Tabernaemontana tomentosa ( Greenman 1900: 310 ) A.O. Simões & M.E. Endress

Alvarado-Cárdenas, Leonardo O., Lozada-Pérez, Lucio, Cadena, Joselin, Hernández, Sofia Islas-, Martínez-González, C. Ramiro, Cortez, Ericka B., González- Martínez, César A. & González-Ramírez, Ixchel S., 2019, The triad of knowledge: Systematic, diversity and conservation status of the Mexican species of Tabernaemontana (Apocynaceae; Rauvolfioideae: tribe Tabernaemontaneae), Phytotaxa 388 (1), pp. 1-46 : 37-38

17. Tabernaemontana tomentosa ( Greenman 1900: 310) A.O. Simões & M.E. Endress in Simões et al. (2010: 788).

≡ Stemmadenia tomentosa Greenm. ( Fig. 1–3 ).

Type:— MEXICO. Jalisco: near Zapotlan, 19 May 1893, C.G. Pringle 4370 (holotype GH 00091865!, isotypes AC 00313209!, BM 000617623!, BR 0000008440624!, BR 0000006958138!, E 00259689!, F 0048361F!, G 00169785!, G 00169786!, HBG, JE 00000897!, K 000587865!], KFTA, LECB, M 0183511!, MEXU 00026197!, MO 040137, MU 000020466!, NDG 39476!, NY 00318304!, P 00646801!, P 00646802!, PUL 00000056!, S 12-15357!, UC 124805!, US 00111892!, VT MVT026035!, W 1894- 0002982!, WU 0069973!).

= Stemmadenia palmeri Rose & Standley in Standley (1924:1156). ≡ Stemmadenia tomentosa var. palmeri (Rose & Standl.) Woodson (1928:354) . Type:— MEXICO. Sinaloa: Imala, 16–25 Aug 1891, E. Palmer 1470 (holotype US 00111888!, isotypes GH 00001900!, US 00931317!).

= Stemmadenia sinaloana Woodson (1928:356) . Type:— MEXICO. Sinaloa: Rosario, Jan 1895, F.H. Lamb 467 (holotype GH 00091864!).

= Stemmadenia decipiens Woodson (1928: 363) . Type:— MEXICO. Sinaloa: entre Rosario y Colomas, 12 Jul 1897, J.N. Rose 1614 (holotype US 00111881!).

Trees or shrubs 1–10 m tall. Petioles 0.4–1.5 cm long; blades 3.5–20 × 2–10 cm, membranaceous, ovate, elliptic to obovate, base acute, apex acuminate to acute, margin entire, glabrous or pubescent adaxially, pubescent to glabrescent abaxially, usually with dense trichomes along the midvein. Inflorescence 1–4(–7) flowers, peduncle 0.4–3.5 cm; bracts 1–3 mm long, ovate, scarious; pedicels 0.3–1.5 cm long; sepals subequal, 2–5(–7) × 3–5 mm, ovate, acute, inconspicuous venation; corolla infundibuliform, yellow, lower tube 3–4.5 × 0.5–0.8 cm, twisted around the anthers, staminal ridges present, upper tube 1.8–3.5 × 1.5–2.2 cm, campanulate, suprastaminal corona of five wing-shaped lobes present, opposite the anthers, along the tube, limb lobes 2–3.5 × 1.8–2.5 cm, obovate; stamens inserted at the apex of the tube, anthers 5–6 mm long, included, yellow; pistil 1.5–2 cm long, nectary present. Follicles 3.5–6.5 × 2.5–4.3 cm, obliquely ellipsoid, acuminate, with 2 lateral ridges, lenticelate or not, green-yellowish to brownish, warty, pubescent to glabrous; seeds 0.8–1.1 cm long.

Habitat and phenology: —Tropical deciduous forest, oak forest, xerophilous scrub, and secondary vegetation, with an altitudinal range of 20–2400 m a.s.l. Flowering from March to September and fruiting throughout the year.

Distribution: —Endemic to Mexico. Distributed in the states of Chihuahua, Colima, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Estado de Mexico, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Sinaloa, and Sonora ( Fig. 6h ).

Conservation status: —Least concern (LC). The species is endemic across the country and showed a wide distribution in different altitudinal ranges. It tolerates anthropogenic impact, growing beside roads or in secondary vegetation. Its distribution area comprises an EOO of 496,662 km 2 and AOO of 368 km 2, which is one of the largest predicted areas among the endemic species of the genus ( Table 3). We conclude that it is not under threat.

Additional specimens examined: MEXICO. Chihuahua: Mun. Batopilas, A un lado de carretera Batopilas, 732 m a.s.l., 21 Nov 1996, Bye 21383 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Urique, Arroyo La Huerta, al NW de Guapalayna, 1714 m a.s.l., 19 Apr 2002, Tenorio 21799 ( MEXU) . Colima: Mun. Comala, 100 m from the headquarters buildings on the road to Lago Epazote, 1200 m a.s.l., 08 Feb 1991, Vázquez 472 ( APO, MEXU) ; Mun. Ixtlahuacán., 6.3 km al SO de Agua de la Virgen, camino nuevo a El Camichin, 575 m a.s.l., 24 Mar 1982, Lott 928 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Tecomán, En cerriles de La Laguna de Alcozahue , 80 m a.s.l., 06 Jun 1990, Ronán 1332 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Venustiano Carranza, 24 km al S de Tapalpa, 29 Jun 1981, Lott 419 ( MEXU) . Durango: Mun. Santiago Papasquiaro Vasco Gil, Santiago Papasquiaro Vasco Gil, 2400 m a.s.l., 28 Jun 2000, Ramírez 1883 ( IEB, MEXU) ; Mun. Tepehuanes, Rancho El Purgatorio por la vereda que baja al Río Humaya , 1240 m a.s.l., 22 Oct 1990, González 2598 ( IEB, MEXU) ; Mun. Topia, Near Los Molinos, 4300 m a.s.l., 16 Jan 1976, Kimnach 1773 ( MEXU) . Estado de Mexico: Mun. Tejupilco, Prox. A la desviación a Luvianos, 1315 m a.s.l., 06 Oct 1978, Guízar 174 ( MEXU) . Guerrero: Mun. Alcozauca, Ixcuinatoyac, 1780 m a.s.l., 12 Sep 1983, Viveros 238 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Alpoyeca, 1 km al SE de Tecoyo, 1080 m a.s.l., 09 May 1993, Calónico 376 ( HUAP) ; Mun. Chilpancingo de los Bravo, A 3.5 km al E de Petaquillas, rumbo a Mochitlán, 1500 m a.s.l., 27 Feb 1996, Fonseca 2305 ( FCME) ; Mun. Coyuca de Catalán, En el Cundancito , 94 al SW de Ciudad Altamirano, 1060 m a.s.l., 25 Mar 1983, Martínez 3666 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Eduardo Neri, Axaxacoalco , 8 km al S, 1160 m a.s.l., 04 Jul 1994, Valencia 1217 ( FCME) ; Mun. General Heliodoro Castillo, Tlacotepec, 2.7 km al N camino a Chapultepec, 1544 m a.s.l., 11 Jun 1999, Cruz 3823 ( FCME) ; Mun. Ixcateopan, 3.2 km al NE de San Juan Teocaltzingo, cerca del río, 830 m a.s.l., 26 Mar 1995, Cerros 887 ( HUMO) ; Mun. Leonardo Bravo, Atlixtac, 1 km al E, 1330 m a.s.l., 18 Sep 1997, González 1093 ( FCME) ; Mun. Mártir de Cuilapan, La Esperanza, 21 May 1996, Toyuco 21 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Mochitlán, Palo Blanco, km 298, 1200 m a.s.l., 30 Mar 1961, Kruse 1158 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Pilcaya, Cacahuamilpa, 23 Jun 1940, Miranda 436 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Taxco de Alarcón, Atzala, 6.29 km al SO de Taxco , 1400 m a.s.l., 02 May 1998, Calónico 8690 ( FCME) ; Mun. Teloloapan, Oxtotitlán, 1300 m a.s.l., 16 Mar 1985, Román s.n. ( CHAPA, MEXU) ; Mun. Tixtla de Guerrero, Tixtla, cerro La Virgen de Guadalupe , 1390 m a.s.l., 29 Jun 1998, Ludlow 144 ( FCME) ; Mun. Xochihuehuetlán, Cañada las Pozas , 2.5 km al NO de Jilotepec , cerro Xilotzin, 1310 m a.s.l., 22 Feb 1995, Moreno s.n. ( FCME) ; Mun. Zihuatanejo de Azueta, cerro con antena de Microondas, a 12 km de Zihuatanejo, rumbo a Ixtla Zih. , 02 Feb 1977, Germán 264 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Bolaños, 8 km al NW de Bolaños por el caminoa Tuxpan de Bolaños, 1420 m a.s.l., 22 Oct 1996, Calónico 3092 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Casimiro Castillo, Cerro de la Petaca, 1200 m a.s.l., 25 Sep 1988, Vigueras 88 ( HUMO) ; Mun. Guadalajara, Barranca de Huentitlán ; área de zoológico, 1400 m a.s.l., 20 Oct 1991, Guerrero 311 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Hostotipaquillo, La Venta de Mochitiltic, 1200 m a.s.l., 25 Jun 1987, Rodríguez 876 ( IEB, MEXU) ; Mun. Jocotepec, Bola del Viejo, 17 May 1986, Machuca s.n. ( IEB) ; Mun. La Huerta, Estación de Investigación, Experimentación y Difusión Chamela , 03 Aug 1981, Magallanes 3028 ( MEXU) ; Mun. San Martín Hidalgo, 7 km SW de San Martín Hidalgo en el camino de Quila, 1500 m a.s.l., 29 Jun 1997, Prinzie 166 ( MEXU) ; Mun. San Sebastián, Camino entre Las Palmas de Arriba y San Sebastián, 670 m a.s.l., 3 Apr 1988, Espejo 3211 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Tala, Platanillos, porción SE del Bosque Escuela , La Primavera , 1500 m a.s.l., 02 Jul 1988, Rodríguez 1271 ( HUMO) ; Mun. Talpa de Allende, Base del cerro Don Pedro , 1200 m a.s.l., 22 May 1971, Palafox 9 ( ENCB, MEXU) ; Mun. Tonalá, San Nicolás aprox. 4 km al sureste de Tonalá , 1600 m a.s.l., 06 Jun 1996, Navarro 1468 ( MEXU) . Michoacán: Mun. Aquila, En Maroata, 100 m a.s.l., 20 Dec 1984, Soto 7095 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Coalcomán, La Yerbabuena del Naranjillo, cañada del Colorín , 1400 m a.s.l., 28 Apr 1990, Díaz 6196 ( MEXU) . Morelos: Mun. Cuernavaca, Cañón de Lobos, Morelos , 1900 m a.s.l., 20 Jun 1981, Contreras s.n. ( MEXU) ; Mun. Jiutepec, Amador Salazar, cañada de Lobos , 1500 m a.s.l., 25 Oct 1970, Díaz 207 ( ENCB, MEXU) ; Mun. Yautepec, 6 mi west Yautepec, Morelos, 16 Aug 1949, Dixon 82 ( MEXU) . Nayarit: Mun. Compostela, A 11 km al SW de Compostela, camino a Mazatlán, 16 Jan 1988, Téllez 11225 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Santa Ma. Del Oro, A 5 km al E de la Laguna de Santa Ma. Del Oro, 21 Jun 1987, Téllez 10533 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Xalisco, Arroyo El Refilion, localizado en el poblado El Refilion , ubicado a 20 km al S de Xalisco , 14 Apr 1991, Ramírez 875 ( MEXU) . Oaxaca: Mun. Buenos Aires, 15 km al So de Buenos Aires, hacia Tenango , entrando por Hierba Santa , 10 km al NO de Tehuantepec, 1085 m a.s.l., 13 Sep 1985, Torres 7373 ( MEXU) ; Mun. Santa María Huatulco, Camino a playa Cacalutla , a un lado del lecho del río, 60 m a.s.l., 13 Oct 2005, Domínguez-Licona 1908 ( MEXU) . Puebla: Mun. Chietla, 1 km al N de San Antonio, 1344 m a.s.l., 23 Jul 2007, Martínez 9 ( HUAP) ; Mun. Huehuetlán El Grande, El río, 1580 m a.s.l., 28 Aug 2000, Hernández 923 ( HUAP) ; Mun. Jolalpan, 8.3 km al W de Huachinantla, cercana al río, 900 m a.s.l., 03 Apr 1995, Ramírez 1504 ( HUMO) ; Mun. Santo Domingo Huehuetlán, 1 Km al N del Puente de Atotonilco , 1400 m a.s.l., 09 Mar 1995, Santos 54 ( HUAP) ; Mun. Tehuitzingo, Barranca de El Turco, ejido de Tecolutla , 1290 m a.s.l., 20 Jun 1998, Guízar 4040 ( CHAPA, MEXU) ; Mun. Tepexco, Calmeca , 1336 m a.s.l., 24 Nov 2009, Vega 2104 ( HUAP) . Sinaloa: Mun. Concordia, 0.5 mi N of Chupaderos on Mex. 40, 12 mi NE of Concordia, 23 Jun 1972, Webster 17044 ( MO) ; Mun. Cosala, Guadalupe de Los Reyes, 37 km al SE de Cosala, 860 m a.s.l., 30 May 1987, Tenorio 13700 ( HUAP) ; Mun. Mazatlán, El Roble, Mazatlán , 20 m a.s.l., 09 Dec 1992, Villalobos 245 ( MEXU) . Sonora: Rio Mayo drainage: 1.5 mi NNE of the Arroyo Taymuco ford at San Bernardo on the dirt road to Vacajqui , 16 Dec 1988, Sanders 8891 ( MO) .

Common names and uses: —“tapaco” (Durango); “chi inta”, “cojón”, “cojón chiinta”, “cuachicle”, “tepechicle”, “torito”, “yoyote cimarrón” (Guerrero); “cabrito”, “mancuernilla”, “rosita”, “San Antonio” (Jalisco); “torito” (Puebla); “berraco” (Sinaloa). This species is known for its medicinal uses. In the state of Chihuahua, the latex is used to treat infections, and the leaves are used on wounds and inflammations; in Sinaloa, the leaves are placed on the forehead to alleviate headaches. In Durango, the wood is used to manufacture toys.

Notes: — Tabernaemontana tomentosa is similar to T. glabra in to the size of the infundibuliform yellow corolla, as well as the shape of the fruits ( Fig. 1–3 ). The two species are easily differentiated by the shape and size of the sepals and pubescence on the abaxial surface of the leaves. Tabernaemontana tomentosa has ovate sepals 2–5(–7) mm long and leaves with dense trichomes along the midvein abaxially, whereas T. glabra has sepals 1 cm long and leaves uniformly pubescent abaxially.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Selected species of Tabernaemontana in Mexico. a Flowers of T. alba. b Flowers of T.arborea. c Fruit of T. arborea. d Flower of T. citrifolia. e–f. Flower of T. donnell–smithii. g Fruit of T. donnell–smithii. h Flowers of T. divaricata. i Flower of T. glabra. j Fruit of T. glabra. k Flowers of T. hannae. l Flowers of T. ochoterenae. m Flower of T. litoralis. n Fruit of T. litoralis. o Flowers of T. tomentosa. Photographs of Francisco Morales (d), and César González (l).

FIGURE 2. Comparison of flowers of selected species of Tabernaemontana in Mexico. a T. alba. b T. arborea. c T. stenoptera. d T. venusta. e T. chamelensis. f T. citrifolia. g T. amygdalifolia. h T. hannae. i T. oaxacana. j T. donnell–smithii. k T. ochoterenae. l T. eubracteata. m T. riverae. n T. glabra. o T. tomentosa. p T. litoralis.

FIGURE 3. Comparison of fruits of selected species of Tabernaemontana in Mexico. a T. alba. b T. amygdalifolia. c T. arborea. d T. chamelensis. e T. citrifolia (open fruit). f T. donnell–smithii. e T. glabra. h T. eubracteata. i T. hannae. j T. litoralis. k T. mixtecana. l T. oaxacana. m T. ochoterenae. n T. riverae (open fruits). o T. tomentosa.

FIGURE 6. Distribution maps of Tabernaemontana species in Mexico. a T. alba and T. chamelensis. b T. amygdalifolia and T. riverae. c T. arborea, T. eubracteata, and T. oaxacana. d T. citrifolia and T. hannae. e T. donnell–smithii and T. ochoterenae. f T. glabra and T. venusta. g T. litoralis and T. mixtecana. h T. stenoptera and T. tomentosa.