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Calocaris Bell, 1846

Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen, 2003, European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda), Zoosystema 25 (3), pp. 439-555 : 459-465

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 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5402949

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scientific name

 Calocaris Bell, 1846
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Genus Calocaris Bell, 1846 View in CoL

TYPE SPECIES. — Calocaris macandreae Bell, 1846 , by original designation.

DIAGNOSIS. — Rostrum triangular, margin bearing spines. Gastric region convex, median dorsal carina present, extending to posterior border of carapace; cervical groove well defined to whole length. Abdominal pleura rounded ventrally, lateral setae absent. Telson longer than wide, lateral border with spinules, pair of dorsal carinae present, posterior border rounded, with or without median spine.

Eyestalk hardly mobile, cornea flattened anteriorly, unpigmented. Antennal acicle reduced. Mx2 scaphognathite with single posterior seta.

P1 equal; propodus with dorsal distal spine, fixed finger and dactylus slender, compressed, longer than palm. P2 chelate, much smaller than P1, P3-5 simple. Coxa of P3 and P5 with gonopore. Hermaphroditic.

Exopod on Mxp1-3; single epipod on Mxp1-3 and P1-4; reduced podobranch on Mxp2, Mxp3 and P1-3; single arthrobranch on Mxp2, paired arthrobranch on Mxp3 and P1-4.

Plp1 uniramous, of two articles, distal expanded; Plp2 biramous, with appendix interna and with appendix masculina presumably fused to endopod; Plp3-5 with appendix interna. Uropodal exopod with tranverse suture.

Calocaris macandreae Bell, 1846 View in CoL ( Figs 6 View FIG ; 7 View FIG )

Calocaris Macandreae Bell, 1846: 233 View in CoL , 1 fig. — White 1850: 33. — * Sars 1884: 180, pls 2, 6, 7. — Carus 1885: 490. — Stebbing 1893: 190. — Adensamer 1898: 621. — * Lo Bianco 1903: 187. — Norman & Scott 1906: 12. — Hansen 1908: 41. — Stephensen 1910: 277. — Selbie 1914: 92, pl. 14, figs 5-7. — Bouvier 1917: 119, pl. 11 figs 5, 6. — de Man 1925a: 140, fig. 7. — Balss 1925: 209. — ° Zariquiey y Cenarro 1935: 7.

Calocaris Macandrae View in CoL – Bull 1933: 48, figs 1-18.

Calocaris Macandrei View in CoL – White 1857: 99, pl. 8, fig. 4.

Calocaris (Calocaris) Macandreae – Borradaile 1903: 539. — de Man 1925b: 116.

Calocaris Mc Andreae View in CoL – Bouvier 1940: 96.

Calocaris macandreae View in CoL – Kirk 1879: 401. — Sars 1884: 166, pl. 2. — Lovett 1885: 16. — Ortmann 1891: 50, pl. 1 fig. 5. — Anderson 1897: 97. — Adensamer 1898: 621. — Appelhöf 1906: 132. — Lagerberg 1908: 51, pl. 1 fig. 17. — * Lo Bianco 1909: 603. — Wollebaek 1909a: 251, figs 1-6, pls 15-17; 1909b: 251. — Björck 1913: 1, figs 1-6, pl. 1. — Pesta 1918: 191, fig. 59. — Caroli 1921a: 241; 1921b: 264. — RunnstrØm 1925: 14, pls 1, 2. — Balss 1926: 26. — Grieg 1927: 34. — Miranda y Rivera 1933: 21. — Gustafson 1934: 16. — Poulsen 1941: 214, fig. 3. — * Gurney 1942: 242, fig. 97. — Zariquiey Alvarez 1946: 104, fig. 132; 1952: 19; 1968: 225, fig. 88b. — Holthuis 1950: 108, fig. 38; 1958: 8, fig. 5; 1962: 246. — Christiansen 1955: 5; 1972: 40, fig. 46; 2000: 230, fig. 1, tabl. 1. — Soot- Ryen 1955: 1. — Gordon 1959: 191. — * Bourdillon- Casanova 1960: 101, figs 36, 37. — Buchanan 1963: 729, figs 1-15, tabl. 1. — ICZN 1964: 340. — Forest 1965: 347. — Picard 1965: 104. — Squires 1965: 10. — Allen 1967: 17, 57, 89 (fig.). — ° Števčić 1969: 128; 1990: 214. — Christiansen 1972: 40, fig. 46. — Froglia 1976: 76; ° 1995: 7. — Kattoulas & Koukouras 1974: 344. — * Thiriot 1976: 349. — Beaubrun 1979: 70, figs 45, 46. — Moncharmont 1979: 70. — García Raso 1983: 318; ° 1996: 738. — Riedl 1983: 482, pl. 177, 2 figs. — Nash et al. 1984: 425, figs 1-3, pls 1- 3. — Atkinson 1986: 356, figs 1K, 2A. — Holthuis & Heerebout 1986: 62, fig. 82. — Moore 1986: 31. — Thessalou-Legaki 1986: 182. — Atkinson & Taylor 1988: 212, fig. 1h. — Manning & Froglia 1982: 323. — Sakai & de Saint Laurent 1989: 56. — Moyse & Smaldon 1990: 117, fig. 10.12. — Dworschak 1992: 215. — ° Koukouras et al. 1992: 223. — Noël 1992: 79. — Kocataș & Katagan 1993: 35. — ° Pipitone & Tumbiolo 1993: 361. — Anderson et al. 1994: 515, figs 1-5. — Cartes et al. 1994: 136, tabls 2, 3. — ° Diez et al. 1994: 47. — Galil & Goren 1994: 47. — Hayward et al. 1995: 432, fig. 8.51 (part). — Falciai & Minervini 1996: 143, 1 fig. — * Barnich 1996: 131, fig. 65. — Astall et al. 1997b: 675, pl. 1a, tabls 1-5. — ° Brattegard & Christiansen 1997: 220. — Hughes & Atkinson 1997: 640. — Johns et al. 1997: 127, figs 1-4, tabl. 2. — Pinn et al. 1998a: 243, fig. 1A; 1998b: 211, figs 1B, 2B; 1999a: 103, figs 2B-D, 3H, 4A, 4B, 5F; 1999b: 1461, figs 1E, 2, 3, tabls 1-6. — Taylor et al. 1999: 163, figs 1, 2, tabls 1-4; 2000: 265, figs 1-3, tabls 1-6. — d’Udekem d’Acoz 1999: 153. — Widdicombe et al. 2000: 371, figs 1-8, tabls 1-3. — *González- Gordillo et al. 2001: 279. — ° Türkay 2001: 289.

Non Calocaris macandreae View in CoL – Alcock & Anderson 1894: 163. — Alcock 1901: 189. — Whiteaves 1901: 257 (= Calocaris templemani Squires, 1965 View in CoL ), also Rathbun 1929: 25, fig. 33. — Moen & Svensen 1999: 233, 1 fig. (= Upogebia View in CoL , probably U. stellata ( Montagu, 1808)) View in CoL .

TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: Loch Fyne , Scotland, 80 fms (144 m), dried ( NHML 48.20 View Materials ).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Norway. Trondheimsjorden, Vanvik. coll., S. Bock, 1.X.1945, 1 spec. ( SMNH 5838 View Materials ). — Gullmarfjord , 150 m, 26.IX.1969, 7 spec. (4 ovig.) cl. 12.5- 15 mm, tl. 38.5-41.5 mm ( SMF 28970). — Northeast Atlantic, palaearctic region, RV Sarsia , anchor dredge, 1000 m, J. D. George coll., 17.VII.1973, 2 spec. (1 juv.) ( NHML 1977.575 View Materials ). — Trondheims Fjord , SW of Rissen, Strömmen, 650 m, dredge, excursion Leiden Biologists , 28.VIII.1961, 1 spec. ( RMNH D 17159). — Trondheims Fjord , off Stranden , 63°34’N, 9°48’E, 7-50 m, dredge, excursion Leiden Biologists , 28.VIII.1961, 1 spec. ( RMNH D 17160). — Oslofjord , E of Bastö, SE of Harten, 125- 150 m, 8.V.1962, leg. Ståleson, don. Mrs J. Indrehus, c. 10 spec. ( RMNH D 17384). — Stjörnfjord near Trondheims Fjord , N of Flessa lighthouse, stn 9, 200 m, trawl, excursion Leiden Biologists , 21-26.VIII. 1963, c. 100 spec. (9 ovig.) ( RMNH D 19506). — Trondheimsfjord near Rissen , 550 m, trawl, excursion Leiden Biologists , 24.VIII.1963, stn 19, 9 spec. (3 ovig.) ( RMNH D 19548). — Stjörnfjord near Trondheimsfjord near Frengsbugten , 12-50 m, dredge, excursion Leiden Biologists , 20.VIII.1963, stn 8, 6 spec. (2 ovig.) ( RMNH D 19870). — TromsØ Flatanger , off Kvalöy , Gunnerus , stn 8, 375-380 m, 31.VIII.1951, leg. E. Sivertsen, 3 spec. ( RMNH D 21492). — Trondheimsfjord , off Rissen , 50-300 m, rocks and corals, excursion Leiden Biologists , stn 210, 27.VIII.1965, 24 spec. ( RMNH D 21826). — Trondheimsfjord near Kivnaebnes , 50-200 m, rocks with corals, dredge, excursion Leiden Biologists , stn 123, 30.VIII.1965, 1 spec. ( RMNH D 24375 View Materials ). — Stjörnfjord near Trondheimsfjord, S of Stjörna, 220 m, trawl, excursion Leiden Biologists, stn 108, 25.VIII.1965, 1 spec. ( RMNH D 24378 View Materials ) GoogleMaps ; 150-200 m, agassiz trawl, clay, excursion Leiden Biologists, stn 105, 24.VIII.1965, c. 100 spec. (1 ovig.) ( RMNH D 24987 View Materials ). North Sea. Mid North Sea , 58°15.86’N, 0°41.64’E- 58°16.10’N, 0°40.95’E, 146 m, F. S. Valdivia , 29.I.1987, 10 spec. ( SMF 25682) GoogleMaps ; 55°20.54’N, 0°4.69’W- 55°20.57’N, 0°3.37’W, 101 m, F. S. Valdivia , 4.II.1987, 1 spec. ( SMF 25683). — East Bergenbank , 296 m, F. S. Valdivia , 2.III.1987, 2 spec. ( SMF 25685). — Skagerrak, S Larvik, 218-244 m, F. S. Valdivia , 26.II.1987, 3 spec. ( SMF 25684) GoogleMaps ; 164.3-179.3 m, F. S. Gauss, 5. VI.1986, 33 spec. ( SMF 25686). — SW of Fladengrund-Rinne , 130.6 m, F. K. Senckenberg, 22.VII.1989, 3 spec. ( SMF 20646). — Skagerrak, F. S. Gauss, 164.3-179.3 m, 5. VI.1986, 5 spec. ( SMF 28337) ; F. S. Poseidon , 3 spec. ( SMF 28338). — Farne Deep , 80-100 m, 16.VI.1971, leg. G. R. Heerebout, c. 36 spec. (18 ovig.) ( RMNH D 27237). — 58°12.5’N, 0°0’E, 140 m, 15.VII.1912, Wodan Wn. 97, donated by the Netherlands Institute of Sea Research, 1 spec. ( RMNH D 29693 View Materials ). — E Scotland, 58°15.7’N, 1°30.6’W, 143 m, 3.X.1990, F. S. Valdivia , 1 spec. ( SMF 28340). — Fladengrund, 56°12.7’N, 0°12’W, 133 m, 5.X.1990, F. S. Valdivia , 1 spec. ( SMF 28341) GoogleMaps .

Sweden. c. 120 km N of Göteborg, Kristineberg marine Research station coll., IX.1976, U. Pettke leg., 19 spec. ( SMF 28339). — Gullmar, Tofna, Bohuslån, Kristinebergs Zoologische Station coll., 1894, 3 spec. ( RMNH D 15220 View Materials ). — Off Dalsvik near Lysekil, mouth of Gullmarfjord, 45-50 m, ringtrawl, excursion Leiden Biologists, 16.IX.1961, 20 spec. ( RMNH D 17131). — E of Tova, Gullmarfjord near Lysekil, 50 m, mud, excursion Leiden Biologists, 15.IX.1961, 10 spec. ( RMNH D 17140). — Gullmarfjord near Smörkullen, dredge, 50 m, excursion Leiden Biologists, 18.IX.1961, 1 spec. ( RMNH D 17158). — Gullmarfjord off Lysekil, 35 m, ringtrawl, excursion Leiden Biologists, 11.IX.1963, stn 65, 6 spec. ( RMNH D 19871). — Gullmarfjord, W of Store Bornö, NW of Uddevalla, 50 m, dredge, excursion Leiden Biologists, 10.IX.1963, stn 56b, 2 ovig. spec. ( RMNH D 19872). — Gullmarfjord, SW of Gåsklåvan lighthouse, 10-50 m, rocks and shell gravel, dredge, excursion Leiden Biologists, stn 136, 7.IX.1965, 2 spec. (1 ovig.) ( RMNH D 24374 View Materials ). — Gullmarfjord, SW of Smörkullen, 40-60 m, mud, agassiz trawl, excursion Leiden Biologists, stn 162, 14.IX.1965, 4 spec. (1 ovig.) ( RMNH D 24376 View Materials ). — Gullmarfjord, Finnsbobukten, 40-50 m, mud, agassiz trawl, excursion Leiden Biologists, stn 137, 8.IX.1965, 1 spec. ( RMNH D 24377 View Materials ).

Great Britain. Scotland, Loch Fyne , 80 fms (144 m), holotype dried spec. cl. 14.5 mm, tl. 41 mm ( NHML 48.20 View Materials ) ; Sound of Lorn , 50-100 fms (90-180 m), 3.X.1988, 2 spec. ( NHML 1971.14 View Materials ) ; Loch Duich, 60 fms (108 m), J. Murray coll., 31.X.1887, 1 spec. ( NHML 94.9.18.40) ; Cumbray Deep, Millport Marine Station coll., 17.X.1949, 1 spec. ( NHML 1950.9.29.11) ; Area YY 10C, 135 m, Marine Laboratory Aberdeen coll., 5. V.1951, 6 spec. ( NHML 1951.9.5.3-7) ; Loch Carron, 50-60 fms (90-108 m), J. Murray coll., 7 spec. ( NHML 1892.1.30.47), 60 fms (108 m), 2 spec. ( NHML 94.9.18.39) ; Loch Fyne, 105 fms (189 m), J. Murray coll., 3 spec. ( NHML 1892.1.30.1-3) ; Kilchattan Bay, Clyde area, 17. V.1948, 5 spec.; 6.X.1948, 1 spec. ( NHML 1949.1.18.39-42). — Isle of Man, 11.5 miles (18.4 km) off Bradda, 65 fms (117 m), mud, J. Gordon coll., VII.1960, 3 spec. ( NHML 1960 View Materials .VII.25.151- 152). — Wales, Loch Aber, 80 fms (144 m), J. Murray coll., 4 spec. ( NHML 94.10.8.75-78). — Ireland , National Museum of Ireland coll., 3 spec. (1 ovig.) ( NHML 1921.5.27.101-103) .

France. Bay of Biscay , Thalassa, 1970 , stn W 397, 43°55’8 N, 5°9’W, 770-800 m, 2 spec. cl. 9.5mm and 10 mm ( MNHN Th 164) GoogleMaps ; stn?, 1 spec. cl. 10.5 mm ( MNHN Th 166), 4 spec. cl. 9-10 mm ( MNHN Th 163). — Thalassa , stn 486, 43°40,1’N, 8°50.4’W, 490 m, 8.VIII.1967, 2 spec. cl. 10 mm and 11 mm ( MNHN Th 153) GoogleMaps ; stn 460, 43°35.6’N, 8°57.2’W, 290 m, 7.VIII.1967, 2 spec. cl. 10.5 mm ( MNHN Th 154). — Banyuls, RV Lacaze-Duthiers, beam trawl, 500 m, P. Noël coll., 18. V.1976, 55 spec. cl. 5-12. 5 mm ( MNHN Th 1404) GoogleMaps ; Sollaud coll., ES 30, 3 spec. ( MNHN Th 1360) ; J. M. Amouroux coll., 2 spec. cl. 10 mm and 11 mm ( MNHN Th 1411) ; ECO- MARGE, A 14, 653 m, 23.I.1984, 38 spec. cl. 8.5- 11.5 mm ; 4 spec. (figured) cl. 10.5- 12 mm, tl. 31.5- 33 mm ( MNHN Th 1320) ; 620-711 m, 2.VIII.1985, 28 spec. cl. 6.5- 12 mm, 1 spec. (figured) cl. 10 mm, tl. 29 mm ( MNHN Th 1406) ; 815-900 m, 2.VIII. 1985, 10 spec. cl. 6-12 mm ( MNHN Th 1405). — Gulf of Lion (off Banyuls), 42°41’N, 3°45’E, dredge, 410-420 m, P. Noël coll., 8 spec. cl. 6.5-10.5 mm ( MNHN Th 1412). — Marseille, Travailleur, 555 m, mud, 4.VII.1881, 1 spec. (poor condition) cl. 7.5 mm ( MNHN Th 156) GoogleMaps ; 647 m, 1 spec. (poor condition) cl. 6 mm ( MNHN Th 159). — Canyon of Cassidaigne (E of Marseille), dredge, 300 m, H. Zibrowius coll., 21. VI.1969, 3 spec. cl. 8-10 mm ( MNHN Th 172) ; 320-360 m, H. Zibrowius coll., 23.XI.1978, 1 spec. cl. 11 mm ( MNHN Th 634). — Bay of Roquebrune (near Monaco), 300-420 m, mud, trawl, 25.X.1964, leg E. Gilat, 1 spec. ( RMNH D 19873) .

Atlantic. Thalassa , stn 440, 48°41.4’N, 10°21.5’W, soft mud, 860 m, 26.X.1973, 2 spec. cl. 4 mm and 7 mm (MNHN Th 344) GoogleMaps ; leg. Frank, 1879, 1 spec. ( RMNH D 1428 About RMNH ) .

Spain. Rosas, from fishermen, J. Gordon coll., 9.VIII.1954, 1 spec. ( NHML 1955.2.28.91). — Catalan coast, R. Zariquiey pres., 2 spec. ( NHML 1954.12.30.94-95) ; Catalan coast, leg. et don R. Zariquiey, 1 spec. ( RMNH D 4983 About RMNH ) ; trawl, leg. et don. R. Zariquiey y Cenarro, 1934, 3 spec. ( RMNH D 6204 About RMNH ), 1935, 3 spec. ( RMNH D 6205 About RMNH ) .

Mediterranean. A. Longhrin coll., 1 spec. ( NHML 70.35).

Italy. Gulf of Taranto, stn 288, 95 m, clay, 23.VIII.1966, leg. A. Vatova, 1 spec. ( RMNH D 24379 View Materials ).

Greece. Aegean Sea, Cape Athos, SE of Moni Megistis Lavras, 750-800 m, 10.VIII.1975, 1 spec. (A.U.TH P 4527).

Morocco. Off Cape Baba, 300 fms (540 m), R. N. Rofendon coll., 1 spec. ( NHML 1906.12.3 -4).

Senegal. Dakar, 675 m, 13.VIII.1958, 5 ovig. spec. cl. 10-12 mm, tl. 31-35 mm, 4 non ovig. ( MNHN Th 226). — 16°48’N, 16°45’W, 600-700 m, P. Doutre coll., 2.X.1958, 4 ovig. spec. cl. 11 mm and 11.5 mm, 2 non ovig. ( MNHN Th 225).

DISTRIBUTION. — Eastern Atlantic (from the North Sea to the Gulf of Guinea in the south): North Sea, S of Iceland ( Hansen 1908), Norway (Soot-Ryen 1955), Sweden, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, east coast of Great Britain ( Moore 1986); west coast of France, southern Portugal and southwestern Spain ( García Raso 1996), Gulf of Guinea ( Beaubrun 1979).

Mediterranean: Alboran Sea ( García Raso 1983, 1996), eastern Mediterranean ( Bouvier 1917; Montcharmont 1979), Adriatic ( Pesta 1918; Števčić 1990; Dworschak 1992); Aegean Sea ( Kattoulas & Koukouras 1974); Sea of Marmara ( Kocataș & Katagan 1993); Sicilian Channel (Pipitone & Tombiolo 1993); Israel ( Galil & Goren 1994).

DIAGNOSIS

Rostrum ( Fig. 6A View FIG ) triangular with pointed tip; lateral margin continued posteriorly to lateral carina bearing together four to six spines. Gastric region slightly convex, cervical groove well defin- ed, fine median carina terminating anteriorly near base of rostrum, extending posteriorly to whole length of carapace. Abdominal somites unarmed ( Fig. 7A View FIG ), pleura rounded ventrally, thoracic sternite of P4 unarmed. Telson ( Fig. 6M View FIG ) approximately 1.5 times as long as wide, dorsal surface with slight median longitudinal groove and pair of slight dorsal carinae pointing posteriorly and bearing spinules; lateral border also with spinules and median spinule on round- ed posterior border.

Eyestalk ( Fig. 6A View FIG ) not differentiated, hardly mobile, cornea flattened anteriorly, unpigment- ed. A2 acicle ( Fig. 6G View FIG ) small. Md ( Fig. 6O View FIG ) cutting edge smooth. Mx1 ( Fig. 6N View FIG ) endopod with distal article sickle-shaped; Mx2 ( Fig. 7B View FIG ) scaphognathite bearing single long posterior seta. Mxp1 ( Fig. 6B View FIG ) endopod slender, exopod with distal article, epipod with large posterior lobe. Mxp2 ( Fig. 6C View FIG ) exopod with multiarticulate distal flagellum far overreaching distal border of merus. Mxp3 ( Fig. 6D, E View FIG ) endopod with two to four lower proximal spinules and prominent toothed crest on mesial surface of ischium, one or two lower subdistal spines on merus; exopod with multiarticulate distal flagellum.

P1 ( Fig. 6H View FIG ) equal, not sexually dimorphic, dactylus and fixed finger much compressed, approximately of same length, 1.5-3 times (usually twice) as long as palm, both with slight longitudinal carinae, fixed finger with large proximal tooth and dactylus with smaller subdistal tooth on cutting edge. P2 ( Fig. 6I View FIG ) much smaller than P1, chelate, with fingers about 1.5 times as long as palm. P3-5 ( Fig. 6 View FIG J-L) simple, slender, as figured. Both male and female gonopore present together on specimens of about 6.5 mm and over in carapace length.

Plp1 ( Fig. 7C View FIG ) of two articles, distal expanded with hooks on small mesiodistal lobe. Plp2 ( Fig. 7D View FIG ) with setose appendix masculina presumably fused to median part of endopod, appendix interna at its base. Plp3-5 ( Fig. 7E View FIG ) with appendix interna at about one-third of mesial border of endopod.

Uropod ( Fig. 6M View FIG ), endopod and exopod about as long as telson with spinules on lateral external border, a suture near posterior border of exopod.

Colour

Delicate pink or orange, white in alcohol ( Bell 1846; d’Udekem d’Acoz pers. comm). A colour- ed lithography is presented in Bouvier (1917: pl. 11, figs 5, 6).

Size

Specimens are larger in northern areas than in the south: the types from Loch Fyne, Scotland, are of about 2 inches (50 mm) ( Bell 1846); ovigerous specimens from Norway of cl. 12.5- 15 mm, tl. 38.5-41.5 mm ( SMF 28970).

In Banyuls, France, largest specimens have cl. 10.5- 12 mm, tl. 31.5- 33 mm.

ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY

The species is the most common thalassinidean in Norwegian waters, living in soft bottoms, between 15-580 m, and is most abundant below 50-100 m ( Christiansen 2000). It occurs in soft bottoms, between 13-88 m, and is also collected at 310 m in Danish waters ( Poulsen 1941). In muddy parts of the Clyde Sea area, it can be found everywhere and occasionally in stomach contents of cod, at 35-190 m ( Allen 1967). It is a characteristic species of deep muddy bottoms in Marseille area ( Pérès & Picard 1964; Picard 1965).

Aspects of biology studied

General biology ( Buchanan 1963); hermaphroditism ( Wollebaek 1909b); burrow and burrowing behaviour ( Nash et al. 1984); physiological ecology of burrowing ( Atkinson & Taylor 1988); anaerobic metabolism during anoxia ( Anderson et al. 1994); branchial morphology, gill area and gill ultrastructure ( Astall et al. 1997b); sulphide metabolism ( Johns et al. 1997); particle size selectivity and resource partitioning ( Pinn et al. 1998b); diet ( Pinn et al. 1998a); gut morphology and gut microflora ( Pinn et al. 1999a); mouth part setal fringes ( Pinn et al. 1999b); effects of sulphide and thiosulphide on the respiratory properties of the haemocyanin ( Taylor et al. 1999); oxygen transporting properties of the haemocyanin ( Taylor et al. 2000); bioturbation ( Widdicombe et al. 2000).

REMARKS

The genus Calocaris and the species Calocaris macandreae were first published in Bell’s book A History of the British Stalked-Eyed Crustacea (1844- 1853: 231-235). These pages were included in Part V of the book according to Gordon (1959) who also pointed out, on the authority of Dr H. O. Bull, that although “parts IV, V, VI were dated 1 st January (of 1846, 1847, 1848 respectively), they did in fact appear in the market by Christmas, 7 to 10 days earlier”.

The genus Calocaris with the type species Calocaris macandreae were proposed to be placed on the Official list ( Holthuis 1962) and validated under the ICZN plenary powers in 1964 ( ICZN 1964).

Calocaris macandreae has been reported from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, off Sri Lanka ( Alcock 1901), and also from the Gulf of St Lawrence, Canada ( Whiteaves 1901).

Comparison of Alcock’s description with the present material of Calocaris macandreae confirms Selbie’s view (1914) that the Indian specimens belong to a closely related but separate species. The same must be said of those reported by Alcock & Anderson (1894: 163) from the Indian fauna. The specimen taken by Whiteaves was assigned to a new species, Calocaris templemani Squires, 1965 reported from Hermitage Bay, Newfoundland ( Squires 1965) and probably also those from the Atlantic Canada, described by Rathbun (1929: 25, fig. 33).

Male and female gonopores appear together on young adults of Calocaris macandreae confirming Buchanan (1963) view that the species is not a protandric hermaphrodite.

ADENSAMER T. 1898. - Decapoden Gesammelt auf S. M. Schiff Pola in den Jahren 1890 - 1894. Berichte der Commission fur Erforschung des ostlichen Mittelmeeres XXII. Zoologische Ergebnisse XI. Decapoden. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse Wien: 597 - 628, 1 fig.

ALCOCK A. & ANDERSON A. R. S. 1894. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer Investigator, Commander C. F. Oldham R. N. commanding, Ser. 2, 14. An account of a recent collection of deep sea Crustacea from the Bay of Bengal and Laccadive Sea. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 63 (2): 141 - 185, pl. 9.

ALCOCK A. 1901. - A descriptive Catalogue of the Indian Deep-Sea Crustacea Decapoda and Anomala, in the Indian Museum. Revised Account of the Deep- Sea Species collected by the Royal Indian Marine Ship Investigator. Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 1 - 286, I-IV, 3 pls.

ALLEN J. A. 1967. - The Fauna of the Clyde Sea Area. Crustacea: Euphausiacea and Decapoda with an illustrated Key to the British Species. Scottish Marine Biological Association, Millport, 116 p., figs p. 72 - 105.

ANDERSON A. R. S. 1897. - Natural history notes from the R. I. M. survey steamer Investigator. Ser. 2, 21. An account of the deep-sea Crustacea collected during the season 1894 - 95. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 65 (2): 88 - 106 (dated 1896, published 1897).

ANDERSON S. J., TAYLOR A. C. & ATKINSON R. J. A. 1994. - Anaerobic metabolism during anoxia in the burrowing shrimp Calocaris macandreae Bell (Crustacea: Thalassinidea). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 108 A (4): 515 - 522, figs 1 - 5.

APPELHOF A. 1906. - Die Decapoden Crustaceen. Meeresfauna von Bergen 2 - 3: 115 - 233, pls 1, 2, 3 maps.

ASTALL C. M., ANDERSON S. J., TAYLOR A. C. & ATKINSON R. J. A. 1997 b. - Comparative studies of the branchial morphology, gill area and gill ultrastructure of some thalassinidean mud-shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea). Journal of Zoology 241: 665 - 688, fig. 1, pls 1 - 5, tabls 1 - 3.

ATKINSON R. J. A. 1986. - Mud-burrowing megafauna of the Clyde Sea Area. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 90 B: 351 - 361, figs 1, 2.

ATKINSON R. J. A. & TAYLOR C. 1988. - Physiological ecology of burrowing decapods. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 59: 201 - 226, fig. 1, tabls 1, 2.

BALSS H. 1925. - Macrura der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition. 1. Palinura, Astacura und Thalassinidea. Deutsche Tiefsee-Expedition 1808 - 1809 20 (4): 189 - 216, figs 1 - 16, pls 18, 19.

BALSS H. 1926. - Decapoda, in GRIMPE G. & WAGLER E. (eds), Die Tierwelt Nord- und Ostsee, Liepzig Teil 10 Heft 2: 9 - 112, figs 1 - 38.

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Gallery Image

FIG. 6. — Calocaris macandreae Bell, 1846, hermaphroditic, from Banyuls, France; A, H-L, MNHN Th 1406; B-G, M-O, MNHN Th 1320; A, carapace; B, C, maxilliped 1 and 2; D, E, maxilliped 3 and mesial view of ischium; F, G, antennule and antenna; H-L, pereopod 1-5 respectively; M, telson and uropods; N, maxillule; O, mandible. Scale bars: 2 mm.

Gallery Image

FIG. 7. — Calocaris macandreae Bell, 1846, hermaphroditic, from Banyuls, France (MNHN Th 1320); A, lateral view, pereopod 3 and 4 omitted; B, maxilla; C-E, pleopod 1-3. Scale bars: 2 mm.

SMF

Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg
RV

Collection of Leptospira Strains
RMNH

National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis
VI

Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute
R

Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile
NHML

Natural History Museum, Tripoli
V

Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium
MNHN

Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Malacostraca

Order

Decapoda

Family

Axiidae

Specimens