Pseudonannolene, Silvestri, 1895

Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti, Bouzan, Rodrigo Salvador & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2023, A reassessment of the Neotropical genus Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895: cladistic analysis, biogeography, and taxonomic review (Spirostreptida: Pseudonannolenidae), European Journal of Taxonomy 867 (1), pp. 1-312 : 112-115

Identification key to species of Pseudonannolene

1. Head, trunk, and legs pigmented (non-troglomorphic species) ( Fig. 17 ) ......................................... 4 – Head, trunk, and legs depigmented (troglomorphic species) ( Fig. 18E ) .......................................... 2

2. Solenomere not rounded, without a squamous membrane covering seminal apophysis ( Figs 47D , 86D ) .................................................................................................................................................. 3 – Solenomere rounded, with a squamous membrane covering seminal apophysis ( Fig. 128D–F ) ....... ...................................................................................................... P. spelaea Iniesta & Ferreira, 2013

3. Solenomere square-shaped ( Fig. 86D ) ........................................... P. lundi Iniesta & Ferreira, 2015 – Solenomere subtriangular ( Fig. 47D ) .................................. P. ambuatinga Iniesta & Ferreira, 2013

4. Telopodite straight, not curved mesally ( Figs 35 , 36A, C ) ............................................................... 8 – Telopodite strongly curved mesally ( Figs 67D , 94D , 150D , 152D ) ................................................. 5

5. First leg-pair of males with subcylindrical prefemoral process ( Figs 94B , 150B , 152B ) ................ 6 – First leg-pair of males with large and hexagonal-shaped prefemoral process ( Fig. 67B ) .................. ........................................................................................................ P. erikae Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014

6. Trunk of telopodite not laterad projected ( Figs 150D , 152D ) .......................................................... 7 – Trunk of telopodite larger and laterad projected ( Fig. 94D ) ....................... P. mesai Fontanetti, 2000

7. Gnathochilarium with paired projections in the proximal region of the mentum ( Figs 174B , 197E in Supp. file 4) ...................................................................................................... P. bucculenta sp. nov. – Gnathochilarium without paired projections in the mentum ( Fig. 175C ) ............. P. curvata sp. nov.

8. Solenomere without ectal process ( Fig. 35C, E ) or with ectal process, but not directed horizontally ( Fig. 35A ) ....................................................................................................................................... 13 – Solenomere with ectal process directed horizontally ( Figs 49D–F , 52E , 61 , 75D–F , 144D–F ) ....... 9

9. First leg-pair of males with prefemoral process ( Figs 52A–B , 75A–B , 144A–B ) ......................... 10 – First leg-pair of males without prefemoral process ( Fig. 49A–B ) ... P. anapophysis Fontanetti, 1996

10. Internal branch subtriangular or shovel-shaped, not curved apically ( Figs 52E , 61 , 144D–F ) .......11 – Internal branch S-shaped, swollen, and curved apically ( Fig. 75D–F ) ..... P. inops Brölemann, 1929

11. Telopodite as wide as half of gonocoxa in width ( Figs 52E , 61 ) .................................................... 12 – Telopodite larger than half of gonocoxa in width ( Fig. 144D–F ) ....................................................... ....................................................................................................... P. xavieri Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014

12. Telopodite not swollen basally ( Fig. 52E ) ...................................................... P. bovei Silvestri, 1895 – Telopodite swollen basally ( Fig. 61 ) .................................................... P. caulleryi Brölemann, 1929

13. Telopodite short, less than half of gonocoxa .................................................................................. 16 – Telopodite elongated, longer than half of gonocoxa ( Figs 45D–F , 116C–D , 119B–D ) ................. 14

14. Internal branch short and enfolding the telopodite basally ( Figs 45D , 116C–D ) ........................... 15 – Internal branch elongated and positioned parallel to the telopodite ( Fig. 119D ) ............................... ................................................................................................................ P. scalaris Brölemann, 1902

15. Solenomere short and projected laterally ( Fig. 116C–D ) ............................ P. rocana Silvestri, 1902 – Solenomere subtriangular, not projected laterally ( Fig. 45D–F ) ............ P. alegrensis Silvestri, 1897

16. Penis rounded, not extended basally ( Figs 47C , 49C , 55C ) ........................................................... 22 – Penis suboval, extended basally ( Figs 31C , 42C , 71C , 90C , 107D , 122C , 156C ) ......................... 17

17. Internal branch subtriangular, narrow ( Figs 42D , 71D , 108C , 122C ) ............................................ 19 – Internal branch shovel-shaped, rounded apically ( Fig. 90D , 156D ) ............................................... 18

18. Solenomere with squamous region not expanded laterally, seminal apophysis thickened apically ( Fig. 90D ) ............................................................................................... P. maritima Schubart, 1949

– Solenomere with squamous region expanded laterally, folded apically, seminal apophysis not thickened apically ( Fig. 156D ) ............................................................................ P. insularis sp. nov.

19. Solenomere without ectal process ( Figs 71D , 108D , 122D ) .......................................................... 20 – Solenomere with rounded ectal process ( Fig. 42D ) .............................. P. albiventris Schubart, 1952

20. Gonocoxa elongated, almost twice as long as telopodite ( Figs 71E–F , 122E–F ) ........................... 21 – Gonocoxa short, subtriangular ( Fig. 108D ) ...................................... P. patagonica Brölemann, 1902

21. Solenomere rounded ( Fig. 122D ) .................................................... P. sebastianus Brölemann, 1902 – Solenomere subtriangular, not rounded apically ( Fig. 71D ) ................... P. halophila Schubart, 1949

22. Head only with supralabral and labral setae (Supp. file 4: Fig. 194A) ........................................... 24 – Frontal region of the head densely setose, overlapping the supralabral and labral setae (Supp. file 4: Fig. 194B) ....................................................................................................................................... 23

23. Solenomere with seminal apophysis located mesally ( Fig. 63D ) ............. P. centralis Silvestri, 1902 – Solenomere with seminal apophysis located ectally ( Fig. 99D ) ......... P. occidentalis Schubart, 1958

24. Gnathochilarium of males without long setae scattered on the mentum and stipes (Supp. file 4: Fig. 199A–B) .................................................................................................................................. 26

– Gnathochilarium of males with long setae scattered on the mentum and stipes (Supp. file 4: Fig. 197F) ....................................................................................................................................... 25

25. Coxae of the first leg-pair of males with a constriction at about midlength ( Fig. 158A–B ) .............. ............................................................................................................................... P. morettii sp. nov.

– Coxae of the first leg-pair of males without a constriction ( Fig. 104A–B ) ........................................ ..................................................................................................................... P. parvula Silvestri, 1902

26. Body rings with metazonites smooth, not granulated ( Fig. 26A ) ................................................... 28 – Body rings with metazonites granulated ( Fig. 26B ) ....................................................................... 27

27. Gnathochilarium of males without proximal projections bearing setae on the stipes ( Fig. 167D ) .... ............................................................................................................. P. buhrnheimi Schubart, 1960 – Gnathochilarium of males with proximal projections bearing setae on the stipes (Supp. file 4: Figs 175A , 198B) ............................................................................................... P. granulata sp. nov.

28. Solenomere without medial process ( Fig. 36A–C ) ......................................................................... 29 – Solenomere with medial process ( Fig. 160D–F ) ................................................... P. nicolau sp. nov.

29. Telopodite without a large projection ( Fig. 36A–C ) ....................................................................... 30 – Telopodite with a large and rounded projection ( Fig. 146D ) ..................................... P. alata sp. nov.

30. Adults with more than 15 ommatidia ( Fig.19D ) ............................................................................ 31 – Adults with less than 15 ommatidia ( Fig. 81A ) ................................... P. leucomelas Schubart, 1947

31. Gonocoxae not largely subcylindrical, without a large shoulder ( Fig. 36A ) .................................. 33 – Gonocoxae largely subcylindrical, with a large shoulder ( Figs 84E–F , 135E–F ) .......................... 32

32. Internal branch shovel-shaped, slightly curved ectad at midlength in anal view ( Fig. 135D ) ........... ................................................................................................................. P. tricolor Brölemann, 1902

– Internal branch subtriangular, not excavated at midlength in anal view ( Fig. 84D–E ) ...................... ................................................................................................................. P. longicornis ( Porat, 1888)

33. Gnathochilarium of males without glabrous projections on the stipes ( Fig. 19E ) ......................... 34 – Gnathochilarium of males with glabrous projections located proximally on the stipes ( Fig. 168D ). .............................................................................................................. P. callipyge Brölemann, 1902

34. Internal branch without torsion of 180° in anal view ..................................................................... 36 – Internal branch with torsion of 180° in anal view .......................................................................... 35

35. Torsion of the internal branch starting only apically, with distal projection directed horizontally ( Fig. 69D ) ............................................................................ P. fontanettiae Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014

– Torsion of the internal branch starting at midlength, enlarged apically, with distal projection directed diagonally upwards ( Fig. 114D ) .................................................. P. robsoni Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014

36. Solenomere with ectal process ( Fig. 35A ) ...................................................................................... 40 – Solenomere without ectal process ( Fig. 35C, E ) ............................................................................ 37

37. Telopodite and internal branch elongated ( Figs 79D , 88D , 112D ) ................................................. 38 – Telopodite and internal branch short, less than ⅓ of gonocoxa in length) ( Fig. 141D–F ) ................. ...................................................................................................................... P. urbica Schubart, 1945

38. Coxae of the first leg-pair of males with constriction at about midlength ( Figs 79A , 112A ) ........ 39 – Coxae of the first leg-pair of males without constriction at about midlength ( Fig. 88A ) ................... .............................................................................................. P. magna Udulutsch & Pietrobon, 2003

39. First leg-pair of males with prefemoral process wide, about half the width of prefemur ( Fig. 79B ). ......................................................................................................... P. leucocephalus Schubart, 1944

– First leg-pair of males with prefemoral process short, less than half of prefemur ( Fig. 112B ) .......... ...................................................................................................................... P. pusilla Silvestri, 1895

40. Solenomere with ectal process subtriangular ( Figs 35A , 36A–C ) ................................................. 42 – Solenomere with ectal process spiniform ( Figs 110D , 148D ) ........................................................ 41 41. Internal branch shovel-shaped, with horizontal plate ( Fig. 110D–F ) .... P. paulista Brölemann, 1902 – Internal branch subtriangular, without horizontal plate ( Fig. 148D–F ) .................... P. aurea sp. nov.

42. Internal branch subtriangular ( Fig. 35A ) ........................................................................................ 47 – Internal branch shovel-shaped ( Figs 50E , 102D , 130D , 131C , 133D ) ........................................... 43

43. Solenomere with ectal process rounded ( Figs 102D , 133D ) or inconspicuous ( Fig. 131C ) .......... 45 – Solenomere with ectal process subtriangular ( Figs 50E , 130D ) ..................................................... 44

44. Gonocoxae subrectangular ( Fig. 50E ) .......................................................... P. borelli Silvestri, 1895 – Gonocoxae subtriangular, basally expanded and progressively less wide ( Fig. 130D–F ) ................. ..................................................................................................................... P. strinatii Mauriès, 1974

45. Internal branch with a horizontal plate basally ( Figs 102D , 133D ) ............................................... 46 – Internal branch without a horizontal plate basally ( Fig. 131D ) ............... P. sulcatula Silvestri, 1895

46. Solenomere with seminal apophysis long, thickened apically ( Fig. 102D, F ) ................................... ................................................................................................................. P. ophiiulus Schubart, 1944

– Solenomere with seminal apophysis short, not thickened apically ( Fig. 133D, F ) ............................ .............................................................................................................. P. tocaiensis Fontanetti, 1996

47. Solenomere with ectal process short or as long as apicomesal process ( Figs 35A , 36A–C ) ......... 48 – Solenomere with ectal process exceeding in length the rounded apicomesal process ( Fig. 118D ) .... ................................................................................................. P. rolamossa Iniesta & Ferreira, 2013

48. Solenomere with apicomesal and ectal processes visible apically ( Figs 35A , 36A–C ) ................. 49 – Solenomere with apicomesal and ectal processes short, almost not visible apically ( Fig. 126D ) ..... .................................................................................................................. P. silvestris Schubart, 1944

49. Internal branch without a rounded projection directed ectad ( Figs 77F , 92D , 96F , 124F ) ............. 53 – Internal branch with a rounded projection directed ectad ( Figs 57F , 65F , 73F , 137D–F ) .............. 50

50. Body color brownish grey ( Figs 56 , 64 , 136 ) ................................................................................. 51 – Body with head and trunk light ocher color ( Fig. 72 ) ........................ P. imbirensis Fontanetti, 1996

51. Penis rounded, subelliptical ( Figs 57C , 137C ) ............................................................................... 52 – Penis circle-shaped ( Fig. 65C ) .................................................................. P. curtipes Schubart, 1960

52. Internal branch with a short torsion apically ( Fig. 137D ) ............................ P. typica Silvestri, 1895 – Internal branch without a torsion apically ( Fig. 57D ) ............... P. caatinga Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014

53. Internal branch narrow, but not foliaceus ( Figs 77F , 92D , 96F ) ..................................................... 54 – Internal branch foliaceus ( Fig. 124F ) ................................................... P. segmentata Silvestri, 1895

54. Internal branch not curved ectad ( Fig. 77F , 92D ) ........................................................................... 55 – Internal branch curved ectad ( Fig. 96F ) ........................................... P. microzoporus Mauriès, 1987

55. Gonocoxae subrectangular ( Fig. 77E–F ) .................................. P. leopoldoi Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014 – Gonocoxae subtriangular, basally expanded and progressively less wide ( Fig. 92C–D ) ................... ............................................................................................................. P. meridionalis Silvestri, 1902

Figures

Fig. 17. Living specimens. A–C. Pseudonannolene callipyge Brölemann, 1902, from Adrianópolis, PR, Brazil. D. P. fontanettiae Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014, from Lavras, MG, Brazil. E. Pseudonannolene spp. from Piquete, SP, Brazil. F. Pseudonannolene spp. from Lassance, MG, Brazil. Photos (A–F) by L.F.M. Iniesta.

Fig. 18. Living specimens. A. Pseudonannolene urbica Schubart, 1945, from Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil. B. Pseudonannolene spp. (troglophilic and troglomorphic species) from Lassance, MG, Brazil. C–D. P.granulatasp. nov., from Cambuci, RJ, Brazil.E. P. spelaeaIniesta & Ferreira, 2013, from Carajás, PA, Brazil. F. Pseudonannolene spp., from Adrianópolis, PR, Brazil. Photos (A–B) by L.F.M. Iniesta; (C–D) courtesy of A.B. Kury, (E) courtesy of M.P. Oliveira, and (F) courtesy of C.A.R. Souza.

Fig. 47. Pseudonannolene ambuatinga Iniesta & Ferreira, 2013, ♂ (IBSP 3442). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 86. Pseudonannolene lundi Iniesta & Ferreira, 2015, paratype, ♂ (ISLA 8685). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur.C. Second leg-pair.D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view.E. Gonopods, in anal view.F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 128. Pseudonannolene spelaea Iniesta & Ferreira, 2013, ♂ (IBSP 5923). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 35. SEM images of telopodite of right gonopod, in anal view. A. Pseudonannolene microzoporus Mauriès, 1987 (IBSP 5733). B. Detail of apical region, P. microzoporus (IBSP 5733). C. P. maritima Schubart, 1949 (IBSP 979). D. Detail of apical region, P. maritima (IBSP 979). E. P. spelaea Iniesta & Ferreira, 2013 (IBSP 6071). F. Detail of apical region, P. spelaea (IBSP 6071). Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm; B, E = 0.05 mm; C–D = 0.1 mm; F = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 36. Microscope and SEM images of right gonopod. A. Pseudonannolene caatinga Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014 (IBSP 2166). B. Telopodite, P. caatinga (IBSP 2166). C. P. microzoporus Mauriès, 1987 (IBSP 3497). D. Gonocoxa, P. microzoporus (IBSP 5733). Detail of the papillae. Scale bars: A, C = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 67. Pseudonannolene erikae Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014, ♂ (IBSP 3331). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, E–F = 0.5 mm; B–D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 94. Pseudonannolene mesaiFontanetti, 2000, ♂ (IBSP 1888). A. First leg-pair.B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 150. Pseudonannolene bucculenta sp. nov., ♂ (IBSP 3350). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 152. Pseudonannolene curvata sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (MCN). A. First leg-pair.B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodite, in anal view. E. Left gonopod, in anal view. F. Left gonopod, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 174. Stereoscopic images of gnathochilarium and anterior sternum of species of Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895. A. P. xavieri Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014. B. P. bucculenta sp. nov. C. P. morettii sp. nov. D. P. insularis sp. nov. E. P. nicolau sp. nov. Images not to scale.

Fig. 175. Stereoscopic images of gnathochilarium and anterior sternum of species of Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895. A. P. granulata sp. nov. B. P. alata sp. nov. C. P. curvata sp. nov. D. P. aurea sp. nov. E. P. alegrensis. Images not to scale.

Fig. 49. Pseudonannolene anapophysis Fontanetti, 1996, ♂ (IBSP 5209). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm; C = 1 mm.

Fig. 52. Pseudonannolene bovei Silvestri, 1895, syntype, ♂ (MCSN). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C–D. Original label of type material. E. Schematic drawing of left gonopod in anal view (modified from Silvestri 1895a: fig. 9). Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 61. Schematic drawings of gonopods of Pseudonannolene caulleryi Brölemann, 1929 (modified from Brölemann 1929: figs 24–25). A. Oral view. B. Anal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Images not to scale.

Fig. 75. Pseudonannolene inopsBrölemann, 1929, ♂ (IBSP 2559). A. First leg-pair.B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, E–F = 0.5 mm; B–D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 144. Pseudonannolene xavieri Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014, ♂ (MNRJ 30148). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 45. Pseudonannolene alegrensis Silvestri, 1897, neotype, ♂ (MCN 626). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodite, in anal view. E. Left gonopod, in anal view. F. Left gonopod, in oral view.Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars:A, C = 0.5 mm; B, D–F = 0.2 mm.

Fig.116.PseudonannolenerocanaSilvestri,1902, ♂(NHMD).A. Firstleg-pair.B. Secondleg-pair.C. Gonopods, in anal view. D. Gonopods, in oral view.Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 119. Pseudonannolene scalaris Brölemann, 1902, holotype, ♂ (MZSP 232). A. Posterior region. B. Right gonopod, in oral view. C. Right gonopod, in anal view. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B–C = 0.5 mm; D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 55. Pseudonannolene buhrnheimi Schubart, 1960, ♂ (IBSP 2399). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C = 0.5 mm; B, D–F = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 31. SEM images of second leg-pair of males. A–E. Pseudonannolene halophila Schubart, 1949 (IBSP). F. P. sebastianus Brölemann, 1902 (IBSP). Scale bars: A–B = 0.5 mm; C, F = 0.2 mm; D = 0.05 mm; E = 0.005 mm.

Fig. 42. Pseudonannolene albiventris Schubart, 1952, ♂ (MZSP 1007). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C = 0.5 mm; B, D–F = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 71. Pseudonannolene halophila Schubart, 1949, ♂ (IBSP 3671). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, E–F = 0.5 mm; B–D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 90. Pseudonannolene maritimaSchubart, 1949, ♂ (IBSP 658). A. First leg-pair.B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 107. Pseudonannolene patagonica Brölemann, 1902, holotype, ♂ (MZSP 0242). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of penis. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 122. Pseudonannolene sebastianus Brölemann, 1902, ♂ (IBSP 1390). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 156. Pseudonannolene insularis sp. nov., ♂ (IBSP 1233). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 108. Pseudonannolene patagonica Brölemann, 1902, holotype, ♂ (MZSP 0242). A–B. Original label of type material. C. Gnathochilarium in ventral view. D. Schematic drawing of right gonopod in anal view (modified from Brölemann 1902a: fig. 164). Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Images not to scale.

Fig. 63. Pseudonannolene centralis Silvestri, 1902, syntype, ♂ (USNM 2033). A. First leg-pair. B. Second leg-pair. C. Gonopods, in anal view. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Original label of type material. F. Body of female syntype, in lateral view (ZMB 2884). Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Images not to scale.

Fig. 99. Pseudonannolene occidentalis Schubart, 1958, ♂ (IBSP 1998). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 158. Pseudonannolene morettii sp. nov., ♂ (IBSP 2476). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 104. Pseudonannolene parvula Silvestri, 1902, ♂ (IBSP 7630). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 26. SEM images of midbody rings. A. Pseudonannolene robsoni Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014 (IBSP 3506). B. P. granulata sp. nov. (MNRJ). C. Detail of the transverse striae of P. robsoni (IBSP 3506). D. Midbody ring in dorsal view of P. granulata sp. nov. (MNRJ). E. Ozospore of P. granulata sp. nov. (MNRJ). Scale bars: A–B, D = 1 mm; C = 0.1 mm; E = 0.02 mm.

Fig. 167. Stereoscopic images of gnathochilarium and anterior sternum of species of Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895. A. P. albiventris Schubart, 1952. B. P. ambuatinga Iniesta & Ferreira, 2013. C. P. anapophysis Fontanetti, 1996. D. P. buhrnheimi Schubart, 1960. E. P. caatinga Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014. Images not to scale.

Fig. 160. Pseudonannolene nicolausp. nov., paratype, ♂ (ABAM).A. First leg-pair.B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 146. Pseudonannolene alata sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (IBSP 7874). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 19. SEM and microscope images. A. Head of Pseudonannolene robsoni Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014 (IBSP 3526), in frontal view. B. Head of P. occidentalis Schubart, 1958 (IBSP 1998), in frontal view. C. Collum of P. robsoni (IBSP 3506), in lateral view. D. Head of P. robsoni (IBSP 3526), in lateral view. E. Gnathochilarium of P. microzoporus Mauriès, 1987 (IBSP 3497). F. Detail of gnathochilarium of P. microzoporus (IBSP 3497). Scale bars: A–B = 500 µm; C, F, = 200 µm; D = 1 mm; E = 100 µm.

Fig. 81. Pseudonannolene leucomelas Schubart, 1947, paratype, ♀ (MNRJ 11829), in lateral view. A. Anterior region (arrows indicating the ommatidial cluster). B. Posterior region. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 84. Pseudonannolene longicornis (Porat, 1888), ♂ (IBSP 3734). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, E–F = 0.5 mm; B–D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 135. Pseudonannolene tricolor Brölemann, 1902, ♂ (IBSP 964). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 168. Stereoscopic images of gnathochilarium and anterior sternum of species of Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895. A. P. curtipes Schubart, 1960. B. P. erikae Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014. C. P. fontanettiae Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014. D. P. callipyge Brölemann, 1902. E. P. halophila Schubart, 1949. Images not to scale.

Fig. 69. Pseudonannolene fontanettiae Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014, ♂ (IBSP 3760). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, E–F = 0.5 mm; B–D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 114. Pseudonannolene robsoni Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014, ♂ (IBSP 3441). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 79. Pseudonannolene leucocephalus Schubart, 1944, ♂ (MZSP 1060). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodite, in anal view. E. Left gonopod, in anal view. F. Left gonopod, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 88. Pseudonannolene magna Udulutsch & Pietrobon, 2003, paratype, ♂ (MZSP 941). A. First legpair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 112. Pseudonannolene pusilla Silvestri, 1895, ♂ (IBSP 13390). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 141. Pseudonannolene urbicaSchubart, 1945, ♂ (IBSP 2007). A. First leg-pair.B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 110. Pseudonannolene paulista Brölemann, 1902, ♂ (IBSP 1908). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 148. Pseudonannolene aurea sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (IBSP 5854). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 50. Pseudonannolene borelli Silvestri, 1895, topotype, ♀ (USNM 2389). A. Head in lateral view. B. Posterior region. C. Original label of topotype (erroneously labeled as paratype by F. Silvestri). D. Gnathochilarium in ventral view. E. Schematic drawing of left gonopod in anal view (modified from Silvestri 1895b: fig. 12). Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Images not to scale.

Fig. 102. Pseudonannolene ophiiulus Schubart, 1944, ♂ (MZSP 1061). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 130. Pseudonannolene strinatii Mauriès, 1974, ♂ (IBSP 7633). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 131. Pseudonannolene sulcatula Silvestri, 1895, ♀ (NHMD). A. Body rings, in lateral view, and original label. B. Posterior region in lateral view. C. Schematic drawing of right gonopod in anal view (modified from Silvestri 1895b: fig. 14). Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Images not to scale.

Fig. 133. Pseudonannolene tocaiensis Fontanetti, 1996, paratype, ♂ (MZSP 942). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 118. Pseudonannolene rolamossa Iniesta & Ferreira, 2013, ♂ (ISLA 15054). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 126. Pseudonannolene silvestris Schubart, 1944, ♂ (IBSP 2271). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 77. Pseudonannolene leopoldoiIniesta & Ferreira, 2014, paratype, ♂ (ISLA4125).A. Firstleg-pair.B. Detail of prefemur.C. Second leg-pair.D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view.E. Gonopods, in anal view.F. Gonopods, in oral view.Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars:A, E–F = 0.5 mm; B–D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 92. Pseudonannolene meridionalis Silvestri, 1902, ♂ (NHMD). A. First leg-pair. B. Second legpair. C. Gonopods, in oral view. D. Gonopods, in anal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A–B = 0.5 mm; C = 0.25 mm; D = 0.15 mm.

Fig. 96. Pseudonannolene microzoporus Mauriès, 1987, ♂ (IBSP 3427). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.5 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 124. Pseudonannolene segmentata Silvestri, 1895, ♂ (IBSP 1931). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 57. Pseudonannolene caatinga Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014, ♂ (IBSP 2166). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair.D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view.E. Gonopods, in anal view.F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C = 0.5 mm; B, D–F = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 65. Pseudonannolene curtipes Schubart, 1960, paratype. ♂ (MZSP 1027). A. First leg-pair.B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair.D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view.E. Gonopods, in anal view.F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, E–F = 0.5 mm; B–D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 73. Pseudonannolene imbirensis Fontanetti, 1996, holotype, ♂ (MZSP 1035). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodites, in anal view. E. Gonopods, in anal view. F. Gonopods, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, E–F = 0.5 mm; B–D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 137. Pseudonannolene typica Silvestri, 1895, holotype, ♂ (MCSN). A. First leg-pair. B. Detail of prefemur. C. Second leg-pair. D. Detail of telopodite, in anal view. E. Left gonopod, in anal view. F. Left gonopod, in oral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 56. Pseudonannolene caatinga Iniesta & Ferreira, 2014, ♂ (IBSP 2178), in lateral view. A. Anterior region. B. Posterior region. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 64. Pseudonannolene curtipesSchubart, 1960, paratype. ♀ (MZSP 1022), in lateral view. A.Anterior region. B. Posterior region. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 136. Pseudonannolene typica Silvestri, 1895, holotype, ♂ (MCSN), in lateral view. A. Anterior region. B. Posterior region. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 72. Pseudonannolene imbirensis Fontanetti, 1996, paratype, ♀ (MZSP 1030), in lateral view. A. Anterior region. B. Posterior region. Scale bars = 1 mm.