Anthomyza concolor (Thomson, 1869)

Roháćek, Jindřich & Barber, Kevin N., 2016, Nearctic Anthomyzidae: a monograph of Anthomyza and allied genera (Diptera), Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (suppl.) 56, pp. 1-412 : 187-200

Anthomyza concolor (Thomson, 1869)

( Figs 316–336 , 376 )

Piophila concolor Thomson, 1869: 596 .

Anthomyza concolor: SABROSKY (1965) : 819 (catalogue, generic combination); ROHÁĆEK (1998a): 173 (checklist).

Type material. LECTOTYPE: ♀ (designated herewith): “Califor-nia”, “Kinb.”, “ Typus ”, “366” and “87” (both on red label, the latter number handwritten), “NHRS-BYWS 000000018” (see Fig. 317 ), “ Lectotypus ♀ Piophila concolor Thomson, J. Roháček & K. N. Barber des. 2014” (red) and “ Anthomyza concolor (Thomson) ♀, J. Roháček & K. N. Barber det. 2014”. The specimen (deposited in NHRS, genit. prep.) belongs to the pale form and is relatively well preserved ( Figs 316, 317 ) but its abdomen was detached after phototography to study the terminalia. According to THOMSON (1869) the description is based on material from USA: California. The only type specimen found is designated as the lectotype, because THOMSON (1869) did not explicitly state the number or sex of the specimens he used for the description, and the necessity to nx the taxonomic concept of the species to avoid confusion with very similar Nearctic relatives ( A. occidentalis sp. nov. in particular).

Other material examined. CANADA: ALBERTA: 7 mi W Banff, 11.vii.1966, 1 ♀, J. Novak leg.; Bilby, 22.vi.1924, 1 ♂ (genit. prep.), O. Bryant leg. (both USNM); ~18.3 km NW Cadomin, Hwy #40, 53°10.02'N 117°29.72'W, sweeps, edge of roadside pond, Carex spp., 22.vii.2008, 1 ♂, K. N. Barber leg. ( CNCI); Calgary, Fish Creek Provincial Park, 50°55.739'N 114°03.312'W, sweep near creek, 22.vii.2010, 1 ♂, J. E. Swann leg. ( BDUC). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Banks Island, 53°34'18"N 130°31'31"W, inlet with brackish waterways & meadow of Carex , cinqfoils, Angelica , Juncus , 21.vi.2005, 1 ♂, C. Copley leg. ( RBCM); Brisco, 19.vi.1932, 2 ♂♂, O. Bryant leg. ( USNM); Clinton, 13.vi.1938, 2 ♀♀, J. K. Jacob leg. ( CNCI); E. C. Manning P. Pk., ~ 42 km SE Hope, Hwy #3, ~ 49°10'N ~ 120°57'W, 1352 m, swept/eclector, roadside veg. incl. Juncus , Carex , Equisetum, (Universität Bielefeld, Ca1535) , 16.viii.2002, 1 ♀, M. v. Tschirnhaus leg. ( ZSMC, in ethanol); 24 km E Enderby, CD1334, 8–9.vi.1991, 1 ♂, A. Borkent leg. ( CNCI); Golden, 15.vii.1988, 1 ♀, A. Freidberg leg. ( TAUI, genit. prep.); ~2.9 km NNW Golden, Anderson Rd., 51°19.49'N 116°58.81'W, sweeps, roadside, mostly Equisetum ssuviatile & E. palustre , 19.vii.2011, 2 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀, K. N. Barber leg. ( CNCI); Graham Is., Q[ueen] C[harlotte] Islands, Tow Hill, sweep above beach, 14.vii.1988, 1 ♀, S. A. Marshall leg. ( DEBU); Hatzic Lake, 20.vii.1953, 1 ♂, 22.vii.1953, 1 ♀, 24.vii.1953, 1 ♂, W. R. M. Mason leg.; Horseshoe Bay, 0–300', 25.v.1961, 1 ♂, 30.v.1961, 3 ♂♂, J. R. Vockeroth leg. (all CNCI); Iona Is., Richmond, 16.vi.1981, 1 ♂, S. G. Cannings leg. ( UBCZ); Kinbasket Lake, BC Hydro drawdown study, Malaise trap (91 MCOT 01), 10–11.vii.2009, 1 ♀, Cooper Beauchesne &Assoc. Ltd.leg. ( RBCM); Ladysmith, 2.vi.1955, 5 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, R.Coyles leg., 2.vi.1955, 1 ♀, J. R.McGillis leg. ( CNCI); Lardo [sic Lardeau], “7.7” [7.vii or vii.1907?], 2 ♂♂, H. G. Dyar leg. ( USNM, 1 ♂ genit. prep.); MacGillivray [sic McGillivray] Creek Game Reserve, near Chilliwack, 27.vii.1953, 1 ♀, W. R. M. Mason leg. ( CNCI); Merritt, Lundbom Lk., 1.5 km NE, 1.vii.1988, 1 ♂, G. E. Hutchings leg. ( RBCM ENT 991-6126, genit. prep.); Milner, 12.vii.1953, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, W. R. M. Mason leg. ( CNCI); Nanaimo Lakes, forested area, 11.vi.1988, 1 ♀, G. E. Hutchings leg. ( RBCM ENT 991-11822); Oliver, 13.viii.1923, 1 ♂, 20.iv.1923, 1 ♀, 28.iv.1923, 1 ♀, C. B. Garrett leg. ( CNCI); Parson, Crestbrook Rd., 51°03.68'N 116°39.06'W, sweeps, wet ditch, Carex utriculata with Equisetum palustre & E. × litorale, 18.vii.2011, 4 ♂♂ 6 ♀♀, K. N. Barber leg. ( DEBU 4 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀, SMOC 2 ♀♀); Princess Royal Island, Home Bay, 53°16'44.3"N 129°04'57.5"W, Malaise trap, sheltered bay with beach & stream, 24.vi.2005, 1 ♀, C. Copley leg. ( RBCM); Qualicum, 19.vi.1955, 2 ♂♂, G. E. Shewell leg.; Richter Pass, Osoyoos, 30.v.1959, 1 ♀, R. Madge leg. (all CNCI); Robson, 20.ix.1952, 1 ♀, 19.viii.1957, 1 ♂, 14.vi.1960, 1 ♀, 24.ix.1963, 1 ♀, 28.ix.1967, 1 ♂, 29.vii.1970, 1 ♂ (genit. prep.), H. R. Foxlee leg. ( UBCZ); 16.8 km NE 70 Mile House, 51°20'N 121°19'W, sweeps/eclector, large swamp with diverse vegetation, (Universität Bielefeld, Ca1517), 3.viii.2002, 10 ♂♂ 6 ♀♀, M. v. Tschirnhaus leg. ( ZSMC, in ethanol); 5 mi E Sidney, 23.viii.1971, 1 ♀, J. Sawbridge leg. ( OSAC); Sproat Lake, 22.vi.1955, 2 ♂♂, W. R. M. Mason leg.; Summerland, 25.ix.1931, 1 ♂, A. N. Gartrell leg. (all CNCI); Ucluelet, beach edge, 31.v.1980, 1 ♀, R.A. Cannings leg. ( RBCM ENT 991-19737); Vancouver, Point Grey, 21.viii.1972, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, 26.iv.1973, 1 ♂, J. R. Vockeroth leg. ( CNCI); Vancouver, Univ. Campus, 2.v.1959, 1 ♂, G. Scudder leg. ( UBCZ); Vancouver, Wreck Beach, 49°15.8'N 123°15.7'W, bare sand & wrack on upper beach, 17.viii.2001, 1 ♀, J. Forrest & T.A. Wheeler leg. ( LEMQ 0040130), sweep grass/ sedge /forbs on sea beach, 17.viii.2001, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, T. A. Wheeler leg. ( LEMQ 0040129, -31, 1 ♂ genit. prep.); Vancouver Island, Brooks Pen., Cape Cook Lagoon, 50°12'N 127°48'W,in Carex / Elymus , sand dunes, BCPM Brooks Pen. Project, 2.viii.1981, 1 ♂, R. A. & S. G. Cannings leg. ( UBCZ, genit. prep.); Vancouver Is., Parksville, Community Beach, 49°19.48'N 124°18.61'W, 20–21.viii.2008, 3 ♂♂, S. E. Brooks leg., 20–21.viii.2008, 1 ♂; Vancouver Is., Parksville, Englishman River Outlet, 49°19.87'N 124°17.33'W, 21.viii.2008, 2 ♂♂, S. E. Brooks leg., 21.viii.2008, 4 ♂♂, J. M. Cumming leg.; Vancouver Is., Parksville, Rathtrevor Beach, 49°18.99'N 124°16.38'W, 21.viii.2008, 1 ♀, J. M. Cumming leg.; Vancouver Is., Qualicum First Nation Cmpgrd., 49°23.98'N 124°36.80'W, ex.cobble/pebble beach. 12.viii.2008, 1 ♂, S. E.Brooks leg.; Vancouver Island, Sidney Is., Sidney Spit, 48°38'28.06"N 123°19'50.05"W, sandy beach, 8.viii.2008, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (1 ♂ genit. prep.), J. M. Cumming leg.; Vernon, 27.vi.1937, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, H. Leech leg.(all CNCI);Victoria,Ascot Pond, 25.vi.1981, 1 ♀, R.A. Cannings leg.( RBCM ENT 991-22095). SASKATCHEWAN: Elbow, 3.vi.1960, 1 ♂, 17.vi.1960, 1 ♀, A. R. Brooks leg. (both genit. prep.); Lisieux, 49°16'N 105°59'W, 21.vi.1955, 1 ♀, J. R. Vockeroth leg.; Uranium City, 19.vi.1962, 1 ♂ (genit. prep.), J. G. Chillcott leg.; Val Marie, 14.vi.1955, 1 ♀, A. R. Brooks leg.; Val Marie, 49°15'N 107°44'W, 14.vi.1955, 1 ♂ (genit. prep.), J. R. Vockeroth leg. (all CNCI). UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: ARIZONA: Apache Co., St. John’s, 12.vi.1950, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, M. R. Wheeler leg. ( AMNH, both genit. prep.). CALIFORNIA: Napa Co., Angwin, 3.ix.1971, 1 ♀, L. Eighme leg.; Alameda, 6.x.1926, 1 ♀, E. P. Van Duzee leg. (both CASC); Alameda Co., Alvarado, 18.v.1950, 2 ♀♀, M. R. Wheeler leg., 18.v.1950, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (both genit. prep.), [no collector] ( AMNH); Glenn Co., 1 mi NE Alder Springs, Mendocino Nat. Forest, 4000', Malaise trap, 20.viii.1983, 1 ♀, E. M. Fisher leg. ( CSCA); Marin Co., Alpine Lk., Lily Pond, 1500', Malaise trap, 12.v.–9.vii.1970, 1 ♀, D. D. Munroe leg. ( CNCI); Modoc Co., 15 mi NE Alturas, 5800', 22.vi.1971, 1 ♂, G. Steyskal leg. ( USNM); Humboldt Co., Arcata, 20.x.1980, 1 ♀, R. Hurley leg. ( MTEC); Los Angeles Co., Ballona Wetlands near Playa del Rey, Unit 1[?], 23.vii.1980, 1 ♂, C. Nagano, J. Hogue, E. Birdsall & C. Chapelle leg. ( LACM ENT 329088); Shasta Co., 8 mi SE Bartle, #3, 17.vi.1959, 1 ♂, Byers & party leg. ( SEMC); E [of] Barton Flat, 25.vi.1946, 1 ♂ (genit. prep.); Barton Store, 20.vi.1945, 1 ♀, both A. L. Melander leg. (both USNM); Berkeley, 30.iv.1968, 1 ♂, D. D. Munroe leg. ( CNCI); Solano Co., L. Berryessa, 0.85 mi SW Monticello Dam, 38°30'20"N 122°06'39"W, 500 m, ex. vegetation along shoreline, 4.vi.2002, 26 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀, S. D. Gaimari leg. ( CSCA, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ genit. prep.); Big Bear Lake, 6.vii.1942, 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀ (1 ♀ headless); Los Angeles Co., Big Pines, 29.vi.1948, 1 ♀, all A. L. Melander leg.; Bolinas, 5.vi.1949, 1 ♀, R. E. Ryckman leg. (all USNM); Cambria, Santa Rosa Creek Trail, 35°33.94'N 121°06.03'W, sweeps, Equisetum telmateia braunii & Delairea odorata under canopy, 3.v.2014, 1 ♂, K. N. Barber leg. ( CNCI); Campo, 18.vii.1940, 1 ♀, D. E. Hardy leg. ( SEMC); Modoc Co., Cedar Pass, 29.vi.1955, 1 ♂, C. L. Hogue leg. ( LACM ENT 329087); Chino, 6.iv.1928, 1 ♂, A. H. Sturtevant leg. ( USNM, genit. prep.); Tuolumne Co., end of Clark Fork Road, 1955 m, meadow, 2.vii.1977, 1 ♂, P. H. Arnaud Jr. ( CASC); Clear Lake, 18.vi.1935, 1 ♀, A. L. Melander leg.; Lake Co., Clear Lake St. Pk., 9.ix.1957, 1 ♂, P. H.Arnaud Jr.; Corona Del Mar, 25.vii.1942, 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀ (2 ♂♂ on same pin, 2 ♀♀ on same pin), A. L. Melander leg.; Santa Clara Co., Coyote, 9.iii.1947, 1 ♂, P. H. Arnaud (all USNM); Del Norte Co., 18.5 mi N Crescent City, 28.vi.1972, 1 ♂, W. N. Mathis leg. ( OSAC), 28.vi.1972, 1 ♂, G. Steyskal leg. ( USNM); Davis, collected on rice, 21.vii.1935, 1 ♂, A. A. Grigarick leg. ( USNM); Davis, 21.v.1940, 1 ♀, 2.vi.1940, 1 ♂, 3.vi.1940, 1 ♂, 13.vi.1940, 1 ♂, C. D. & M. H. Michener leg. ( SEMC); Trinity Co., FR17, Deadfall Meadow, 41.3347°N 122.5209°W, 1972 m, sweep wet meadow, 8.vi.2009, 1 ♀, J. Mynarek leg. ( DEBU); Del Norte Co., Del Norte Coast Redwoods S. P., Wilson Ck., sweeps, grasses near parking area, 41°36.22'N 124°06.04'W, 9.vi.2009, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, K. N. Barber leg.( CNCI); Stanislaus Co., Del Puerto Canyon, Frank Raines Park, ca.1120', insect night trap, 3.iv.1970, 1 ♂, P. H. Arnaud Jr. ( CASC, genit. prep.); Santa Clara Co., Del Puerto Road (Rd. 130), pan traps & sweeping, 28.v.1992, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀, J. Skevington & A. Goering leg. ( LEMQ); Lassen Co., Eagle Lake, 31.vii.1957, 1 ♀, C. L. Hogue leg. ( LACM ENT 329091); Echo Lake, 7600', 24.viii.1957, 1 ♂, A. H. Sturtevant leg. ( USNM); El Portal, Sierra Nat. For., 3500', 26.iv.1968, 1 ♀, D. D. Munroe leg. ( CNCI); Eldorado Hills, 38°41'43"N 121°04'44"W, 222 m, 24.iii.2003, 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀, J. & A. Skevington leg. ( CSCA); Fresno, 12.xi.1922, 1 ♀, [no collector] (with det. as A. pallida Zett. ); Del Norte Co., 2 mi E Gasquet, 28.vi.1972, 1 ♂, G. Steyskal leg.; Gen. Grant Park, 7.vi.1935, 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Nevada Co., Glenbrook, [no date], 1 ♂, all A. L. Melander leg. (all USNM); Siskiyou Co., 8 mi S Grenada, 23.ix.1973, 1 ♂, W. N. Mathis leg. ( OSAC); Hemet Reservoir, San Jacinto Mts., 22.v.1940, 1 ♂, C. D. Michener leg. ( CASC, genit. prep.); Hopland, 3.iv.1968, 1 ♀, D. D. Munroe leg. ( CNCI); San Benito Co., Idria, 1 ♂, [no date, no collector] ( USNM); Inyo Co., Independence, 5.ix.1963, 1 ♀, J. D. Birchim leg. ( CASC); Marin Co., Inverness, 10.v.1968, 1 ♂, D. D. Munroe leg. ( CNCI); Marin Co., 2 air mi W Inverness, 1.v.1976, 1 ♂, J. Doyen & P. Rude leg. ( EMEC); Del Norte Co., Jedediah Smith Redwoods S. P., Enderts Beach, 41°42.04'N 124°08.52'W, sweeps, grasses on top of high bluff, 4.vi.2009, 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, K. N. Barber leg. ( CNCI); Jenks Lake, 20.vi.1945, 3 ♀♀, A. L. Melander leg. ( USNM, 1 ♀ headless, 2 ♀♀ on same pin); El Dorado Co., Jones Fork, Silver Creek at Ice House Rd., 38°50'54"N 120°22'33"W, 1500 m, 2.vii.2002, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, S. D. Gaimari & E. M. Fisher leg. ( CSCA); Keen Camp, 7.vi.1942, 1 ♂, A. L. Melander leg. ( USNM, headless); Sonoma Co., Kenwood, Sonoma Creek, Mortons Warm Springs, 105 m, 18.v.1974, 1 ♂, P. H. Arnaud Jr. leg. ( CASC); Lafayette, 6.iv.1968, 1 ♀, D. D. Munroe leg.( CNCI); Del Norte Co., Lake Earl Wildlife Area, 41°48.68'N 124°10.83'W, sweeps, grasses bordering nooded road/marsh, 1.vi.2009, 2 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀, K. N. Barber leg. ( CNCI 1 ♂ 4 ♀♀, SMOC 1 ♂ used for molecular work); Lake Tahoe, 20.vi.1953, 1 ♀, A. L. Melander leg. ( USNM); Lake Tahoe, Glenn Alpine, 1.ix.1930, 1 ♀, H. H. Keifer leg. ( LACM ENT 329092); Live Oak Park, 24.v.1944, 2 ♀♀ (1 ♀ headless), 6.vi.1945, 1 ♀, A. L. Melander leg. ( USNM); San Joaquin Co., Manteca, 28. viii.1964, 1 ♂, B. Bauer leg. ( CASC); Manzanita, 21.viii.1957, 1 ♀, A. L. Melander leg. ( USNM); Marsh Cr., [-]. iv.1937, 2 ♀♀, E. S. Ross leg. ( CASC); Mono Lake, 19.vi.1950, 1 ♂, G. Sperry leg. ( USNM); Sonoma Co., Monte Rio, Russian River, 5.ix.1971, 1 ♀, P. H.Arnaud Jr. ( CASC); Morro Bay, 27.vii.1940, 1 ♂; Muir Beach, “6/8”.1950, 1 ♀; Muir Wood, 21.vi.1947, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, all A. L. Melander leg. (all USNM); Napa Co., Napa, 14.iv.1981, 1 ♂, L. Eighme leg. ( CASC); Mendocino Co., NCCRP [Northern California Coast Range Preserve], 3 mi N Branscomb, 1400', 30.iv.1977, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, E. I. Schlinger leg. ( EMEC, 1 ♂ genit. prep.); Marin Co., Novato, 21.iv.1963, 1 ♂, D. C. Rentz leg.; Marin Co., “Umdhlelannyoni”, Novato, 24.x.1948, 1 ♂, E. L. Kessel leg. (both CASC); Orick, 18.ix.1934, 2 ♂♂, A. L. Melander leg. ( USNM, 1 ♂ genit. prep., 1 ♂ headless); Contra Costa Co., 4 mi NE Orinda, 15.iii.1954, 1 ♂, B. A. McKinley leg.; Oroville, 23.vii.1926, 1 ♂, H. H. Keifer leg. (both CASC); Palo Alto, salt marshes, 22.iii.1906, 1 ♀, R. W. Doane leg. ( LACM ENT 329116); Pasadena, 14.ix.1949, 1 ♂, 5.x.1949, 1 ♂, 14.x.1949, 1 ♂, M. R.Wheeler leg.( AMNH); Contra Costa Co., Point Richmond, south slope above Brickyard Cove Rd., 16.iv.1980, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, T. W. Davies leg. ( CASC); Humboldt Co., Prairie Ck. Redwoods S. P., Davidson Rd. access, 41°19.27'N 124°02.45'W, sweeps, Scirpus sp.1, meadow edge, 8.vi.2009, 3 ♂♂ 1 ♀; same locality but 41°19.29'N 124°02.38'W, sweeps, Scirpus sp.2, wet area, 8.vi.2009, 14 ♂♂ 10 ♀♀ (2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀ genit. prep), all K. N. Barber leg.; Prosser Creek, near Hobart Mills, 6300', stream margin, 13.vii.1961, 1 ♀, J. G. Chillcott leg. (all CNCI); Alameda Co., Redwood Park, 26.vi.1957, 1 ♀, H. P. Shurtleff leg. ( BYUC); Del Norte Co., ~8.3 km NW Requa, mouth of Wilson Ck., 41°36.29'N 124°06.04'W, sweeps, Eleocharis sp., creekside, 9.vi.2009, 3 ♂♂, K. N. Barber leg. ( CNCI); Rio Hondo, 21.x.1949, 1 ♂, 17.iii.1950, 1 ♀, M. R. Wheeler leg. ( AMNH); Solano Co., near Rio Vista, 1.iv.1971, 1 ♀, C. B. Philip leg. ( CASC); Rosemead, 17.iii.1950, 1 ♀, M. R. Wheeler leg. ( AMNH); Sacramento, 15.iii.1931, 2 ♀♀, 18.iii.1931, 1 ♂, 22.vi.1932, 1 ♂, 30.vi.1932, 1 ♂, alfalfa, 30.iii.1929, 1 ♀, H. H. Keifer leg.; Sacramento Co., Sacramento, Sacramento River Levee, 24.iii.1966, 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀, M. S. Wasbauer leg. (all CSCA); San Diego, [-].iv.[-], 1 ♀, E. P. Van Duzee leg. ( CASC, with det. as Anthomyza gracilis Fallén ); Santa Clara Co., San Jose, Guadalupe Crk., 6.vi.1966, 1 ♂, R. E. Orth leg. ( UCRC ENT 79387); “ UP ”[Upper?] Santa Ana River, 7.viii.1953, 2 ♂♂, A. L. Melander leg. ( USNM, on same pin, 1 ♂ headless); Santa Clara Co., 556, [no date], 1 ♀, Baker leg. ( LACM ENT 329090); Sonoma Co., Santa Rosa, 27.iii[?].1965, 1 ♀, J. D. Birchim leg. ( CASC), 19.iv.1975, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, J. B Johnson leg. ( WFBM); Lake Co., Seigler Springs, 7.ix.1957, 2 ♂♂ 6 ♀♀, P. H. Arnaud Jr. leg. ( USNM, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀ genit. prep.); Sequoia Pk., 4000 ft, 6.vi.1935, 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀ (1 ♂ headless, genit. prep.), elev. 5000 ft, 6.vi.1935, 1 ♂, el. 6200 ft, 6.vi.1935, 1 ♀, A. L. Melander leg. ( USNM); Ventura Co., Sherwood Lk., 26.vii.1952, 1 ♂, R. X. Schick leg. ( LACM ENT 329089); Smith River, 21.vii.1932, 1 ♀, J. M.Aldrich leg.; Summit Lake, 24.viii.1957, 2 ♂♂; Stanford, [-]. vii.1915, 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Sugarloaf Mt., 15.vii.1946, 1 ♀; Valyermo, 13.v.1944, 1 ♀, all A. L. Melander leg. (all USNM); Tehama Co., 4 mi SE Vina, Brush Creek at Hwy 99E, 12.vi.1965, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, [no collector] ( UCRC ENT 79391–92); Lake Co., Whispering Pines, 14.iv.1964, 1 ♂, C. N. Slobodchikoff leg. ( CASC); Mendocino Co., 2 mi N Willits, 23.iv.1968, 5 ♀♀, T. W. Fisher & R. E. Orth leg. ( UCRC ENT 79382–86); El Dorado Co., Wrights Lake, El Dorado Nat. Forest, 38°50'48"N 120°14'06"W, 2150 m, “mid”. viii.2001, 1 ♀, S. D. Gaimari leg. ( CSCA); Yosemite, 10.vi.1935, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀; Yosemite Park, Glacier P[oin]t Road, 1.vii.1947, 1 ♂ (genit. prep.), all A. L. Melander leg. (all USNM). COLORADO: Electra Lake, F.4367E, ~ 37°33'N 107°48'W, ~8400', 28.vi.–1.vii.1919, 1 ♀, [no collector] ( AMNH); Estes Park, 7500', 2.vii.1961, 1 ♀, C. H. Mann leg. ( CNCI); Teller Co., Florissant, Petrined Forest Area, 2530 m, 11.viii.1973, 1 ♂, P. H. Arnaud Jr. leg. ( CASC); 3.5 mi S Florissant, Sanborn Ranch, along tributary of Grape Creek, 29.vii.1999, 1 ♀, B. A. Foote leg. ( CMNH); Golden, 17.vi.1940, 1 ♀, A. L. Melander leg. ( USNM). IDAHO: Blaine Co., 2.5 mi NE Carey, 27.viii.1965, 1 ♂, E. J. Allen leg. ( WFBM); Kellogg, alt. 2305 ft, 14.viii.1926, 1 ♀, R. W. Haegele leg. ( WFBM, Curran det. as A. pallida Zett. ); Lake Co[e]ur d’Alene, ½ mi E Harrison, 16.vii.1968, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, [no collector]; 5 mi W New Meadows, 10.vii.1968, 1 ♀, [no collector] (all OSAC); Potlatch, 21.ix.1918, 1 ♂ (headless), A. L. Melander leg., 20.vi.1907, 1 ♀, J. M. Aldrich leg.; Priest Lake, 3.ix.1919, 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Priest Lake,4-Mile Camp, [-]. viii.1920, 1 ♂; Priest Lake, Soldier Creek, 22.viii.1919, 4 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀ (1 ♂ genit. prep.), all A. L. Melander leg. (all USNM); Tamarack, 26.vii.1926, alt. 4106', 1 ♀, F. E. Whitehead leg. ( AMNH, with det. as A. pallida Zett. ). MONTANA: 2 mi E Babb, 19.vii.1967, 1 ♀, B. A. Foote leg.; 1 mi W Big Fork, 1.viii.1966, 1 ♂, 8.viii.1967, 1 ♂ 6 ♀♀, B. A. Foote leg., 25.vi.1967, 1 ♀, S. Whitney leg.; 2 mi W Big Fork, 9.vii.1967, 4 ♂♂ 18 ♀♀ (1 ♂ genit. prep., wing illustration), B. A. Foote leg., 9.vii.1967, 1 ♀, S. Whitney leg.; 3 mi S Big Fork, 21.vi.1966, 1 ♀, K. Valley leg.; 5 mi E Big Fork, 29.vi.1966, 1 ♂ 3 ♀♀, K. Valley leg., 20.vi.1967, 1 ♂, S. Whitney leg.; 6 mi W Big Fork, 14.vii.1966, 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, S. Whitney leg. (all USNM); 6 mi NW Big Fork, 19.vii.1966, 6 ♂♂ 1 ♀, 27.vii.1966, 2 ♀♀, T. Krystowski leg.. 29.vi.1966, 1 ♀, 7.vii.1966, 3 ♂♂ 7 ♀♀, K. Valley leg., 25.vi.1967, 1 ♀, S. Whitney leg.; 8 mi NW Big Fork, 9.vii.1967, 2 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀ (1 ♂ genit. prep.), 14.vii.1967, 1 ♂, D. Allen leg., 5.vii.1967, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀, B. A. Foote leg.; 10 mi NW Big Fork, 14.vii.1967, 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, (1 ♂ genit. prep.), 24.vii.1967, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀ (1 ♀ genit. prep.), D. Allen leg., 27.iv.1964, 1 ♂, T. Krystowski leg., 22.vi.1966, 1 ♀, K. Valley leg.; 15 mi S Big Fork, 4.vii.1967, 1 ♀, B. A. Foote leg. (all USNM); Granite Co., Glint Creek, 5300', 3.1 mi N Philipsburg, 25.vii.2000, 1 ♀, R. Hurley & J. Runyon leg. ( MTEC); 3 mi E Polson, 5.vii.1967, 1 ♀, S. Whitney leg.; 4 mi E Polson, 5.vii.1967, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, D.Allen leg.; 15 mi NE Polson, 10.vii.1967, 1 ♀, D.Allen leg. (all USNM); Lake Co., 4 mi E Polson, 8.viii.1972, 1 ♀, W. Mathis leg. ( OSAC); 1 mi S Swan Lake, 5.vii.1965, 1 ♀, 1.vii.1966, 3 ♂♂ 1 ♀ (1 ♂ genit. prep.), 30.vi.1967, 3 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, B. A. Foote leg., 2.viii.1967, 3 ♀♀, S. Whitney leg.; 9 mi N Swan Lake, 21.vi.1966, 1 ♀, K. Valley leg., 19.vii.1966, 4 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, K. Valley leg.; 14 mi N Whitensh, 28.vi.1966, 1 ♀, B. A. Foote leg.; 20 mi N Whitensh, 30.vi.1966, 1 ♂ 4 ♀♀, B.A. Foote leg., 30.vi.1966, 1 ♀, K. Valley leg., 31.vi.1966, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, T. Krystowski leg. (all USNM). NEVADA: Fallon, 23.viii.1957, 1 ♂, A. H. Sturtevant leg. ( USNM, genit. prep.); Humboldt Co., E. foot Golconda Summit, 0.5 mi N of Hwy 40, 4800', 26. viii.1965, 1 ♂, H. B. Leech leg.; Wahoe Co., Patrick, 16.vi.1964, 1 ♂, C. N. Slobodchikoff leg.; Sparks, 28.vi.1927, 1 ♀ (genit. prep.), E. P. Van Duzee leg. (all CASC). NEW MEXICO: Questa, Red River, river margin, 26.v.1969, 4 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, W. W. Wirth leg. ( USNM, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ genit. prep.). OREGON: Klamath Co., Aspen Lake, 10.viii.1973, 1 ♂, W. N. Mathis leg. ( OSAC); Benton Co., Bellfountain, 13.viii.1962, 2 ♂♂, W. H. Hanson leg. ( LACM, 1 ♂ genit. prep.); Deschutes Co., Camp Abbot, 27.v.1944, 1 ♂, P. H. Arnaud leg.; Charleston, Marine Biol. Sta., 9.vii.1954, 1 ♀, M. T. James leg. (both USNM); Deschutes Co., Cline Falls State Park, W of Redmond, Deschutes River, 25. vii.1974, 1 ♀, P. H.Arnaud Jr. leg. ( CASC); Benton Co., Corvallis, 15.vii.1972, 4 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀, 16.vii.1973, 7 ♀♀, W. N. Mathis leg. ( OSAC); Corvallis, Beach Farm, from soil trap, 14.v.1950, 1 ♀, 2.vi.1950, 1 ♂, 8.vi.1950, 1 ♂, H. E.Morrison leg. ( OSAC, Sabrosky det.as Anthomyza gracilis Fallén ); Corvallis, Oregon [Agricultural] Exp[eriment] Sta[tion], Acc. 1796, 2.v.1915, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀, A. L. Lovett leg.; [Corvallis], Oregon [Agricultural] Exp[eriment] Sta[tion], Acc. 1788, [no date], 3 ♂♂ (2 ♂♂ headless), G. F. Moznette leg. (all OSAC, all Cole det. as Anthomyza gracilis Fallén ); Polk Co., 3 mi S Dallas, 19.vii.1971, 1 ♂, G.Steyskal leg.( USNM); Deschutes River, near Redmond, 19.vii.1939, 4 ♂♂, Gray & Schuh leg. ( OSAC, Sabrosky det. as Anthomyza variegata Loew ); Lane Co., Fern Ridge Reservoir, Zumwalt Park, 22.vi.1974, 1 ♂, P. H.Arnaud Jr. leg. ( CASC); Benton Co., Finley Refuge, 3.vii.1972, 16 ♂♂ 6 ♀♀, G. Steyskal leg. ( USNM); Benton Co., Finley Refuge, 3.vii.1972, 16 ♂♂ 22 ♀♀ (1 ♂ 1 ♀ genit. prep., including det. as Anthomyza gracilis Fallén ), 19.vii.1972, 6 ♂♂ 15 ♀♀ (1 ♂ headless), 26.v.1975, 1 ♂ 1 ♀; Lane Co., 8 mi S Florence, 29.vi.1972, 1 ♂, all W. N. Mathis leg. (all OSAC); Lane Co., 2 mi S Florence, 7.vii.1971, 1 ♂, G. Steyskal leg.; Forest Grove, “summer”.1923, 1 ♂ (genit. prep.), S. E. Keen leg., 8.v.1923, 1 ♀, [no collector] (all USNM); Forest Grove, 6.vi.1918, 1 ♀, F. R. Cole leg. ( EMEC, Cole det. as Anthomyza gracilis Fallén ); “probably Forest Grove (Rockwood)”, “23-45”, [-]. vii.1923, 1 ♂, [no collector] ( USNM, with empty puparium); Klamath Co., 2 mi N Fort Klamath, Kimball State Pk., Wood River Spring, 20.vi.1978, 1 ♂, N. L. Herman leg. ( AMNH); Hood River, [no date], 1 ♂, Childs leg. ( OSAC); Marion Co., Idanha, 6.vii.1971, 1 ♂, G. Steyskal leg. ( USNM); Linn Co., 21 mi SE Idanha, 20.vii.1972, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀, W. N. Mathis leg. ( OSAC); Harney Co., Idlewild Cmpg., Mal[heur] Nat. For[est], 43°50.6'N 118°57.2'W, 1537 m, 8.viii.2005, 1 ♀; Harney Co., King Mt. Lookout Rd., 43°48'N 119°W, 1537 m, 8.viii.2005, 1 ♂, both D. & W.N. Mathis leg.(both USNM); Klamath Co., Klamath For[est] Nat[iona]l Wild[life] Ref[uge], 11.viii.1973, 2 ♂♂; Jackson Co., Little Squaw Lk., 8.viii.1973, 7 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀, all W. N. Mathis leg.; Benton Co., McDonald Forest, general sweeping, 15.x.1974, 1 ♀, B. Rose leg.; Benton Co., MacDonald [sic] Forest, 23.iv.1977, 1 ♀, B. Gilmour leg.(all OSAC); Curry Co., Nesika Beach, 42°30.85'N 124°24.59'W, sweeps, roadside Equisetum telmateia , 3.vi.2009, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀; Josephine Co., ~4.1 km E O’Brien, Waldo Rd., 42°03.72'N 123°39.05'W, sweeps, Juncus sp. emergent in pond margin, 6.vi.2009, 8 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀, all K. N. Barber leg. (all CNCI); Oneonta Gorge, 9.ix.1934, 1 ♀, A. L. Melander leg. ( USNM); Curry Co., Ophir, 42°33.34'N 124°23.48'W, sweeps, Eleocharis sp. in very wet area behind low dunes, 3.vi.2009, 16 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀, K. N. Barber leg. ( CNCI 14 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀, SMOC 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀, 1 ♂ used for molecular work); Josephine Co., Oregon Caves, 3900', 27.vi.1972, 1 ♂ (genit. prep.), G. Steyskal leg.; Harney Co., Page Springs Campg., 42°47'N 118°51'W, 1300 m, 6.viii.2005, 1 ♀, D. & W. N. Mathis leg. (both USNM); Portland, 13.vii.1939, 1 ♀, B. Brookman leg. ( CASC); [R. A.] Booth [Memorial] St. Pk., 14 mi W Lakeview, 18.vi.1952, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀, V. Roth leg. ( OSAC, 1 ♂ genit. prep.); Redmond, 1.vi.1939, 1 ♂, Gray & Schuh leg. ( OSAC, Sabrosky det. as Anthomyza gracilis Fallén ); Curry Co., Samuel Boardman S. P., Lone Ranch Beach, 42°06.07'N 124°20.76'W, sweeps, mostly Equisetum telmateia , 3.vi.2009, 1 ♀, K. N. Barber leg. ( CNCI); Tillamook Co., 2½ mi W Sand Lake, 13.vi.1972, 3 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, W. N. Mathis leg.; Scappoose, 23.iv.1938, 2 ♀♀, Gray & Schuh leg. (Sabrosky det. as Anthomyza gracilis Fallén ); Scappoose, Urtica lyalli , 4.iv.1936, 1 ♀, K. Gray & J. Schuh leg. (all OSAC); Coos Co., Seven Devils St. Rec[reation] Site, 43°14.2'N 124°23.4'W, beach, 30.vii.2005, 1 ♂, D. & W. N. Mathis leg.; Trail, 20.viii.1951, 2 ♂♂, A. H. Sturtevant leg. (1 ♂ genit. prep.); Tumalo St. Pk., 5 mi N Bend, 20.viii.1977, 1 ♂, L. Knutson leg. (all USNM); Yachats, 14.iv.1970, 1 ♂, P. Oman leg. ( OSAC). UTAH: Weber Co., Head, Beaver Creek, 7.vii.1977, 1 ♂, Hanson & Knowlton leg.; Cache Co., Benson, 10.v.1968, 1 ♂, G. F. Knowlton leg.; Bluff, 28.viii.1938, 1 ♀, G. F. Knowlton & F. C. Harmston leg. (all LACM); Uintah Co., Bonanza, 30.viii.1975, 1 ♀, G. F. Bohart leg. ( LACM ENT 329096); Weber Co., Eden, 2.vii.1965, 2 ♂♂, G. F. Knowlton leg.; Lakota, 27.v.1966, 1 ♂, R. S. Roberts leg.; Pickleville, 24.vi.1967, 1 ♀, G. F. Knowlton leg. (all LACM); Provo, 26.v.1955, 1 ♂, L. King leg. ( BYUC); Strawberry, 5.viii.1938, 1 ♀, G. F. Knowlton & G. S. Stains leg. ( LACM); Grand Co., Thompson Springs, 39°02.3'N 109°43.4'W, 1740 m, 1.viii.2007, 1 ♂, D.&. W.Mathis leg. ( USNM);Wasatch Co., Wasatch Mountain St. Pk., 21.v.1979, 1 ♀, S. Jackson leg. ( BYUC); Wellsville, 23.v.1948, 1 ♀, R. S. Bailey leg. ( LACM). WASHINGTON: Buena, 9.vii.1923, 1 ♀, V.Argo leg. ( USNM); Skamania Co., Carson, 6.viii.1951, 1 ♂, M. R. Wheeler leg. ( AMNH, genit. prep.); Chimacum, 23.viii.1910, 1 ♀, A. L. Melander leg.; Copalis, 5.vii.1934, 1 ♀ (genit. prep., right wing missing), 5.ix.1934, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀, A. L. Melander leg., 26.viii.1951, 1 ♂, A. H. Sturtevant leg. (all USNM); Lincoln Co., 19 mi NW Ewan, Snyder Slough, 21.viii.1983, 1 ♀, J. Jenkins & J. M. Sirota leg. ( WFBM); Pierce Co., Fort Lewis, Sears Lake, 1.ix.1945, 1 ♀, P. H. Arnaud leg.; Friday Harbor, 29.v[?].1906, 1 ♂, J. M.Aldrich leg.; Ilwaco, 28.vi.1925, 2 ♂♂ (1 ♂ headless), 6.ix.1934, 1 ♀, A. L. Melander leg. (all USNM); Jefferson Co., Kalaloch, 19.vii.1975, 1 ♀, T. L. Whitworth leg. ( LACM); Lake, Paha, 20.ix.1920, 1 ♂, R. C Shannon leg.; Grant Co., O’Sullivan Dam, 21.viii.1954, 1 ♂, H. G. Davis leg. (both USNM); Pullman, 8.vi.1908, 1 ♀, W. M. Mann leg. ( LACM ENT 329093); Pullman, 1.vi.1924, 1 ♀, A. L. Melander leg. ( USNM); Whitman Co., 8 mi SW Pullman, Lyle Grove Biol. Area, 18.vii.1983, 1 ♀, J. Jenkins leg. ( WFBM); Grays Harbor Co., Rayonier Park, 5 km N Humptulips, 27.vi.1974, 1 ♀, P. H. Arnaud Jr. leg. ( CASC); Seattle, 2.viii.1908, 1 ♀, A.L.Melander leg.( USNM); Pierce Co., Tacoma, 22.vi.1982, 1 ♀ (genit. prep.), 28.vi.1982, 2 ♀♀, 12.viii.1982, 1 ♀, T. L. Whitworth leg. ( LACM); Valleyford, 17.v.1924, 1 ♀; Walla Walla, [-].iv.[-], 1 ♂ 1 ♀, all A. L. Melander leg. (all USNM); Grays Harbor Co., Westport, 17.vi.1979, 2 ♂♂, T. L. Whitworth leg. ( LACM, 1 ♂ genit. prep.); Whidbey Island nr. Keystone Ferry, 18.ix.1975, 2 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀, G. F. Hevel leg. ( USNM, 1 ♂ genit. prep.); Chelan Co., Wenatchee, 2000', Squillchuck Creek, 14.v.1953, 1 ♀, J.Jenkins leg. ( WFBM);Yakima, 18.v.1941, 1 ♂, Reeves & Brookman leg. ( CASC). WYOMING: Johnson Co., 14 mi W Buffalo, No. 5, Clear Creek, 7550', 8.vii.1959, 1 ♀, G.W. Byers leg.( SEMC). LOCALITY UNKNOWN: [no locality], 25.x.1966, 1 ♂, [no collector] ( UBCZ).

Other A. pallida -group material of questionable identity ( Anthomyza sp. cf. concolor ). UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: CALIFORNIA: Davis, weedy rice neld, 26.vii.1955, 1 ♂, W. H. Lange leg. ( USNM, abdomen missing); Sacramento, 18.iii.1931, 1 ♀, H. H. Keifer leg. ( CSCA). MONTANA: 1 mi W Big Fork, 11.vii.1967, 1 ♂, D. Allen leg. ( USNM, abdomen missing); 20 mi N Whitensh, 30.vi.1966, 1 spec., B. A. Foote leg. ( USNM, abdomen & hind legs missing). NEW YORK: Churchville, 25.vii.1942, 1 ♂, H. Stalker leg. ( USNM, abdomen lost). OREGON: [Corvallis], Oregon [Agricultural] Exp[eriment] Sta[tion], Acc. 1788, [no date], 1 ♂, G. F. Moznette leg. ( LACM, abdomen missing).

Redescription. Male. Total body length 2.54–3.18 mm; general colour highly variable, ranging from largely yellow with some pale brown (often faint) to more darkly patterned, with brown markings on head, thorax and abdomen, or largely dark brown with only forehead predominantly yellow ( Figs 316–320 ). Head about as long as high, anteriorly somewhat angular in pronle and face distinctly (but not strongly) receding, largely yellow but frons and occiput with variable pale brown to blackish brown darkenings. Occiput slightly concave medially, in pale specimens yellow with ochreous brown to brown crescent-shaped areas surrounding the usual medial pair of silvery white microtomentose spots; in darker adults these brown areas expanded laterally and in darkest specimens occiput largely blackish brown with only very small yellow spots (connuent dorsally with yellow orbital stripes) remaining above medial silvery ones. Frons relatively narrow, largely dull, yellow with only ocellar triangle brownish or brown area extended to cover most of frontal triangle and ocellar triangle blackish brown (in darkest specimens); frontal triangle subshining, with sparse whitish grey microtomentum that is denser on ocellar triangle. Orbits pale yellow (sometimes darker yellow behind posterior ors), with silvery whitish microtomentum being sparser posteriorly but reaching up to vti. Frontal triangle relatively large, reaching to anterior fourth of frons. Frontal lunule small but distinct, yellow. Face moderately narrow, medially concave to wrinkled, yellow and separated from parafacialia by broad golden-orange marginal stripe also reaching (but narrowly) onto ventral margin of gena; parafacialia and gena whitish yellow, with dense silvery white microtomentum; postgena and mouthparts pale yellow. Cephalic chaetotaxy (all setae black): pvt moderate but strongly crossed; oc and/or vti longest of cephalic setae; vte usually shorter but sometimes almost as long as vti; posterior ors often almost as long as vte; 3 ors, 2 long (middle ors usually slightly shorter than posterior ors) and 1 shorter anterior ors setula (up to half length of middle ors but distinctly weaker); very rarely 1 additional microsetula in front of shorter anterior ors setula; 2 (rarely 1) pairs of medial microsetulae in anterior third of frons; 1 small setula behind vte; postocular setulae (6–8) situated mainly dorsally; lateroventral part of occiput and postgena with several setulae and the latter with 2 short posteroventral setae; 1 long vi (up to as long as posterior ors); subvibrissa very reduced, hardly longer than anterior peristomal setula; only 4–5 peristomals, all relatively long but nne. Palpus slender, yellow, with 1 distinct dark ventral preapical seta and a series of 7–8 setulae subapically and ventrally. Eye subovoid, wider anteroventrally, with longest diameter oblique and 1.3–1.4 times as long as shortest. Gena relatively high, with shortest height 0.15–0.17 times as long as shortest eye diameter. Antenna strongly geniculate, entirely yellow or 1st nagellomere with ochreous brown darkening anterodorsally; 1st nagellomere with short white pilosity. Arista with basal segments brown and distal setiform part blackish brown, about 2.0 times as long as antenna, short-ciliate (cilia as long as those on 1st nagellomere).

Thorax very slightly narrower than head. Scutum with colouration ranging from largely yellow with faint ochreous brown darkenings anteriorly between dc and prs-sa lines, through to extensively brown (or greyish brown) in mainly anterior half with humeral-notopleural area yellow to completely blackish brown. Scutellum also variable, yellow to pale brown (sometimes only medially) or blackish brown. Dorsum of thorax distinctly yellowish grey microtomentose (more visible in dark specimens) and relatively dull. Pleural part of thorax more shining than scutum, either entirely yellow ( Fig. 318 ), with various brown darkenings ( Fig. 319 ) or entirely blackish ( Fig. 320 ) with only sutures between sclerites paler. Postscutellum and postnotum ochreous in yellow specimens to blackish brown in darkest ones. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 hu (almost as long as anterior npl) plus 1–3 hu setulae; 2 npl (posterior distinctly shorter); 1 relatively weak prs (about as long as or shorter than hu); sa and pa slightly longer than prs; 2 long postsutural dc (the shorter anterior seta often longer than anterior npl, and posterior seta longest of thoracic setae) and 5–6 dc microsetae in front of them (the hindmost distinctly enlarged, sometimes up to half length of anterior dc and resembling a third dc seta); 4 rows of ac microsetae on suture but only 2 rows between dc setae with hindmost ac pair usually situated slightly beyond level of posterior dc; 2 sc, laterobasal weak (shorter and weaker than pa), apical sc almost as long as posterior dc; 1 minute and hair-like ppl; 2 strong stpl (anterior slightly shorter) and 4–5 upcurved setulae in dorsal half of sternopleuron; its ventral part with 4–6 longer setae. Scutellum rounded triangular, slightly convex dorsally. Legs pale yellow, only distal half to three-fourths of last tarsal segment of all tarsi dark brown but femora in dark specimens more or less darkened to ochreous or pale brown with knees and bases always yellow; darkest specimens also with coxae and central parts of t 1 and t 3 with brownish tinge. f 1 with ctenidial spine short, not longer than maximum width of t 1, and with series of usual long but nne setae in posterodorsal and posteroventral rows. f 2 simply setose; f 3 with a long row of posteroventral setae 7–8 of them in distal half shortened and distinctly thickened; t 2 with short ventroapical seta; other tibiae and tarsi simply setulose, only fore and hind basitarsus with 2–3 slightly enlarged setulae ventrobasally; also mid basitarsus with 1 somewhat longer and thicker ventrobasal setula (as in A. mcalpinei ). Wing ( Fig. 336 ) elongate and relatively narrow, veins and membrane yellowish ochreous. C with distinct sparse spinulae among setulae between apices of R 1 and R 2+3. R 2+3 long, bent parallel to C with apex slightly but distinctly upcurved; R 4+5 very slightly bent, parallel with similarly bent to almost straight M. Discal cell (dm) relatively long and narrow; r-m situated usually slightly in front of or at middle of cell dm. Apical portion of CuA 1 slightly to distinctly longer than dm-cu and almost reaching wing margin; A 1 short, ending far from it. Alula small, moderately narrow. Wing measurements: length 2.81–3.59 mm, width 0.91–1.23 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.03–1.26, rm\ dm-cu: dm-cu = 2.18–3.04. Haltere with knob yellowish white, stem (mainly basally) with darker yellow to ochreous tinge.

Abdomen also with highly variable colouration ranging from entirely yellow (with sterna whitish yellow) in lightest specimens, through to variably brown darkened on terga (with associated sterna yellow to ochreous, Fig. 318 ) or completely blackish brown (or with paler brown sterna, Fig. 320 ) in darkest specimens. T1–T5 sparsely greyish microtomentose and subshining, with relatively short and sparse setae. T1 and T2 dorsally separate, only laterally fused. T1–T2 slightly shorter and more transverse than T3–T4, the latter subequal in size; T5 somewhat longer than T3 or T4, all reaching onto lateroventral sides of abdomen. Preabdominal sterna pale yellow to dark brown, relatively broad (all wider than long) and becoming successively wider posteriorly; S1 short and transverse, S2–S5 subequal in length, 1.5 times (S2) to 2 times (S5) wider than long; S5 (widest sternum) most transverse. S2–S5 nnely but not densely setose, only S1 bare and with darker posterior marginal stripe. T6 submembranous, short, transverse, bare, whitish yellow to pale brown but with only lateral parts pigmented (best visible in dark specimens). S6–S8 yellow to blackish brown (including various intermediates), S8 usually darkest. S6 and S7 with darker anterior marginal ledge and each with 2–3 setae; S8 longer than epandrium, setose in posterior half.

Genitalia. Epandrium ( Figs 321, 323 ) very variable in colour ( Figs 318–320 ), entirely yellow (in lightest specimens), through to dorsally brown and ventrally yellow or completely blackish brown (in darkest specimens); moderately long and broad but relatively high, setae relatively dense and short, with 2 pairs of longer and thicker setae dorsolaterally; anal nssure small and shallow, rounded triangular ( Fig. 321 ). Cercus relatively short and pale, with nne setae, apical longest. Medandrium ( Fig. 321 ) moderate but wider than in A. mcalpinei , dorsally tapered, with dorsolateral corners slightly projecting, ventrally with broad shallow emargination, bare. Gonostylus ( Figs 321, 323, 328 ) elongate, about as long as epandrial height, strongly curved medially (mainly in distal third), slightly tapered towards apex; apex usually relatively blunt and without distinct teeth ( Fig. 328 ), but rarely acute when posterior nange reduced; micropubescent on most of outer side and with longer nne setae only on concave inner side. Hypandrium ( Fig. 324 ) generally constructed as in other members of the A. pallida group, relatively slender, with reduced anterior internal lobes. Transandrium ( Fig. 325 ) slightly bent and relatively slender, caudal process reduced to a narrow pair of short medial sclerotizations transilient to spinose parts of basal membrane. Pregonite ( Fig. 324 ) largely as in other species of the A. pallida group, fused to hypandrium, with acute and medially bent anterior tooth plus (in contrast to relatives) an additional smaller point (see arrow in Fig. 324 ) behind it that has 1 or 2 tubercles on apex (best viewed ventrally), posteriorly with usual small projection transilient to basal membrane, ventrally usually with 5 (one longer) setae. Postgonite ( Fig. 324 ) nat, of moderate size, most similar to that of A. occidentalis , with darker base and pale rounded apex, and with 1 seta situated below middle of anterior margin. Dorsal internal sclerite (normally situated at base of postgonite) nat and pale; it is visible in Fig. 326 (arrow) attached to aedeagal part of folding apparatus). Basal membrane ( Fig. 325 ) with a narrow (in contrast to A. occidentalis ) area covered by short spines that are larger and darker laterally, and pale and nat medially. Aedeagal part of folding apparatus laterally with a double row of very small dark tubercles in addition to nne and short hyaline striae (as in A. occidentalis ). Connecting sclerite strong, dark, proximally slender and fused to phallophore, distally expanded and provided with 2 robust spines ( Fig. 326 ). Phallapodeme as in other members of the A. pallida group, relatively slender, with basal part deeply forked, and fulcrum arising not so close to laterally projecting apex ( Fig. 326 ). Aedeagus ( Fig. 326 ) with short phallophore and large long distiphallus. Saccus long, not much widened distally, membranous, basally darker and with a pair of internal sclerites and a nat ventral plate, distally armed with 5 robust dark-pigmented spines. Filum most resembling that of A. occidentalis , long and strongly arched, characterized by robust tooth-like subventral process in front of terminal slender part that is curved and attenuated with a bicuspid apex bearing only 3–4 small spines ( Figs 322, 327 ). Ejacapodeme small, pale, with small curved terminal end ( Fig. 326 ).

Female. Similar to male unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 3.05–4.19 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen with the same colour variability as described for the male but palest specimens often with faint darkenings on occiput and mesonotum almost indiscernible and darkest specimens with preabdominal sclerites (sterna in particular) paler. Antenna with 1st nagellomere always (also in yellow specimens) with outer side brownish darkened, usually to a larger extent than in male and also in dark specimens with inner side sometimes narrowly infuscated along anterodorsal margin. f 1 with ctenidial spine about as long as maximum width of t 1; f 3 without posteroventral row of shortened and thickened setae; darkest specimens with f 1 and f 3 less distinctly brownish darkened. Cross-vein r-m situated often more distinctly in front of the middle of cell dm. Wing measurements: length 3.05–4.21 mm, width 0.99–1.43 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.02–1.18, rm\dm-cu: dm-cu = 2.22–3.01. Abdomen with T1–T6 variably coloured, from entirely yellow, through to partly brown or entirely brown. T1–T5 somewhat shorter and more transverse than in male. T1–T2 narrower, T3–T5 widest and subequal in size. Preabdominal sterna whitish yellow to brown, slightly narrower than in male, becoming distinctly wider posteriorly. S2 as long as wide and usually darker than other sterna (except for posterior stripe of S1), S3 slightly, S4 more and S5 distinctly transverse (all slightly trapezoidal). S5 largest and widest but narrower than postabdominal S6.

Postabdomen ( Figs 330, 331 ) relatively long (somewhat longer than in related A. occidentalis), telescopic. T6 simple, large (but slightly narrower than T5), shorter than in A. occidentalis , slightly tapered posteriorly, entirely yellow with central brown spot of various size or completely dark brown, with relatively short and dense setae in posterior three-fourths, marginal setae longest. S6 transversely suboblong to trapezoidal with anterior corners rounded or anterior margin almost semicircular, broader than S5, pale yellow to brown and nnely (not densely) setose. Tergosternum T7+S7 moderately long (distinctly narrower than in A. occidentalis ), slightly conical, dorsomedially shortened (anteromedially incised, Fig. 330 ), longer ventrally, with simple anterior margin ( Fig. 331 ). T7+S7 variable in colour, with brown dorsal spot ( Fig. 330 ) in pale specimens that can be enlarged to eventually cover the entire synsclerite in dark specimens. Ventral part of T7+S7 with original S7 distinctly convex with somewhat sinuous lateral margins and separated laterally from T7 by very narrow membranous slit reaching to anterior nfth or sixth of synsclerite ( Fig. 331 ) with 7th spiracle embedded in original T7 far from this slit ( Figs 331 , 376 ). Dorsal part of T7+S7 ( Fig. 330 ) with short thicker setae (in contrast to A. occidentalis ); ventral part nnely setose. 8th segment nnely micropubescent on membrane laterally.T8 ( Fig. 330 ) relatively narrow, longer than wide, bent onto sides, brownish but anteromedially and posteromedially with pale-pigmented semicircular areas, in posterior part with pale submarginal lappet; with sparse setae and almost devoid of micropubescence; S8 ( Fig. 331 ) slightly shorter than T8, subcordate, medially divided into 2 convex sclerites that are nnely setose, micropubescent and posterodorsally partly invaginated. Genital chamber (uterus) posteriorly with distinctly pigmented internal sclerotizations ( Figs 332, 335 ) consisting of 2 pairs of nat sclerites (larger and elongate pair ventral and smaller short pair dorsal) posteriorly, and 1 subcircular, curved (in pronle) annular sclerite anteriorly. Membranous part of genital chamber relatively long, usually with some small spine-like sclerotizations in distal third. Ventral receptacle ( Figs 334, 335 ) very slender, tube-like, hyaline, terminally with coiled vermicular apex. Accessory gland small, vesicular, hyaline, on very slightly dilated and ringed duct. Spermathecae (1+1) shortly ovoid ( Figs 329, 333 ), each with deep and narrow invagination (narrower than in A. occidentalis ) and a number of small pointed spines in basal part surrounding duct insertion; duct very long and ending simply (without distinct cervix) centrally in spermathecal body. T10 small and narrow ( Fig. 330 ), rounded trapezoidal, wider posteriorly, brownish, with 3–4 pairs of setae (1 long) and without micropubescence. S10 pale ochreous to yellow, distinctly larger and wider than T10, rounded pentagonal in ventral view ( Fig. 331 ), nnely setulose and micropubescent. Cercus moderately short and slender, with numerous nne and relatively short setae, apical and dorsopreapical longest.

Discussion. Anthomyza concolor (Thomson, 1869) is here connrmed and recharacterized following the examination (with dissection of postabdomen) of the only preserved type specimen, which is designated as the lectotype above. The species belongs to the Anthomyza pallida group but, contrary to its name, is highly variably yellow-and-brown patterned and usually not unicolourous; only extremely pale specimens such as the lectotype female are almost uniformly yellow, but these are rather rare; the majority of specimens are bicolourous, having small to large brown darkenings on the body, but some of the darkest are largely blackish brown and have at least head and legs mostly yellow to orange ochreous. Because of this extreme colour variability, the species is difncult to distinguish by mere external appearance, particularly from its similarly variable closest relative, A. occidentalis .

Anthomyza concolor , together with A. occidentalis sp. nov. and A. vockerothi sp. nov., forms the A. concolor subgroup, which is characterized as follows: extreme variability in body colouration; saccus with fewer enlarged spines; nlum with subterminal (subventral) toothlike process or spine and with nnely bicuspid apex; similarly formed postgonite and spinose area of the basal membrane; similar fulcrum of the phallapodeme; female genital chamber with paired (not fused) and elongate posterior sclerites; female T7+S7 with original S7 fused anteriorly to anterolateral parts of T7 (but separate in A. vockerothi ); and spermatheca with narrow and deep terminal invagination. Within this subgroup, A. vockerothi forms the sister group to A. concolor and A. occidentalis .

Anthomyza concolor is often difncult to identify using external characters alone, although the darkest specimens differ from relatives in having partly darkened legs, as discussed above. As such, conndent identincation requires the examination of either the male genitalia (e.g. shape of gonostylus, pregonite with a small tuberculate angle behind anterior tooth, nlum with subterminal tooth) or the female postabdomen (structure of T7+S 7 in particular), see the key and discussion under A. occidentalis .

Biology. Habitats for A. concolor are quite varied, including emergent plants such as Eleocharis in a wet coastal dune complex (Oregon: Ophir, Fig. 341 , with A. vockerothi dominant), Juncus along the margin of a small pond (Oregon: ~4.1 km E O’Brien, Fig. 315 ) or non-emergent Eleocharis along a river margin (California: ~8.3 km NW Requa, with A. vockerothi dominant). Two different species of Scirpus mostly yielded A. concolor in association with A. vockerothi (California: Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park) in open, moist depressions near road accesses. Roadside or ditch graminoids and/or horsetails yielded A. concolor with A. vockerothi (British Columbia: ~2.9 km NNW Golden, Parson), or A. concolor alone (Oregon: Nesika Beach). The role of Equisetum telmateia braunii (Milde) Hauke as a potential host plant is discussed under A. occidentalis : A. concolor , A. vockerothi and A. occidentalis have all been found in combination with each other in habitat dominated by this very large horsetail. Less specinc references are made to a “meadow of Carex , cinqfoils, Angelica , Juncus ” (British Columbia: Banks Is.), “roadside veg. incl. Juncus , Carex , Equisetum ” (British Columbia: E. C. Manning P. Pk.), and “ Carex / Elymus , sand dunes” (British Columbia: Vancouver Is. – Cape Cook Lagoon). More general descriptors include “large swamp with diverse vegetation” (British Columbia: 16.8 km NE 70 Mile House), “grass/ sedge /forbs on sea beach” (British Columbia: Vancouver – Wreck Beach), “vegetation along shoreline” (California: L. Berryessa), and “ grasses on top of high bluff” (California: Jedediah Smith Redwoods S. P. – Enderts Beach). Adults of A. concolor have been collected from 9 March (California: Coyote) to 12 November (California: Fresno).

Distribution. Previously published records for A. concolor are limited to THOMSON’ s (1869) original species description, while SABROSKY (1965) and COLE (1969) simply list the species from California because the species concept has until now remained unrecognizable in the Nearctic fauna. Records are summarized here as Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan; United States of America: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming (see Table 2, Fig. 600 ). Based on these data, A. concolor seems to be a western Nearctic species. Consequently, a single male from the east (New York: Churchville), whose identity could not be connrmed (abdomen lost), could represent either an occasional outlier eastern record or (more probably) a mislabelled specimen.

Figures

Figs 316–320. Anthomyza concolor (Thomson, 1869) and its colour variants. 316 – lectotype female, left laterally, body length 3.08 mm; 317 – the same, right laterally and type labels; 318 – A. concolor, male (pale form), laterally, body length 3.02 mm (Canada: BC); 319 – the same, male (intermediate form), laterally, body length 3.18 mm (USA: Oregon); 320 – the same, male (darkest form), laterally, body length 3.10 mm (USA:California). Photo by J. Roháček.

Figs 321–328. Anthomyza concolor (Thomson, 1869), male (USA: California). 321 – external genitalia, caudally; 322 – apex of nlum, ventrolaterally; 323 – external genitalia, laterally; 324 – hypandrial complex, laterally; 325 – transandrium, caudally; 326 – aedeagal complex, laterally; 327 – apex of nlum, ventrally; 328 – gonostylus, ventrolaterally (widest extension). Scales = 0.05 mm (Figs 322, 327) and 0.1 mm (others).

Figs 329–335. Anthomyza concolor (Thomson, 1869), female (USA: California). 329 – spermatheca; 330 – postabdomen, dorsally; 331 – the same, ventrally; 332 – female internal sclerites, ventrally; 333 – spermatheca; 334 – apex of ventral receptacle, ventrally; 335 – female genital chamber and T8 and S8, laterally (micropubescence on pleural membrane omitted). Scales = 0.2 mm (Figs 330, 331), 0.1 mm (Figs 332, 335) and 0.05 mm (others).

Figs 336–338. Wings of the Nearctic species of the Anthomyza pallida group. 336 – A. concolor (Thomson, 1869), male, wing length 3.1 mm (USA: Montana); 337 – A. occidentalis sp. nov., male, wing length 3.2 mm (USA: California); 338 – A. vockerothi sp. nov., male, wing length 2.8 mm (Canada: Ontario). Photo by K. N. Barber.

Figs 376–380. Female T7+S7 and/or apex of postabdomen of Anthomyza species, laterally. 376 – A. concolor (Thomson, 1869) (USA: California); 377 – A. occidentalis sp. nov., paratype (USA: Oregon); 378 – A. pullinotum sp. nov., paratype (Canada: Alberta); 379 – A. vockerothi sp. nov., paratype (Canada: Ontario). 380 – A. mcalpinei sp. nov., paratype (Canada: Ontario). Scales = 0.2 mm.

Figs 339–342. Primary types, colour variant and habitat of the Anthomyza concolor subgroup. 339 – A. occidentalis sp. nov., holotype male, laterally, body length 2.94 mm; 340 – A. vockerothi sp. nov., holotype male, laterally, body length 2.58 mm; 341 – growth of predominant Eleocharis sp. between dune and shallow pool at Ophir (USA: Oregon), habitat of A. vockerothi and A. concolor; 342 – A. vockerothi sp. nov., female (pale form), laterally (Canada: British Columbia), body length 3.22 mm. Photo by K. N. Barber (Fig. 341) and J. Roháček (others).

Figs 313–315.Habitats of species of the Anthomyza pallida group.313 – growth of graminoids (Carex spp.and grasses) and Equisetum in road ditch 22.5 km S Bellevue (Canada:Alberta), habitat in type locality of A. pullinotum sp. nov.; 314 – close-up of growth with predominant Equisetum telmateia braunii in Tokatee Klootchman State Natural Site (USA: Oregon), microhabitat in type locality of A. occidentalis sp. nov.; 315 – a pool along Waldo Rd. about 4.1 km E O’Brien (USA: Oregon) with emergent Juncus sp., habitat of A. concolor (Thomson, 1860). Photo by K. N. Barber.

Fig. 600. Map of North America showing unique distributions of six species representing Clusters 5 to 10. Cluster 5: Anthomyza occidentalis sp. nov.; Cluster 6: A. concolor (Thomson, 1869); Cluster 7: A. furvifrons sp. nov.; Cluster 8: Fungomyza buccata Roháček & Barber, 2004; Cluster 9: Arganthomyza acuticuspis Roháček & Barber, 2013; Cluster 10: Arg. socculata (Zetterstedt, 1847). Many of the west coastal localities are shared between A. occidentalis and A. concolor with several records of the latter not visible.See “Distributional patterns” for explanation of Clusters.