Fiorinia yongxingensis Liu, Cai & Feng, 2020

Liu, Di, Cai, Bo & Feng, Jinian, 2020, A new species of armored scale, Fiorinia yongxingensis (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha Diaspididae) from Hainan Province, China, Zootaxa 4729 (3), pp. 388-400 : 390-397

Fiorinia yongxingensis Liu, Cai & Feng , sp. n.

Material examined (slide-mounted specimens).

Holotype. CHINA / Hainan Province / Yongxing Island / on Cocos nucifera L. / 16.x.2018 / Rui Meng and Wei Xu ( NWAFU): one adult female mounted on a slide.

Paratypes. Same data as holotype: 18 slides containing 52 adult females; 6 slides each with a single adult male; 20 first-instar nymphs each mounted individually; 5 second-instar female nymphs each mounted individually; 14 slides containing 15 second-instar male nymphs; and 2 third-instar female nymphs mounted individually. Other specimens with collection data different from the holotype: CHINA, Hainan Province, Haikou City, Meilan District , on Cocos nucifera L., 29.iii.2019, coll. Bo Cai: 27 adult females on 15 slides, 16 adult males each mounted singly on slides, 16 second-instar male nymphs on 15 slides, 4 first-instar nymphs on 2 slides .

Adult female

Unmounted material ( Fig. 1a, 1b ). Live adult female yellow, head margin rounded, sides nearly parallel. The first-instar exuviae apical, elliptical, pale yellow. Second-instar exuviae elongate oval or fusiform, faint yellow, almost translucent, flat, on leaf undersides of host plant.

Slide-mounted material ( Fig. 2 ). Body sub-rectangular, 0.441 –1.976 mm long. Antennae set close together by anterior margin of head, each antenna with a strong seta and 1–2 small finger-like processes; interantennal process present, bearing small spicules. Anterior spiracles each with 2–5 disc pores, each pore with three loculi; posterior spiracle without disc pores. Gland tubercles arranged in a single marginal row on each side, as follows: prothorax, 1–8; mesothorax, 5–15; between metathorax and abdominal segment I, 7–19; and abdominal segment II with 4–14 tubercles, and a single small gland spine on margin. Ventral microducts mainly distributed around mouthparts and between posterior spiracles, also abdominal segment III–VII with 11–22 on margin, occasionally segment II with 1 or 2. Dorsum with submedian ducts present on abdominal segments I–III as follows: I, 0–2; II, 5–10; III, 2–4. L 1 strongly developed, each with 3–6 notches on inner margin, with a sclerotised yoke between the lobes; L 2 inconspicuous. With a total of 4 marginal macroducts on each side, situated singly on segments IV–VII. Marginal setae on pygidium each longer than L 1, with 1 pair between L 1 and abdominal segments IV–VII each with 1 on each margin. Anal opening 9.7–15.5 μm in diameter, located 101–134 μm from anterior margin of median lobes. Vulva located posterior to level of anal opening. Perivulvar pores in 5 groups, with 3–7 pores in median group, 5–12 in each anterolateral group, and 8–16 in posterolateral group.

Remarks: Fiorinia yongxingensis sp. n. resembles F. arengae in possessing a subrectangular body and a similar distribution of gland tubercles, but differs in having (character-states on F. arengae ): (i) four marginal macroducts on each side of pygidium (three); (ii) L 2 well developed (poorly developed).

The new species and F. citri Young, 1987 have the same number of marginal macroducts on each side of the pygidium, but can be separated easily by the following important characters (character-states on F. citri ): (i) L 1 yoked (not yoked); (ii) interantennal process present (absent).

The adult female of F. yongxingensis sp. n. is also very similar to F. phantasma Cockerell & Robinson (illustrated by Watson et al., 2015) in the number of marginal macroducts and the shapes of the lobes, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters (character-states in F. phantasma ): (i) some gland tubercles present on prothorax (absent); (ii) anterior spiracles each associated with 2–5 disc pores (2 disc pores); (iii) microducts present between posterior spiracles (absent); (iv) prepygidial gland spines present (absent).

First-instar nymph

Unmounted material ( Fig. 1c, 1d ). Body pale yellow, covered with transparent waxy filaments.

Slide-mounted material ( Fig. 3 ). Body oblong, 118–244 μm long, 107–163 μm wide. Derm membranous. Antennae each 5-segmented, terminal segment longest, total length 38–59 μm; scape thickest, with 2 long setae; pedicel columnar, with 1 seta; segment IV short, with 1 fleshy seta (fs); segment V with striae circularis, and 4 fs and 1 long apical seta. With 1 pair of cephalic ducts between antennae. Eyes present. Anterior spiracles each with 1 disc pore. Legs well developed; trochanter with 1 long seta; tarsus with 2 strong tarsal digitules, slightly longer than claw; claw with 2 claw digitules. Ventral gland spines present on submargin of prothorax and metathorax, and 1 on each side of each of abdominal segments I–VII. With 1 dorsal microduct present on each side of each thoracic segment, and on abdominal segment VIII. Pygidium with 3 pairs of lobes: L 1 each with 1 obvious notch on each margin, situated close to L 2; L 2 similar to L 1 but smaller; L 3 each with 3–4 apical notches. With a pair of long anal setae present between L 1.

Second-instar female nymph

Slide-mounted material ( Fig. 4 ). Body fusiform, 311–384 μm long, 181–203 μm wide. Derm membranous. Antennae each with a long seta and two small spines. Each anterior spiracle associated with 2 disc pores. Pygidium with 3 pairs of sclerotized lobes: L 1 zygotic, each with 4 notches on inner margin; L 2 each bilobed, flat, inner lobule longer than outer lobule, and with a pair of slender paraphyses attached at base of each inner lobule; L 3 each divided, with inner lobule larger than outer lobule. Gland spines of 4 types present: (i) small, with 1 located on each side of mesothorax and metathorax; (ii) medium, a pair present on each margin of abdominal segment I; (iii) large, with a single spine on each side of segments II to IV; (iv) slender, each associated with a long duct, situated between the lobes. Marginal macroducts numbering 5 on each side of pygidium, with 1 on each side of each of abdominal segments III–VII. Abdominal segments II–V each with a submedian dorsal duct on each side. Ventral microducts similar to dorsal ducts, present anterior to mouthparts and near each spiracle. Anal opening separated from apex of pygidium by 43–65 μm.

Second-instar male nymph

Unmounted material ( Fig. 1e ). Body yellow, almost elliptical. First exuviae golden yellow, enclosing the body.

Slide-mounted material ( Fig. 5 ). Body oval, 288–425 μm long, 167–258 μm wide. Derm membranous except for slightly sclerotized pygidium. Shape of antennae similar to those of second-instar female nymph. Anterior spiracle associated with 1 disc pore. Dorsal ducts on each side as follows: prothorax, 3; from metathorax to abdominal segment II, 7; segment III, 4; segment IV, 3; segment V, 2. Ventral ducts on each side as follows: head, 3; mouthparts, 2; prothorax, 1; mesothorax, 3; metathorax to segment II, 16; segment III, 6; segment IV–V, 4. Pygidium with 1 pair of lobes. L 1 not yoked, each lobe with 2–3 lateral notches. Gland tubercles distributed on submargins between prothorax and abdominal segment II. Abdominal segments III–IV each with 1 gland spine on each side. One cuplike duct on each segment II–IV. Dorsal margin of segments V–VII on each side with a group of 34–47 small ducts (each associated duct with a slender spine) surrounding another group of dorsal ducts (4 slender dorsal ducts surround a macroduct); this complex of ducts produces the waxy test in life.

Adult male

Abbreviations for male morphological terms are explained in Table 1 .

Unmounted material. Scale cover ( Fig. 1b ) white, elongate, parallel sided, with 3 longitudinal ridges; first exuviae translucent, pale yellow, terminal. Body of adult male ( Fig. 1f ) orange, with a pair of black dorsal eyes; antennae long, flagellar segments with long fleshy setae; scutum forming an obvious prominence, sub-trapezoid; single pair of wings transparent.

Slide-mounted material ( Fig. 6 ). Body about 712–815 μm long. Antennae each with 10 segments, with many fleshy setae. Legs long, tarsi each 1 segmented; claws each with 1 claw digitule. Aedeagus with a pointed apex.

Head: 108–120 μm long, longer than wide. Median crest (mc) slightly reticulated, with 2 pairs of dorsal head setae. Dorsal midcranial ridge bifurcate, with a pair of long setae on base of ridge. Ventral midcranial ridge extends anteriorly to interocular setae. Postoccipital ridge sclerotised, with a pair of short anterior arms and a pair of strong posterior arms. Genae without genal setae. Simple eyes numbering 2 pairs; a slightly larger ventral pair, each about 18–24 μm wide; and a dorsal pair, each 15–21 μm wide. Ocelli absent. Ocular sclerite with irregular reticulations and 4–6 pairs of long interocular setae. Preocular ridge obvious, the dorsal ridge extending towards each scape and reaching laterally almost to median crest; ventral ridge reduced or absent. Postocular ridge strongly sclerotised and arc-shaped, extending from posterolateral margin of each dorsal eye ventrally to near base of cranial apophysis. Preoral ridge absent. Cranial apophysis clavate, with a bifurcate apex, about 31–50 μm long. Mouthparts inconspicu- ous; a pair of slightly sclerotised ventral plates located on lateral margins of mouthparts, with a tentorial pit on each plate. Antennae each 10 segmented, 441–530 μm long, covered with long fleshy setae (fs) and small hair setae (hs). Scape 24–34 μm long, 31–36 μm wide, without setae. Pedicel 13–19 μm long, with 3–6 hs and a few reticulations; segments III–X each about 16–26 μm wide, lengths as follows (μm): III: 48–58; IV: 53–62; V: 57–63; VI: 54–61; VII: 47–59; VIII: 41–53; IX: 46–53; X: 58–68. Fleshy setae (fs) each 16–26 μm long, number of setae on each seg- ment as follows: III, 8–11 fs; IV, 8–17 fs +1 hs; V, 9–18 fs +1–2 hs; VI, 8–14 fs +1–3 hs; VII, 9–15 fs +1–3 hs; VIII, 6–12 fs +1–3 hs; IX, 9–14 fs +2–3 hs +1 antennal bristle (ab), and X, 5–11 fs + 1 apical capitate seta + 5 antennal bristles (ab); apex of terminal antennal segment with 1 or 2 sensilla basiconica (sb).

Thorax. Prothorax: membranous; pronotal sclerites sclerotised; pronotal ridge absent. Proepisternum + cervical sclerite poorly defined. Sternum with median and transverse ridges.Anteprosternal and antemesospiracular setae absent.

Mesothorax: prescutum quadrangular or square, 35–48 μm long, 42–59 μm wide, slightly reticulated; prescutal ridges and prescutal suture strongly developed. Scutum covered with reticulations and without any membranous part, scutal setae absent. Scutellum 26–40 μm long, 94–103 μm wide, with an oval foramen and a pair of small setae. Basisternum 59–66 μm long, 122–137 μm wide, without a median ridge, bounded by strong marginal and precoxal ridges, without basisternal setae; lateropleurite narrow, without an anterior extension from marginal ridge; furca well developed, each arm extending anteriorly to a point where marginal ridge and precoxal ridge join. Mesothoracic spiracles: each peritreme about 11 μm wide. Prealare and triangular plate well developed. Mesopostnotum and mesopostnotal apophyses well developed. Postmesospiracular setae absent. Tegula present as oblong sclerites, each with 2–4 tegular seta.

Metathorax: with a pair of tiny suspensorial sclerites; dorsal area of pleural ridge present. Metathoracic spiracles: each peritreme about 10–11 μm wide. Metasternum membranous.

Wings: hyaline, each wing 1.32–1.51 mm long, 0.64–0.68 mm wide, covered with microtrichia; alar setae absent. Hamulohalteres each 26–40 μm long, 10–12 μm wide; hamulus 24–34 μm long.

Legs: coxae lengths as follows (μm): I, 52–59; II, 55–59; III, 47–60; coxa III, with 3–7 hs. Trochanter lengths (μm): I, 52–59; II, 55–59; III, 47–60; trochanter III with 2–5 hs; protrochanter with short rows of microspines. Femur lengths (μm): I, 114–125; II, 99–114; III, 119–126; femur III with 9–13 hs. Tibia lengths (μm): I, 71–83; II, 89–94; III, 89–93; tibia III with 15–22 hs. Tarsus 1-segmented, lengths (μm): I, 55–60; II, 52–66; III, 64–71; tarsus III with 16–29 setae, including 8–15 bifurcate setae; each tarsus with campaniform pore present; tarsal digitules longer than claw. Claw with only one claw digitule, slightly longer than claw.

Abdomen: segments I–VIII with each tergum and sternum with some striations bearing microtrichia. Submarginal dorsal setae as follows: segments I–VII each with 1 pair. Marginal abdominal setae (on each side): I–III each with 1hs; IV–V each with 1 or 2 hs; VI with 1–3 hs; VII with 2 or 3 hs; VIII with 3 hs. Submarginal ventral setae: segments IV–VII each with 1 hs on each side. Genital segment: penial sheath 193–206 μm long, 56–59 μm wide, with 1 or 2 pairs of post-anal setae dorsally, 2 or 3 pairs of slender setae ventrally, each seta about 22–37 μm long. Basal ridge well developed. Aedeagus needle-like, tapering gradually, 130–169 μm long; basal rod located on ante- rior margin, 25–32 μm long.

Remarks. The male of F. yongxingensis sp. n. differs from that of F. externa in having ( F. externa condition in brackets): (i) cranial apophysis with a bifurcate apex (apex pointed); (ii) last segment of each antenna with 5–11 fs (with 6 or 7 fs); (iii) antennal segments III–X each with few hair setae (without); (iv) a pair of ventral plates present on lateral margin of mouthparts (ventral plates absent); (v) abdominal segments II–III without ventral setae (with 1 pair of hair setae).

Etymology. The species is named after Yongxing Island where the species was first discovered, by combining the island name with the Latin “- ensis ”, meaning “coming from”.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Fiorinia yongxingensis Liu, Cai & Feng sp. n. (a) scale cover of adult females on a leaf; (b) scale covers of adult females, adult males and immature stages intermingled; (c) two crawlers near the test of an adult female; (d) settled crawler secreting transparent wax filament; (e) second-instar male nymph; (f) a live adult male. Scale bars: in (a), 1 mm; in (b), 0.5 mm; in (c), (d), (e) and (f), 0.1 mm

FIGURE 2. Fiorinia yongxingensis Liu, Cai & Feng sp. n. adult female. a: antennae and interantennal process; b: anterior spiracle and trilocular disc pores; c: microduct; d: posterior spiracle; e: habitus; f: gland tubercle; g: pygidium; h: dorsal duct.

FIGURE 3. Fiorinia yongxingensis Liu, Cai & Feng sp. n. First-instar nymph. a: habitus.

FIGURE 4. Fiorinia yongxingensis Liu, Cai & Feng sp. n. Second-instar female nymph. a: habitus.

FIGURE 5. Fiorinia yongxingensis Liu, Cai & Feng sp. n. Second-instar male nymph. a: habitus; b: four slender dorsal ducts surround a macroduct; c: a group of small ducts; d: a small duct with a slender spine; e: cup-like duct.

FIGURE 6. Fiorinia yongxingensis Liu, Cai & Feng sp. n. adult male. A: polygonal reticulation on ocular sclerite; B: microspines on protrochanter; C: terminal antennal segment; D: metatarsus and claw; E: dorsal surface and ventral surface of genital segment; F: microtrichia on lateral side of abdominal margin; G: hamulohaltere; H: mouthparts; I: cranial apophysis. Definitions of abbreviations for morphological terms are given in Table 1.

Tables

TABLE 1. Explanations of abbreviations for male morphological terms.

Abbreviation	Morphological term	Abbreviation	Morphological term
ab	antennal bristles	pocr	postocular ridge
aed	aedeagus	por	postoccipital ridge
an	anus	pra	prealare
bra	basal rod	prn	lateral pronotal sclerite
brp	basal ridge of penial sheath	prsc	prescutum
bs	bifurcated seta	ps	penial sheath
c	claw	pscr	prescutal ridge
cdt	claw digitule	pscs	prescutal suture
cs	capitate setae	sb	sensilla basiconica
cx	coxa	scl	scutellum
dse	dorsal simple eyes	scp	scape
f	furca	sct	scutum
fm	femur	sds	submarginal dorsal setae
g	gena	sp2	mesothoracic spiracle
gts	setae of genital segment	sp3	metathoracic spiracle
h	hamulohaltere	ss	suspensorial sclerite
hos	hook seta	stn2	basisternum
iocs	interocular setae	svs	submarginal ventral setae
lap	lateropleurite	tar	tarsus
mc	median creast	tdgt	tarsal digitules
mdr	median ridge	teg	tegula
mr	marginal ridge	tegs	tegular seta
mrs	marginal abdominal setae	ti	tibia
pa	postalare	tp	triangular plate
pas	post-anal setae	tpt	tentorial pit
pepcv	proepisternum + cervical sclerite	tr	trochanter
pn2	mesopostnotum	vp	ventral plate
pna	postnatal apophysis	vse	ventral simple eye