately elevated ( Fig. 3 View FIGURES 1 – 7 ); basal lobe with or without depression, usually slightly emarginated ( Fig. 3 View FIGURES 1 – 7 ); lateral carina reaching or not cervical sulcus; prosternal process acute at apex.

Mesothorax and metathorax. Scutellum subquadrate, apex bidentate ( Figs. 3 View FIGURES 1 – 7 , 8–21 View FIGURES 8 – 16 View FIGURES 17 – 21 ). Elytra, striae usually with punctures moderately impressed; striae 3 and 4 originate from basal gibbosity, curved at base, and each with tooth ( Figs. 3 View FIGURES 1 – 7 , 8–21 View FIGURES 8 – 16 View FIGURES 17 – 21 ); tooth of stria 4 usually closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than anterior margin of elytra ( Fig. 3 View FIGURES 1 – 7 ); stria 6 generally conspicuously impressed; striae 7, 8 and 9 limited basally by humeral gibbosity. Mesoventral process truncate at apex. Hind coxae densely punctured. Hind femur about 1.5 times width of hind coxa, with 6–18 teeth uniformly distributed in pecten ( Fig. 4 View FIGURES 1 – 7 ), in some species first basal tooth separated from third by gap bearing very small tooth on it; from second tooth gradually increasing in size until middle and decreasing towards apex ( Figs. 66–74 View FIGURES 66 – 71 View FIGURES 72 – 76 ) or until apex regular in profile ( Figs. 4 View FIGURES 1 – 7 , 75–78 View FIGURES 72 – 76 View FIGURES 77 – 78 ); external ventral margin with toothed carina ( Fig. 4 View FIGURES 1 – 7 ), except C. acapulcensis ( Fig. 75 View FIGURES 72 – 76 ) and usually without denticles above external ventral margin; internal ventral margin with two or more denticles on pre-pecten. Hind tibia arcuate, with ventral, lateroventral, lateral and dorsomesal carinae developed; ventral carina projected on apical third or half; with ( Figs. 4 View FIGURES 1 – 7 , 75–78 View FIGURES 72 – 76 View FIGURES 77 – 78 ) or without row of denticles in outer surface; apex with ( Figs. 4 View FIGURES 1 – 7 , 66–71 View FIGURES 66 – 71 ) or without lateral coronal tooth and denticles, emarginated beside mucro ( Figs. 4 View FIGURES 1 – 7 , 66–78 View FIGURES 66 – 71 View FIGURES 72 – 76 View FIGURES 77 – 78 ); mucro shorter than apical width of tibia ( Figs. 4 View FIGURES 1 – 7 , 66–78 View FIGURES 66 – 71 View FIGURES 72 – 76 View FIGURES 77 – 78 ); 1-tarsomere with or without lateral carina.

Abdomen. Pygidium usually longer than wide, oval, at median basal region moderately punctate, truncate in male ( Figs. 35–46 View FIGURES 35 – 43 View FIGURES 44 – 46 ), rounded in female apically ( Figs. 47–52 View FIGURES 47 – 52 ); last abdominal ventrite medially emarginated in male, not in female.

Male genitalia. Median lobe ( Figs. 5, 6 View FIGURES 1 – 7 , 79–90 View FIGURES 79 – 84 View FIGURES 85 – 90 ), ventral valve subtriangular, usually as long as wide, truncate or acute apically, basal margin generally emarginated; without fracture before apex; not strongly arcuate. Internal sac, lateral apex usually with short tuft of setae and medially with group of spicules; hinge sclerite usually elongate ( Fig. 6 View FIGURES 1 – 7 ); squamous ( Figs. 6 View FIGURES 1 – 7 , 79–86 View FIGURES 79 – 84 View FIGURES 85 – 90 ) or smooth sclerite present ( Figs. 5 View FIGURES 1 – 7 , 87–90 View FIGURES 85 – 90 ). Tegmen ( Figs. 7 View FIGURES 1 – 7 , 91–102 View FIGURES 91 – 99 View FIGURES 100 – 102 ), lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.5–0.9 times the length of lateral lobes; apex truncate or rounded, at internal margin with thick or thin setae, usually with expanded apex 2–5.5 times the smallest width of stem on median region; internal margin near end of emargination, curved or straight.

Sexual dimorphism. According to Kingsolver & Whitehead (1974a) the eyes can be larger in males than in females and the antenna of males extends to or beyond the elytral humerus, whereas the antenna of females extends to about elytral humerus.

Unfortunately, of the 13 species of Ctenocolum only C. aquilus Albuquerque & Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov., C. martiale , C. milelo Albuquerque & Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov., C. podagricus , C. acapulcensis , C. janzeni and C. tubercultaum were represented by both sexes in our study. In these species we did not observe the sexual dimorphism that Kingsolver & Whitehead (1974a) had described. However, we observed sexual dimorphism in some characters. Antenna is serrate from antennomere 4 in males and from 5 in females of C. tuberculatum and C. aquilus whereas antenna is serrate from antennomere 3 in males and from antennomere 4 in females of C. martiale and C. janzeni . Pygidium oval in male ( Fig. 37 View FIGURES 35 – 43 ) and triangular in females ( Fig. 48 View FIGURES 47 – 52 ) of C. martiale , C. milelo , C. podagricus , longer than wide in males ( Fig. 37 View FIGURES 35 – 43 ) and subequal in female ( Fig. 48 View FIGURES 47 – 52 ) of C.martiale ; subequal in male ( Fig. 46 View FIGURES 44 – 46 ) and as long as wide in the female ( Fig. 52 View FIGURES 47 – 52 ) of C. tuberculatum ; pygidium of males truncated at apex and rounded in females. Last ventrite medially emarginate in males and truncate in females. In some species the males and females have different pubescence pattern ( Figs. 46 View FIGURES 44 – 46 , 52 View FIGURES 47 – 52 ; 38, 49).

Distribution. Nearctic region: Mexico (Sonora, Tamaulipas).

Neotropical region: Puerto Rico, Mexico (Sinaloa, Nayarit, San Luis Potosi, Jalisco, Querétaro, Veracruz, Michoacán, Guerrero, Morelos, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Campeche, Yucután, Quintana Roo), Guatemala (Chimaltenango, Sacatepéquez, Escuintla), El Salvador (San Salvador, La Unión), Honduras (Colón, Copán, Olancho, El Paraíso), Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Heredia, Puntarenas, San Jose), Panama, Venezuela (Aragua, Distrito Capital), Trinidad and Tobago ( Tobago, Trinidad), Guyana, Brazil (Mato Grosso, Paraná).

New records: American Virgins Islands, Jamaica (Saint James), French West Indies (Saint Bathelemy), Colombia, Ecuador (Guayas*), Peru (Junin), Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil (São Paulo*).

Host plants (Tables I–II). Papilionoideae : Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. , Lonchocarpus sp., L. costaricensis (Donn. Sm.) Pittier. , L. constrictus Pittier , L. eriocarinalis Micheli. , L. heptaphyllus (Poir.) DC., L. hondurensis Benth. , L. longistylus Pittier , L. margaritensis Pittier , L. minimiflorus Donn. Sm. , L. nitidus (Vogel) Benth. , L. parviflorus Benth. , L. purpureus Pittier , L. rugosus Benth. , L. sericeus (Poir.) DC., L. velutinus Benth. , Muellera sp. (= Bergeronia sp.), Piscidia sp., Piscidia carthagenensis Jacq. , Piscidia grandifolia (Donn. Sm.) I. M. Johnst. , Piscidia mollis Rose.

Caesalpinioideae : Peltophorum dasyrrhachis (Miq.) Kurz.

New records: Caesalpinioideae : Bauhinia glabra Jacq. Papilionoideae : Lonchocarpus emarginatus Pittier. L. guillemineanus (Tul.) Malme. , L. muehlbergianus Hassl , Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg.

Note. According to Kingsolver & Whitehead (1974a), the record in Peltophorum dasyrrhachis is dubious.

Comparative notes. Kingsolver & Whitehead (1974a), Whitehead & Kingsolver (1975) and Borowiec (1987) remarked that Ctenocolum, Caryedes and Meibomeus are very close. They share a relatively elongated frons, elongated gena and antennal scrobe of gena equal to or larger than the diameter of antennal fossa, abdomen and pygidium lacking glabrous polished areas. Conversely, some characters in combination separate Ctenocolum from these genera, for instance striae 3 and 4 curved at base and each with a tooth; very enlarged femur about 1.5 times the width of hind coxa; larger number of teeth on pecten; mucro shorter; tegmen with lateral lobes deeply emarginated ( Kingsolver & Whitehead 1974a); pecten with 6–18 teeth; mucro shorter than apical width of tibia; short median lobe without fractured before apex; internal sac with hinge and others sclerites.