Amphidraus sacrificatus, Salgado & Ruiz, 2019

Salgado, Alexandre & Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., 2019, Seven new species of Amphidraus Simon, 1900 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini), Zootaxa 4563 (3), pp. 451-481 : 457-459

Amphidraus sacrificatus sp. nov.

Figs 9–10 , 14

Type material. Holotype: ♂ from Conceição do Araguaia , 07°59’23.5”S, 49°24’28.8”W, Pará, Brazil, 16.I.2018, R.P.S Almeida. & F.V. Arruda leg. ( MPEG 35027 ). Paratypes: 2♂, same data as holotype ( MPEG 34602 , IBSP 221863 ) .

Etymology. The specific epithet an adjective and refers to the heart-shaped membrane linked to proximal process on embolic disc ( Fig. 10B ), in allusion to human sacrificial rituals practiced by some ancient cultures.

Diagnosis. Differs from all Amphidraus species in having a blade-shaped embolus shaft ( Figs 9F , 10 A–B) and a proximal process on embolic disc (pPED) linked to a heart-shaped membrane [ Figs 9 C–D, 9F (white arrow), 10A–B, 10D]. In addition, the cymbial conductor (cc) is “Y-shaped” and faces retrolaterally ( Figs 9E , 10C ) (cc faces ventrally in all the other described species; see Figs 13A , 17A ).

Description. Male holotype (MPEG 35027). Total length: 4.45. Carapace 2.13 long, 1.46 wide, 1.03 high. Ocular quadrangle 1.10 long. Anterior eye row 1.48 wide, posterior 1.19 wide. Legs 4312. Length of legs: I 3.79 (1.22 + 1.43 + 1.14); II 3.62 (1.19 + 1.28 + 1.15); III 4.46 (1.40 + 1.45 + 1.61); IV 4.75 (1.39 + 1.61 + 1.75). Palp ( Figs 9 C–F, 10A–E): femur and patella with no modifications; RvTA with two short branches, the more ventral branch is reduced and rounded, and the more dorsal branch is larger, with acute tip ( Figs 9D , 10D ); RTA with wide base, shorter than the tibia and with acute tip ( Figs 9D , 10 D–E); cymbium oval ( Fig. 10E ); tegulum with stout lobe curved to prolateral side ( Figs 9C, 9F , 10A ); embolic disc with three processes very close together on its distal portion: two short and rounded distal process (dPED) and one short and triangular ventral process (vPED) ( Figs 9D, 9F , 10 A–B, 10D); embolic filament (ef) very short, approximately 1/5 the length of embolus shaft ( Figs 9F , 10 A–B). Color in alcohol ( Figs 9 A–B): cephalic area black with yellow setae near the eyes; thoracic area laterally black and centrally dark brown with yellow setae on median-posterior portion; abdomen dorsally variegated with black and dark brown, and with a longitudinal stripe of white setae; ventrally variegated with brown; legs I almost black and legs II–IV dark brown; tarsi pale in all legs.

Female. Unknown.

Note. The RvTA was interpreted herein as an apophysis with two branches ( Figs 9D , 10D ). However, in other Amphidraus species, such as A. araripe sp. nov., these branches are not fused and therefore interpreted as two distinct apophyses: one RvTA and one ITA ( Figs 11F , 13B ). The processes placed proximally on embolic disc and herein named as the pPED in A. sacrificatus sp. nov. and A. boomerang sp. nov. ( Figs 7C , 8A ) are possibly homologous. However, in A. sacrificatus sp. nov. it is linked to a heart-shaped membrane [ Figs 9C, 9F (white arrow), 10A–B]. The homologies of all these structures across the genus need to be tested in future studies.

Distribution. Known only from the type locality (state of Pará, Brazil) ( Fig. 14 ).

Natural History. The specimens were collected from an ecotonal zone between the Cerrado and the Amazon rainforest.

Figures

FIGURE 7. Amphidraus boomerang sp. nov. A–B male (A dorsal, B ventral); C–F left male palp (C ventral, D retrolateral, E retroventral, F dorsal). Abbreviations: Cy, cymbium; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; e, embolus shaft; ef, embolic filament; pPED, proximal process on embolic disc; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apophysis; T, tegulum; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc. White arrows in C, E show the basal projection of embolus shaft.

FIGURE 8. Amphidraus boomerang sp. nov., left male palp (A ventral, B retrolateral, C prolateral, D dorsal). Abbreviations: cc, cymbial conductor; e, embolus shaft; ed, embolic disc; ef, embolic filament; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; pPED, proximal process on embolic disc; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apophysis; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 9. Amphidraus sacrificatus sp. nov. A–B male (A dorsal, B ventral); C–F left male palp (C ventral; D retrolateral; E bulb removed, ventral; F bulb, ventral). Abbreviations: cc, cymbial conductor; Cy, cymbium; dPED, distal processes on embolic disc; e, embolus shaft; ed, embolic disc; ef, embolic filament; pPED, proximal process on embolic disc; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apophysis; st, subtegulum; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc. White arrow in F shows the inflated membrane linked to pPED.

FIGURE 10. Amphidraus sacrificatus sp. nov., left male palp (A ventral; B embolic disc, ventral; C bulb removed, ventral; D retrolateral; E dorsal). Abbreviations: cc, cymbial conductor; Cy, cymbium; e, embolus shaft; ed, embolic disc; ef, embolic filament; dPED, distal processes on embolic disc; pPED, proximal process on embolic disc; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apophysis; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 11. Amphidraus araripe sp. nov. A–B male (A dorsal, B ventral); C–G left male palp (C bulb, ventral; D bulb, retrolateral; E tibia, ventral, F tibia, retrolateral; G tibia, dorsal). Abbreviations: dPED, distal process on embolic disc; e, embolus shaft; ef, embolic filament; ITA, intercalary tibial apophysis; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apophysis; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc. Black arrow in E shows the internal spike of ITA.

FIGURE 13. Amphidraus araripe sp. nov., left male palp (A ventral, B retrolateral, C dorsal, after bulb removal). D epigyne/ vulva, ventral. Abbreviations: cc, cymbial conductor; cd, copulatory duct; co, copulatory opening. Cy, cymbium; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; e, embolus shaft; ed, embolic disc; ef, embolic filament; fd, fertilization duct; gl, gland; ITA, intercalary tibial apophysis; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apophysis; S, spermatheca; TL, tegular lobe; vPEd, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 14. Map of northern/northeastern Brazil showing records of Amphidraus araripe, A. boomerang, A. cornipalpis and A. sacrificatus. White lines represent the borders of Brazilian states. Map modified from Google Earth ®.

FIGURE 17. Amphidraus manauara sp. nov. A–C left male palp (A ventral; B dorsal; C retrolateral); D epigyne/vulva, cleared, ventral. Abbreviations: cc, cymbial conductor; cd, copulatory duct; co, copulatory opening; Cy, cymbium; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; e, embolus shaft; ed, embolic disc; ef, embolic filament; fd, fertilization duct; gl, gland; po, coupling pocket; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apophysis; S, spermatheca; T, tegulum; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.