Pupisoma Stoliczka, 1873

Hausdorf, Bernhard, 2007, Revision of the American Pupisoma species (Gastropoda: Pupilloidea), Journal of Natural History 41 (21 - 24), pp. 1481-1511 : 1482-1483

Pupisoma Stoliczka, 1873

Pupisoma Stoliczka 1873, p 32 . Type species (by original designation): Pupa lignicola Stoliczka, 1871.

Diagnosis

Shell ovate, globose-conical or conical; apex obtuse; aperture truncate-rounded, usually edentate, rarely with a short parietal lamella and a low columellar tooth; peristome slightly or not expanded, not thickened; columellar margin dilated; umbilicus usually narrow.

Remarks

Pilsbry (1920) divided Pupisoma into three groups, Pupisoma sensu stricto including the species with ovate, pitted-granose shells, an unnamed group including the species with globose-conic, pitted-granose shells, and Ptychopatula including the species with globoseconic shells with spiral lines. Falkner (1974) included the second group into Ptychopatula because of the similar shell shape. Tillier (1980) separated Ptychopatula as a distinct genus because the male copulatory organs of P. dioscoricola , the type species of Ptychopatula , are ‘‘reduced’’ and its kidney is shorter than in P. comicolense H. B. Baker and P. mediamericanum Pilsbry (see Baker 1928), which belong to Pilsbry’s (1920) second group. Schileyko (1998) separated Ptychopatula also as a distinct genus for the ‘‘turbinate’’ species, but mentioned neither the spiral lines of the shell nor the supposedly diagnostic anatomical characters. He figured P. bailyi Pilsbry , which does not have spiral lines and which is here considered a synonym of P. comicolense , as a Ptychopatula , but listed P. comicolense and P. mediamericanum as Pupisoma sensu stricto species. He erroneously synonymized Imputegla Iredale, 1937 and Parazoogenetes Habe, 1956 which are based on species with distinct spiral lines that are usually considered to belong to Ptychopatula (see e.g. Vermeulen and Raven 1998) with Pupisoma sensu stricto. Moreover, the appendix of P. orcula (Benson, 1850) , the type species of Parazoogenetes , is also smaller than in P. comicolense and P. mediamericanum and also has no retractor muscle ( Habe 1956).

The relationships of the second group of Pilsbry’s classification, which includes the American species with the exception of P. dioscoricola (C. B. Adams) , are still uncertain. They should not be included in Ptychopatula , because they differ from that group in having a large penial appendix with retractor ( Baker 1928) and in the absence of distinct spiral lines (the long kidney of P. comicolense and P. mediamericanum should not be overvalued, because it might simply be a consequence of the higher whorl count of these species; the kidney of P. macneilli (Clapp) might be shorter). Whether they are closely related to the Old World Pupisoma sensu stricto species which are anatomically unknown is questionable. An alternative possibility would be that Pupisoma is polyphyletic and that the American group is neither related to Pupisoma sensu stricto nor to Ptychopatula , but is closely related to the American Bothriopupa Pilsbry which it resembles except in the lack of dentition of the aperture (see Pilsbry 1920). Because of these uncertainties Pupisoma is retained preliminarily in the wide sense.