Clypeaster rarispinus de Meijere, 1903

Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, Zootaxa 4296 (1), pp. 1-72 : 52

Clypeaster rarispinus de Meijere, 1903

Fig. 58 A–D.

Clypeaster audouini: H.L. Clark, 1923: 392 ; H.L. Clark, 1924: 9 –10; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 148. Clypeaster (Leptoclypus) rarispinus: Mortensen, 1948d: 58 –62. Pl. VI, Figs 1–15 . Pl. XL, Figs 4–9 . Pl. LXIV, Figs 11–12 , 14– 17 , 20 .

Clypeaster rarispinus: Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 241 ; Schultz, 2009: 550, Figs 938–934.

Material examined. MBC-A023307; MBC-A077888; A23718; MBC-A077889; MBC-A077892; MBC- A077890; A23716 ; MBC-A077891.

Identification. Differs from Clypeaster species in the region in test being pentagonal, longer than wide, concave sides, posterior side convex, margin sometimes thickened; petaloid area slightly raised, petals opened; zigzag bands along food grooves. Live animal yellowish-green, oral bands along food grooves darker.

Global maximum size. Maximum test length 190 m.

Global distribution. Red Sea to East coast region of South Africa, from the Persian Gulf over the Indian Ocean to Malayan Archipelago ( Schultz 2009); from littoral to 369 m

Remarks. Samples from the Iziko Museum collection demonstrate a 100 m increase from previously known maximum depth of 269 m. Differs from C. fervens in having narrow, distally opened petal.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Detail of regular echinoid: upper (Stomopneustes variolaris) and lower (Stereocidaris excavata) side, showing terminology of various body parts.

FIGURE 2. Body plan of an irregular echinoid or sand dollar (Clypeaster rarispinus), showing terminology of various body parts.

FIGURE 3. The body plan of an irregular echinoids or heart urchin (Echinocardium cordatum), showing terminology of different body parts.

FIGURE 4. Tubercle types: A. perforated and non-crenulated (Stereocidaris alcocki). B. non-perforated and non-crenulated (Stomopneustes variolaris). C. perforated and crenulated (Chaetodiadema africanum).

FIGURE 5. Histocidaris elegans (SAMC-A 22212): A. Side view of preserved specimen. B. Apical system of preserved specimen.

FIGURE 6. Eucidaris metularia (SAMC-A 28226): A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Apical system of preserved specimen.

FIGURE 7. Kionocidaris striata (MBC-A 022213): A. Map showing distribution. B. Apical system of preserved specimen.

FIGURE 8. Phyllacanthus imperialis (SAMC-A 23447): A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen.

FIGURE 9. Goniocidaris (Goniocidaris) indica: A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen (SAMC- A 23089). C. Side view of preserved specimen (SAMC-A 28235).

FIGURE 10. Stereocidaris alcocki (SAMC-A 28229): A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view (close-up) of preserved specimen. C. Apical system of preserved specimen.

FIGURE 11. Stereocidaris capensis (MB-A 077743): A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Close-up apical system of preserved specimen.

FIGURE 12. Stereocidaris excavata (SAMC-A 23320). A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Close-up apical system of preserved specimen.

FIGURE 13. Stereocidaris squamosa (MBC-A 077750). A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Close-up apical system of preserved specimen.

FIGURE 14. Acanthocidaris maculicollis (SAMC- A 28233). A. Map showing distribution. B. Spine close-up view of preserved specimen.

FIGURE 15. Plococdaris verticillata (SAMC-A 28236). A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Apical system of preserved specimen.

FIGURE 16. Prionocidaris pistillaris. A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of adult preserved specimen (SAMC- A 23724). C. Side view of juvenile preserved specimen (MBC-A 077755).

FIGURE 17. Stylocidaris cingulata. A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen (MBC-A 074000). C. Apical system of preserved specimen (SAMC-A 28217).

FIGURE 20. Sperosoma biseriatum A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen (Schultz, 2010). C. Oral view of preserved specimen (Schultz, 2010).

FIGURE 58. Clypeaster rarispinus (SAMC-A 23307). A. Map showing distribution. B. Aboral view of preserved specimen. C. Side view of preserved specimen. D. Side view of preserved specimen.