Pauropsalta notialis incitata, POPPLE, 2013

POPPLE, L. W., 2013, <p class = " HeadingRunIn " align = " left "> <strong> A revision of the <em> Pauropsalta annulata </ em> Goding & amp; Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies </ strong> </ p>, Zootaxa 3730 (1), pp. 1-102 : 29-33

Pauropsalta notialis incitata subsp. nov.

( Figs 2C , 4D , 5D , 6D , 10C–F , 11 , 14–15 )

Pauropsalta sp. nr annulata 433: Popple and Strange (2002)

Pauropsalta annulata song type B: Popple et al. (2008); Popple & Walter (2010).

Types: Holotype: ♂ ‘ Baracula [=Barakula] S.F./nr Chinchilla S.Q. ’, ‘virgin brigalow/ 16.xii.1997 ’, ‘ 26°14.42'S 150°48.86'E’, ‘ A. Ewart’, ‘ QM Reg. No. T 156321 ( QM) ; Paratypes: AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY :

3♂ Mt Majura Nature Reserve , 35°14'37"S, 149°10'16"E, 11.xii.2010, Popple, 433-0054 to 433-0056 ( LWP) ; 1♀ Frith St Acton, 35°16'14"S, 149°06'48"E, 6.xii.2010, Popple, 433-0057 ( LWP) ; QUEENSLAND: "Allinga", Chinchilla Q., 26.xii.1985, on fence wire near post, out of wind, Lithgow ( AE) ; 3♂ " Allinga ", Lithgow Rd Chinchilla S. Qld, i.1994 [Ewart] ( AE) ; 2♂ 1♀ Allinga Dam, Chinchilla district S. Qld, 7.i.1994, Lithgow ( AE) ; 1♂ 40.4km N. Augathella SWQ., 25°25.70’S 146°35.80’E, Brigalow , 18.i.2000, Ewart, Recorded ( AE) ; 4♂ 1♀ 63km N. of Augathella , [25°19'S 146°35'E], 24.xi.2005, Popple & Hando, 433-0025 & 433-0033 to 433-0036 ( LWP) ; 1♀ Baracula [=Barakula] S.F./nr Chinchilla S.Q., virgin brigalow, 16.xii.1997, 26°14.42'S 150°48.86'E, Ewart ( QM) ; 1♂ 1♀ Qld : 26°26’S 150°31’E, Barakula, 330m, 17–18.xii.2001, M. V. light , Monteith & Wright, 10311 ( QM) ; 1♂ 6km SW. of Binjour SE. Qld , [25°33'S 151°24'E], 25.i.2003, Popple & Popple, 433-0006 ( LWP 1♂ Blackall [Qld], Exotic shrubs & trees, i.1979, Ewart ( AE) ; 1♂ Blackall W. Qld, xii.1978, Ewart ( AE) ; 1♂ Blackall W. Qld, iii.1979, Ewart ( AE) ; 7♂ 1♀ 4.8km WNW. Blackall SWQ., 24°25.04’S 145°25.07’E, Open woodland, 19.i.2000, Ewart ( AE) ;); 2♂ Brigalow Res [earch] Stat [ion] via Theodore C. Qld , [24°50'S 149°48'E], 5–12.xii.1999, Moss & Popple, m. v. lamp , 433-0001 & 433-0002 ( LWP) ; 1♀ Bringalily S.F., Brigalow plot, 28°12'28"S 151°07'25"E, 26.x.2006, Ewart, m. v. lamp , 433-0053 ( LWP) ; 1♀ Bringalily S.F. via Inglewood, Brigalow Scientific Area , at light, 28°12.47'S 151°07.58'E, 21.xi.2007, Ewart ( AE) ; 1♂ Chinchilla S. Qld, i– ii.1997, Lithgow ( AE) ; 1♂ Chinchilla SE. Qld , [26°44'S 150°38'E], 17.iii.2002, Popple, 433-0004 ( LWP) ; 3♂ 5♀ "Coo-ee yards", Red Hill Rd, Chinchilla S. Qld , 9.i.1994, [Ewart] ( AE) ; 1♂ Condamine Qld , 11.xii.1992, Lambkin ( ANIC) ; 3♂ 6.5km SSE. of Condamine Qld , 11.xii.1992, Lambkin ( ANIC) ; 1♂ near Dogwood [Creek] x-ing, 28km W. of Condamine Qld , 19.xii.1987, Moulds & Moulds, genitalia prep. 433-02 [ LWP] ( MSM) ; 2♂ 2♀ same data as previous ( MSM) ; 1♂ SE. Qld, Durah, Barakula State Forest , 26°17.76'S 149°58.06'E, 20.xii.2000, Maywald ( MC) ; 4♂ 4♀ Eidsvold Caravan Park , 25°22'06"S 151°07'25"E, 24–25.xi.2006, Popple & McKinnon, m. v. lamp , 433-0026 to 433-0029 & 433-0049 to 433-0052 ( LWP) ; 11♂ 7♀ Eidsvold SE. Qld , 25°22'06"S 151°07'25"E, 27–29.xii.2004, Popple, 433-0014 to 433-0018, 433-0037 to 433-0048 & 432-0048 ( LWP) ; 1♀ Glebe Weir , 30km NE. Taroom S. Qld, 25°27.85’S 150°02.00’E, 2.x.1999, Ewart, P. annulata (red eyed) ( AE) ; 1♂ Glebe Weir via Taroom SE. Qld , [25°27'35"S 150°02'00"E], 4–5.xii.1999, Moss & Popple, m. v. lamp , 433-0003 ( LWP) ; 1♂ 40km NNW. of Goondiwindi Qld , 17.xii.1983, Moulds & Moulds ( MSM) ; 1♀ 6.1km E. of Kaimkillenbun SE. Q., 23.xii.2001, 27°04.33'S 151°29.83'E, Ewart ( AE) ; 1♂ Lemon Tree Stn N. of Millmerran Qld, [no date], Key ( ANIC) ; 1♀ Qld : 22°16’S 147°17’E, Mazeppa NP, site 3, 26.iii.2001, 10166, m. v. light , gidgee/paddock, 240m, Monteith ( QM) ; 1♂ Millmerran to Cecil Plains Qld, x.1936, Key ( ANIC) ; 1♀ Millmerran Qld , x.1936, Key ( ANIC) ; 1♂ Mitchell Caravan Park , 26°29'S 147°58'E, 24.xi.2005, Popple & Hando, m. v. lamp , 433-0024 ( LWP) ; 1♀ 23km W. Mitchell, SEQ, 26°29.17’S 147°45.09’E, Cassinia , 12.i.2002, Ewart ( AE) ; 1♂ same data as previous, Recorded Spec. 1 ( AE) ; 1♂ same data as previous, Recorded Spec. 2 ( AE) ; 2♂ 2♀ 31km W. Mitchell SE. Q., 26°28.74’S 147°40.37’S, Brigalow , Cassinia , E. mitchellii , 12.i.2002, Ewart ( AE) ; 1♂ same data as previous, Recorded Spec. 1 ( AE) ; 1♂ same data as previous, Recorded Spec 2 ( AE) ; 1♂ same data as previous, Recorded Spec 3 ( AE) ; 1♂ 116km S. of Mitchell Qld , 18.xii.1983, Moulds & Moulds ( MSM) ; 1♂ " Mourangee " near Edungalba C. Qld, 13.xi.1987, Adams ( MSM) ; 1♀ 3km E. of " Mourangee " H[ome]s[tea]d nr Edungalba Q., 4.x.1983, Adams, genitalia prep. 433-05 [ LWP] ( MSM) ; 1♂ 2♀ 6km E. of Mourangee H[ome]s[tea]d nr Edungalba C. Qld , 11.xii.1987, Adams & Adams ( MSM) ; 1♂ 6.5km N. of Mourangee H[ome]s[tea]d nr Edungalba C. Qld, 25.xii.1986, Adams; 1♂ 3.5km E. of Mourangee H [ome]s[tea]d nr Edungalba C. Qld, 7.xi.1986, Adams, genitalia prep. 433-05 [ LWP] ( MSM) ; 1♀ Mourangee H [ome]s[tea]d, nr Edungalba C.Q., 8.xii.1984, Adams ( MSM) ; 1♂ 2.5km E. of Mourangee H [ome]s[tea]d, nr Edungalba C. Qld, 19.xii.1986, Adams ( MSM) ; 2♀ same data as previous, 13.xi.1986 ( MSM) ; 2km [WNW.] of Mourangee H [ome]s[tea]d, nr Edungalba C.Q., 6.xi.1986, Adams ( MSM) ; 1♀ 2.5km NW. of Mourangee H [ome]s[tea]d, nr Edungalba C. Qld, 10.xi.1984, Adams ( MSM) ; 6♂ 1♀ Oakey SE. Qld , [27°26'S 151°43'E], 19.x.2003, Popple, 433-0007 to 433-0013 ( LWP) ; 1♀ "Possum Park", 20km N. of Miles S.Q., 20.i.2001, Ironbark-Lancewood woodland, 26°30.30'S 150°06.03'E, Ewart ( AE) ; 4♂ 5♀ ~ 9.5km NNW. of R[obert] Wicks Res [earch] St [atio]n, Bringalily S.F. via Inglewood S.Q., 28°12.54'S 151°07.40'E, light, Brigalow , 14.xii.2007, Ewart ( AE) ; 1♂ same data as previous, Recorded spec. 1 ( AE) ; 1♂ same data as previous, Recorded spec. 2; same data as previous, Recorded spec. 3 ( AE) ; 2♂ 5♀ ~ 9.6km NNW. of R[obert] Wicks Res [earch St [atio]n, Bringalily S.F. via Inglewood S.Q., 28°12.55'S 151°07.39'E, light, Brigalow , 15.xii.2007, Ewart ( AE) ; 1♂ same data as previous, Recorded open net, field ( AE) ; 2♂ Brigalow forest, 9.5km NNW. of R[obert] Wicks R[esearch] S[tation], Bringalily S.F. via Inglewood S.Q., 28°12.47'S 151°07.58'E, 21.xi.2007, Ewart ( AE) ; 1♂ same data as previous, Recorded , open net, field, spec. 1 ( AE) ; 1♂ same data as previous, Recorded , open net, field, spec. 2 ( AE) ; 2♀ 6.4km SW. of R[obert] Wicks Res [earch] St [atio]n, Bringalily S.F. via Inglewood S.Q., 28°18.23'S 151°05.31'E, 20.xi.2007, Ewart ( AE) ; 1♀ 6km NE. of Rolleston Qld , 24.xi.1986, Moulds & Moulds ( MSM) ; 1♂ 1♀ Roma SC. Qld [Eumamurrin Camping & Water Reserve — tennis courts], 26°12'30"S 148°52'55"E, 14.ii.2004, Eddie & Eddie, at light, 433-0022 & 433-0023 ( LWP) ; 1♂ Roma district SC. Qld , "Six Mile" homestead, 26°12'41"S, 148°42'02"E, 9.xii.2000, Eddie, at light, 433-0021 ( LWP) ; 1♂ 2♀ [Carnarvon Highway] 6km NE St George SC. Qld , 28°00'22"S 148°37'59"E, 9.i.2005, Popple & MacSloy, 433-0019 & 433-0020 ( LWP) ; 1♀ 82km NNE. of St George SC. Qld , [27°22'S 148°50'E], 30.xii.2001, Popple & Strange, m. v. lamp , 433-0005 ( LWP) ; 1♀ SE. Q.: 25°33’S 150°08’E, Taroom district, Bottle tree scrub, 14.i.1997, Burwell, Cook & Janetzki, 210 ( QM) ; 1♂ 6km N. Taroom S.Q., 25°36.33’S 149°46.15’E, Brigalow , 19.i.2001, Ewart, Red-eyed, Recorded ( AE) ; 1♂ Womalilla Ck (third xing), 17.7km W. of Mitchell [Qld], 26°29.31’S 147°47.18’E, Brigalow , E. mitchellii , 26.x.1998, Ewart, Recorded ( AE) .

Diagnosis ( Figs 4D , 5D , 6D , 10C–E ). Matches the description given for P. annulata , with a few exceptions, as follows. Dorsal surface of head shiny (or glossy) black, not matte or dull; eyes red, fading to brown, never white. Thorax mainly shiny black, rather than matte black; mesonotum black, sometimes with dark to medium brown, dorsolateral triangular fasciae between submedian and lateral sigilla, and additional, narrow fascia on lateral margins. Abdominal tergites mostly shiny black, with sharp transition in colour to pale brown on posterior edges; sternites never entirely black and always with some degree of brown to yellow-brown colouration on the lateral margins. Females always with a greater degree of medium brown colouration by comparison with males; never with an entirely black pronotum.

Distinguishing features. This subspecies is distinguished from P. n. notialis by being predominantly shiny black on the thorax and head (often also apparent on the abdominal tergites). Pauropsalta notialis notialis is always dull black on the upper surface. This feature also distinguishes P. n. incitata from all other species in the P. annulata group, with the exception P. annulata s. str. from the central highlands of Queensland (see Figs 3C–D & 7 ), P. inversa from central western New South Wales and P. ayrensis . Distinguishing specimens of P. n. incitata from P. inversa in Queensland is relatively simple, as the latter species appears matte black on the thorax rather than shiny black. Pauropsalta notialis incitata has never been recorded in central western New South Wales between Mount Hope and Goolgowi, which may also assist in identification. Other distinguishing features are listed under the description of P. inversa . Male specimens of P. n. incitata differ from P. ayrensis by their pale and rounded, rather than dark and hooked, upper pygofer lobes. They can be distinguished most easily from P. annulata through examination of abdominal tergite colouration. In P. annulata specimens from the central highlands, the lateral sides of male tergites have a three-step grade in colouration from black (anteriorly) to medium brown to yellow-brown posteriorly. By contrast, in P. n. incitata, the lateral tergites are black anteriorly to medially and pale brown or yellow-brown on posterior margins, without conspicuous grade in colouration. Another helpful feature is the inner tooth of the pygofer lobe, which is prominent in the central highlands population of P. annulata ( Fig. 6B ), but vestigial or absent in P. n. incitata ( Fig. 6D ). Females of P. n. incitata may be difficult to distinguish from P. ayrensis and P. annulata in the Central Highlands region. Pauropsalta notialis incitata females are generally medium brown in overall colouration, whereas shiny/glossy P. annulata females in the Central Highlands region are typically a lighter brown and P. ayrensis females in the same region are mostly black.

Measurements (mm). N= 30 ♂ 30 ♀. Ranges and means (in parentheses), mm; BL: ♂ 11.6–13.9 (12.8); ♀ 11.6–16.1 (13.8); FWL: ♂ 13.6–16.2 (15.0); 14.6–18.0 (16.3); FWB: ♂ 4.8–6.0 (5.4); ♀ 5.1–6.3 (5.7); HW: ♂ 3.9– 4.6 (4.2); ♀ 4.2–4.8 (4.5); PW: ♂ 3.0–3.5 (3.3); ♀ 3.4–3.8 (3.6); ♀ 3.4–4.3 (3.8); AW: ♂ 3.1–4.1 (3.8); OL: ♀ 3.6– 5.1 (4.5).

Etymology. Latin incitatus meaning 'short, precise', referring to the rapidly emitted yet clearly enunciated lilting component of the calling song of this species.

Distribution and Ecology ( Figure 11 ). Throughout the Brigalow Belt in inland southern and central Queensland and northern New South Wales bordered by Mazeppa National Park north of Clermont in the north, Augathella and Mitchell in the west, St George, Bellata and Inglewood in the south and Gayndah and Oakey in the east. Apparently disjunct populations also occur in the Canberra area (Australian Capital Territory) and near Diggers Rest north-west of Melbourne in Victoria. The subspecies has yet to be encountered in New South Wales between Bellata and the borders of the Australian Capital Territory and Victoria, despite multiple searches; nevertheless it is expected to occur patchily through these inland areas. In Queensland, adults occur primarily in association with Brigalow ( Acacia harpophylla ; Mimosaceae ); particularly where it occurs as regrowth or in mixed woodland. They also occur on Melaleuca bracteata along floodplains and on other Myrtaceae such as Eucalyptus tereticornis , E. cambageana , E. coolabah , E. intertexta and E. populnea , and other Mimosaceae such as A. aneura , usually where A. harpophylla and M. bracteata are not present or where natural vegetation has been disrupted by human activities. In Canberra, adults occur on eucalypts and occasionally in planted shrubs. Adults are wary and generally sit on the upper branches and within foliage.

Geological and Pedological Associations. It is generally found in association with alluvial soils, including silt loams and clay loams lying over sediments. Occasionally populations are also found associated with deeper, clay dominated soils, and sometimes even the edges of heavy clay soils with gilgai (microrelief) formation.

Calling Song ( Figs 2C , 14–15 ). In general, the calling song of P. n. incitata is similar to that of P. n. notialis , but with a more rapid emission of phrases in the lilting component. The lilting component comprises a long echeme (6–12 (rarely 4 or 5) syllables, 0.045 – 0.129 s) followed by a brief silence (0.009 – 0.038 s), a short echeme (1–2 syllables, 0.008 – 0.020 s) and a long silence (0.026 – 0.126 s) (all statistics, n=111 individuals). phrase repetition rates vary between 0.115 – 0.310 s, and typically fall within the range of 0.125 – 0.230 s. As in P. n. notialis , the buzzing component consists entirely of a drawn-out long echeme (~1.000–> 60.000 s), which often serves simply as a longer variation of the long echeme of the lilting component within the structure of the calling song. The calling song often begins with the buzzing component (often a particularly long bout of buzzing) as an introductory stage, but sometimes commences with the lilting component. During acoustic duets the female responds only during the silence at the end of each lilting component phrase, 0.0440.062 s after production of the short echeme. The calling song has a frequency plateau between 8.5–13.0 kHz, with a highest amplitude dominant frequency between 8.9– 11.8 kHz and a syllable repetition rate of approximately 100–120 Hz.

Some individuals at Eidsvold, Binjour and Gayndah (south-east Queensland) produce an erratic stuttering call with randomly emitted echemes of various durations as part of the buzzing component. This call structure is also a typical feature in most hybrid populations of P. n. notialis x incitata (below; see Fig. 16 ), but these also show variation in the lilting component (see below) that is not exhibited by P. n. incitata individuals at the above localities. This feature is explored in more detail in Popple (2009).

Figures

FIGURE 2. Oscillograms providing a comparison of the calling song structure of each taxon (and hybrid population) in the Pauropsalta annulata species group: (A) Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt, Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E), (B) P. notialis notialis subsp. nov., Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E); (C) P. n. incitata subsp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (D) P.n. notialisxincitata hybrid, Upper Yarraman (26°54'S 151°54'E); (E) P. tremula sp. nov., Lake Broadwater (27°21'S 151°06'E); (F) P. blackdownensis sp. nov., Blackdown Tableland (23°44'S 149°07'E); (G) P. simplex sp. nov., Atherton (17°16'S 145°29'E); (H) P. granitica sp. nov., 7km SE. of Mount Carbine (16°34'S 145°10'E); (I) P. subtropica sp. nov., Auburn River National Park (25°43'S 151°03'E); (J) P. torrensis sp. nov., Torrens Creek (20°47'S 145°01'E); (K) P. decora sp. nov., 82km N. of St George (27°23'S 148°52'E); (L) P. kobongoides sp. nov., Weengallon (28°22'S 149°03'E); (M) P. corymbiae sp. nov., Bull's Gully via Adavale (25°58'S 144°59'E); (N) P. inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (O) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E); (P) P. ayrensis Ewart, Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E). All recordings were made with RS1, except (M) and (O), which were obtained by A. Ewart with RS3 and the author using RS5, respectively (see methods).

FIGURE 3. Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt (A) male, Lake Dyer (27°38'S 152°22'E); (B) female, Lake Dyer; (C) male, Charlevue Creek; (23°41'S 145°08'E); (D) female, Charlevue Creek. Approximately 1.6x natural size.

FIGURE 4. Illustrations of male right timbals, with dorsal edge at left and posterior margin at bottom: (A–B) Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt, Lake Dyer (27°38'S 152°22'E) and Charlevue Creek (23°41'S 149°08'E) respectively; (C) P. notialis notialis subsp. nov., Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E); (D) P. n. incitata subsp. nov., Barakula State Forest via Chinchilla (26°15'S 150°49'E); (E) P. n. notialisxincitata hybrid, Atkinsons Dam (27°26'S 152°27'E); (F) P. tremula sp. nov., Lake Broadwater (27°21'S 151°06'E); (G) P. blackdownensis sp. nov., Blackdown Tableland (23°47'S 149°00'E); (H) P. simplex sp. nov., Atherton (17°16'S 145°29'E); (I) P. granitica sp. nov., 7km SE. of Mount Carbine (16°34'S 145°10'E); (J) P. subtropica sp. nov., 1km N. of Auburn River National Park (25°43'S 151°03'E); (K) P. torrensis sp. nov., Torrens Creek (20°47'S 145°01'E); (L) P. decora sp. nov., 82km N. of St George (27°23'S 148°52'E); (M) P. kobongoides sp. nov., 65km NNE. of St George (27°32'S 148°50'E); (N) P. corymbiae sp. nov., Bull's Gully via Adavale (25°58'S 144°59'E); (O) P. inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (P) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Mt Lofty (34°59'S 138°43'E); (Q–R) P. ayrensis Ewart, (Q) 1km N. of Maroon Dam (28°11'S 152°39'E), (R) Mount Surprise (18°09'S 144°19'E). Scaling is the same for all illustrations except (P), which is scaled differently to the rest.

FIGURE 5. Illustrations of male right opercula, with medial margin at bottom. (A–B) Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt, (A) Lake Dyer (27°38'S 152°22'E), (B) Charlevue Creek (23°41'S 149°08'E); (C) P. notialis notialis subsp. nov., Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E), (D) P. n. incitata subsp. nov., Barakula State Forest via Chinchilla (26°15'S 150°49'E); (E) P.n. notialisxincitata hybrid, Atkinsons Dam (27°26'S 152°27'E); (F) P. tremula sp. nov., Lake Broadwater (27°21'S 151°06'E); (G) P. blackdownensis sp. nov., Blackdown Tableland (23°47'S 149°00'E); (H) P. simplex sp. nov., Atherton (17°16'S 145°29'E); (I) P. granitica sp. nov., 7km SE. of Mount Carbine (16°34'S 145°10'E).

FIGURE 6. Illustrations of male pygofers and internal genitalia, viewed ventrally (left) and laterally from left (right): (A–B) Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt, (A) Carina Heights (27°30'S 153°06'E), (B) Charlevue Creek (23°41'S 149°08'E); (C) P. notialis notialis subsp. nov., Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E), (D) P. n. incitata subsp. nov., Dogwood Creek via Miles (26°39'S 150°11'E); (E) P. n. notialisxincitata hybrid, Atkinsons Dam (27°26'S 152°27'E); (F) P. tremula sp. nov., Lake Broadwater (27°21'S 151°06'E).

FIGURE 7. Map of eastern Australia showing the geographical distribution of Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt. Large triangles represent specimen records (see material examined), and small triangles are aural records (some recorded). The grey shaded area shows the distribution of the central highlands population (Clermont–Emerald) of P. annulata in Queensland (see description and morphological key).

FIGURE 10. Pauropsalta notialis sp. nov. (A–B) P. n. notialis subsp. nov., Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E), (A) male, (B) female; (C–F) P. n. incitata subsp. nov., (C–D) Barakula State Forest via Chinchilla (26°15'S 150°49'E), (C) male, (D) female, (E–F) Blackall (24°26'S 145°28'E), (E) male, (F) female; (G–H) P. n. notialisxincitata hybrids, Atkinsons Dam (27°26'S 152°27'E), (G) male, (H) female respectively. Approximately 1.6x natural size.

FIGURE 11. Map of eastern Australia showing the geographical distribution of Pauropsalta notialis sp. nov. (including P. n. notialis subsp. nov. (solid circles), P. n. incitata subsp. nov. (solid triangles) and their hybrid P. n. notialisxincitata (crosses)). The large symbols represent specimen records (see type data and material examined), whereas small symbols represent aural records (some recorded).

FIGURE 14. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta notialis incitata subsp. nov. illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8), showing both buzzing and lilting components. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency, which exhibits no modulation between the song components in this species. This specimen was recorded in the field at Goombungee (27°18'S 151°51'E).

FIGURE 15. Waveform plots illustrating the lilting component of the male calling song of Pauropsalta notialis incitata subsp. nov. from six different localities, including: (i) Chinchilla (26°44'S 150°38'E), (ii) Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E), (iii) Newell Highway, 4 km N. of Bellata (2953'S 149°47'E) (iv) Canberra (35°18'S 149°06'E), (v) 10 km W. of Diggers Rest (37°37'S 144°37'E), and (vi) Blackall (24°26'S 145°28'E). Mean phrase repetition rates (PRR) for each recording are provided to the right of each plot for reference. The Blackall recording (vi) is a duet that includes a female's response, with each female wingflick indicated by an arrow. This recording includes short buzzing components, to which the female also responds. Recording (i) was made with RS2, recordings (iii) and (v) were made with RS4 (by D. Marshall), recording (iv) was made with RS5 and all other recordings were made with RS1 (see methods).

FIGURE 16. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta notialis notialisxincitata hybrids illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8), showing both buzzing and lilting components. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency, which exhibits no modulation between the song components in this species. This specimen was recorded in the field at Upper Yarraman (26°54'S 151°54'E).