Chrysodema (Chrysodema) lewisii lewisii Saunders, 1873

Frank, David & Sekerka, Lukáš, 2020, Studies on the genus Chrysodema (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Chrysochroinae) part I., Zootaxa 4720 (1), pp. 1-62 : 11-16

Chrysodema (Chrysodema) lewisii lewisii Saunders, 1873

( Figs 1–3 , 7–9 , 74 )

Chrysodema Lewisii Saunders (1873) : 510 (original description); Lewis (1893): 328 (note on holotype, faunistics); Lewis (1896): 335 (noted); Kurosawa (1954): 30 (review of distribution, incl. map Fig. 3 ); Kurosawa et al. (1985): Pl. 1, Fig. 17 (iconography); Akiyama & Ohmomo (1997): 10 (catalogue); Akiyama & Ohmomo (2000): Pl. 44, Figs. 466-1, 466-2, 466-3 (iconography); Ohmomo & Fukutomi (2013): 20 (biological observations), 112 (redescription, faunistics), 175 (catalogue), Pl. 4, Figs. 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5 (iconography).

Chalcophora Lewisi [sic!]: Kerremans (1885): 126 (catalogue); Heyne & Taschenberg (1908): 133 (noted).

Chalcophora Lewisii : Schönfeldt (1887): 112 (catalogue).

Chrysodema Lewisi [sic!]: Kerremans (1892): 39 (catalogue); Kerremans (1903): 76 (catalogue); Jakobson (1913): 780 (catalogue); Miwa (1929): 58 (redescription, faunistics); Miwa & Chûjô (1936): 3 (catalogue, ex parte); Miwa & Chûjô (1940): 54 (distribution and faunistics, ex parte), Pl. VII, Fig. 8 (colour drawing).

Chrysodema (Chrysodema) Lewisi [sic!]: Kerremans (1909): 515 (key), 536 (redescription, incl. colour Fig. 7 , Pl. 22); Obenberger (1926): 132 (catalogue); Miwa & Chûjô (1940): 62 (fauniscs, summary of published records); Chûjô & Kurosawa (1950): 2 (fauna of Shikoku).

Chrysodema (Chrysodema) lewisii: Lander (2003) : 14 (key), 65 (redescription), 83 (colour Fig. 134); Mühle (2003): 45 (noted, ex parte); Kubáň (2006): 345 (catalogue, ex parte); Bellamy (2008): 533 (catalogue, ex parte); Hołyński (2014): 375 (clari- fication of assignment to Chrysodema s. str.); Kubáň (2016): 460 (catalogue, ex parte).

Chrysodema lewisii ab. nagaokai Kurosawa (1954): 30 (infrasubspecific name, ex parte).

Chrysodema oschimana Nonfried (1895) : 297 (original description).

Chrysodema oshimana [sic!]: Lewis (1896): 335 (as synonym of C. lewisii ); Kerremans (1903): 76 (catalogue, in synonymy of C. lewisi [sic!]); Heyne & Taschenberg (1908): 133 (noted in synonymy of C. lewisi [sic!]); Jakobson (1913): 780 (catalogue, in synonymy of C. lewisi [sic!]); Miwa (1929): 58 (noted in synonymy of C. lewisi [sic!]); Miwa & Chûjô (1936): 3 (catalogue, in synonymy of C. lewisi [sic!]); Miwa & Chûjô (1940): 55, 63 (noted in synonymy of C. lewisi [sic!]); Akiyama & Ohmomo (1997): 10 (catalogue, in synonymy of C. lewisii ).

Chrysodema (Chrysodema) oshimana [sic!]: Obenberger (1926): 132 (catalogue, in synonymy of C. lewisi [sic!]); Kurosawa (1954): 30 (noted in synonymy of C. (C.) lewisii ); Lander (2003): 65 (revision, in synonymy of C. (C.) lewisii ); Kubáň (2006): 345 (catalogue, in synonymy of C. (C.) lewisii ); Bellamy (2008): 533 (catalogue, in synonymy of C. (C.) lewisii ), 535 (listed as synonym of C. (C.) lewisii ).

Chrysodema (Chrysodema) oschimana: Kubáň (2016) : 460 (catalogue, in synonymy of C. (C.) lewisii ).

Type localities. Chrysodema lewisii : original type locality ‘Japan’ here specified to: Japan, Kyushu Island, Nagasakai (see remarks); C. oschimana : ‘Oshima, Süd-Japan’.

Type material examined. Chrysodema lewisii : HOLOTYPE (by monotypy): ♂, ‘ Japan / D. Lewis. / 1910–320. [w, p] // Chrysodema / Lewisii Es. [w, h] // Type / H. T. [r, p, circle]’ ( BMNH). Specimen was provided with an additional red printed label: ‘ HOLOTYPE (by monopyty) / Chrysodema / lewisii / SAUNDERS, 1873 ♂ / David Frank & / Lukáš Sekerka labelled VIII. 2018 [date handwritten]’.

C. oschimana : SYNTYPES (1 ♂, 1 ♀): ♂, ‘Coll.Nonfried / Cagosima S. Japan. [w, p] // oshimana / Type Nfd [w, h] // TYPE [r, p] // MUSÉUM PARIS / 1952 / COLL. R. OBERTHUR [y, p]’ ( MNHN); ♀, ‘ Japan. [w, h] // Chrysodema / oshimana / Type Nfd [w, h] // TYPE [r, p] // MUSÉUM PARIS / 1952 / COLL. R. OBERTHUR [y, p]’ ( MNHN). Both specimens were provided with an additional red printed label: ‘ SYNTYPE [sex] / Chrysodema / oschimana / NONFRIED, 1895 / David Frank labelled IX. 2017 [date handwritten]’ and also white printed label ‘ Chrysodema (Chrysodema) / lewisii lewisii / SAUNDERS, 1873 / David Frank det. IX. 2017 [date handwritten]’.

Additional material examined (13 ♂♂, 55 ♀♀). JAPAN: Japon, Meyer D., 1 ♀ ( MNHN); Japon, 1 ♀ ( MNHN). TOKYO PREF.: Hachijô Island: Hachijoshima, 1925, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ( NHMB); Hachijo Is., 9.x.1981, 1 ♀ ( DFPC). WAKAYAMA PREF.: Honshū Island: Kata., Wakayama-shi, 6.vii.1963, S. Goto, 1 ♀ ( DFPC). KAGOSHIMA PREF.: Kyūshū Island: Cape Sata, Sata-chô (now, Minami Oosumi-shô), Kimotsuki-gun, 1 ♀ ( DFPC). Kuchinoerabu Island: 13.vi.1998, Y. Yamaoka leg, 2 ♂♂ ( DFPC). Tokara Islands: Nakano-shima, 4.viii.1989, Teruhisa Ueno, 1 ♀ ( BMNH); Nakano-shima, 5.–6.viii.1989, Teruhisa Ueno, 1 ♀ ( BMNH). Yakushima Island: Miyanoura, Yakushima Is., 15.vii.1968, Coll. K. Sakai, 1 ♀ ( ATMR, coll. R. Novak. Amami Ôshima Island: Archipel Liou- Kiou, Ile d’Oshima, Ferrié 1895 (1 ♂, 13 ♀♀ MNHN; 1 ♀ IRSN); Japon, Oshima, Ferrié, iv.–v.1897, 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ ( MNHN); Japon, Oshima, Ferrié, vii.–viii.1897 (1 ♂, 13 ♀♀ MNHN; 1 ♀ NMPC); Japon, Oshima, J.B.Ferrié 1899, 1 ♀ ( MNHN); Imasato, 9.viii.1961, K. Yamada, 1 ♀ ( NMPC); Hatsuno, 1.viii.1963, Y. Kurosawa, 1 ♀ ( NMPC); Hatsuno, 27.vi.1968, T. Komiya, 1 ♂ ( NMPC); Mt. Yuwandake, 9.vii.1968, K. Sakai, 1 ♀ ( MHNG); Hatsuno, 24.vi.1972, T. Ochi (1 ♂ EJBS; 1 ♀ ATMR coll. G. Novak; 1 ♀ MNCN, coll. A. Cobos); Hatsuno, 28.vi.1969, K. Kume leg., 1 ♀ ( MNCN, coll. A. Cobos); Hatsuno, Sumiyo-son, 26.vi.1970, K. Masaki, 1 ♂ ( MNCN, coll. A. Cobos); Amami Is., vii.1974, 1 ♀ ( VKSC); Mt. Yuwan, 24.vi.1982, N. Yamamoto leg., 1 ♂ ( VKSC); Yuwan, 26.vi.1982, I. Douge leg. (1 ♂ DFPC; 1 ♀ SGBG); Ishira, 3.vii.1990, Y. Kaneko, 1 ♀ ( DFPC); Mt. Takadayama, 6.vii.1990, K. Masaki, 1 ♂ ( ATMR, coll. R. Novak; Oshima, viii.1997, 2 ♀♀ ( MHNG, one specimen figured by Lander (2003: Fig. 134)); Kuniano, 27.vi.1999, I. Douge leg., 1 ♀ ( DFPC). OKINAWA PREF.: Okinawa Island: Okinawa, 14.viii.1891, 1 ♀ ( MNHN); Yona, vii.1970, H. Makihara, 1 ♀ ( DFPC); Nago-Gusuku, 28.vii.1971, K. Akiyama leg., 1 ♂ ( ATMR, coll. R. Novak. Kerama Islands: Aka-jima, 30.viii.1989, T. Ueno, 1 ♀ ( DFPC).

Redescription of holotype. Well preserved ♂ specimen with all appendages. Length 19.50 mm, width 7.00 mm, length/width ratio: 2.79.

Body generally metallic green, shiny. Impunctate (or micropunctate) areas on dorsal side dark blue. Pronotum generally with bright metallic green macropunctation, principal impression and posterior corners with golden-copper punctation. Punctation on elytra variegate golden-copper, and elytra appear to have yellow irregular stripes; principal impression absent; lateral impression bright copper; lateral margin green. Ventral side bright green with variegated copper-golden tint. Legs including tarsi metallic green, ventral pads black, basally brown. Labrum, maxillae and labium including palpi yellow. Scape and pedicel metallic, remaining antennomeres brownish-black.

Pronotum moderately densely macropunctate with broad and sparsely micropunctate interspaces. Macropunctation laterally gradually coarser and denser. Macropunctures in central part round small and isolated, with small fovea. Medial line well visible, very sparsely micropunctate, not elevated. Medial impressions shallow but distinct. Principal impressions shallow and weakly delimited from disc. Lateral impressions absent. Lateral margin rounded distinct in basal 3/4.

Elytra regularly convex generally smooth, without additional impressions or costae; base with slightly impressed rows of punctures thus intervals appear somewhat elevated for short distance. Intervals 2 and 4 more or less elevated on apical 1/4, uniting on apical 1/6 and continuing as single costa (interval 6). Interval 8 elevated along entire length forming moderately broad rounded costa. Area between intervals 6 and 8 shallowly but distinctly impressed, with condensed wax layer thus appears like elongate opaque yellow stripe. Sutural interval gradually elevated towards apex and with row of punctures along suture. Punctation generally irregular, in central part forming partial rows. Internally (up to position of imaginary interval 6) formed by irregularly dispersed groups of 2–6 punctures and confusedly arranged additional separate punctures. Groups of punctures more or less gradually im- pressed from postscutellar area towards lateral sides and apex. Interspaces circa 1–4 × as wide as puncture diameter, very sparsely micropunctate, micropunctures hardly visible at magnification 50 ×. Punctation between position of imaginary interval 6 and interval 8 completely irregular, dense and coarse but punctures smaller than on other parts of disc, interspaces mostly narrower than puncture diameter and with transverse wrinkles thus whole area of lateral impression appears rugose. Interval 8 very sparsely punctate, punctures of same size as in central part of disc. Punctures externally of interval 8 smaller, subapproximate to those in lateral impression but sparser arranged. Epipleura in basal 1/4 broad, appears rugose due to transverse punctures, moderately densely punctate; in narrowing, continuous, without a tooth.

Mid and hind femora moderately densely punctate; fore femora distinctly more sparsely punctate and more shiny.

Ventral side of body overall coarsely and very densely punctate, only central parts of thoracic ventrites sparsely punctate ( Fig. 2 ). Lateral sides of all abdominal ventrites very densely and moderately coarsely punctate ( Fig. 3 ).

Aedeagus length: 4.89 mm, width: 1.11 mm, length/width ratio: 4.41. Apices of parameres rounded. Penis broadly-oval, in ventral view with shallow and linear impression along midline, lateral sides with deep canaliculus, which has dorsal side much broader than ventral ( Fig. 74 ).

Variation. Body ♂♂ (n=14) length: 16.50–21.00 mm, width: 6.00– 7.25 mm, length/width ratio: 2.73–3.08; ♀♀ (n=54): length: 18.75–27.75 mm, width: 6.50–10.00 mm, length/width ratio: 2.53–3.19. Dorsal colouration variable but usually with distinct purple tint. One specimen has predominantly blue tint and another one has predominantly green tint. Approximately third of purple specimens with intervals 2 and 4 green, remaining ones with intervals of the same colour as elytra. Punctation of elytra and pronotum moderately variable, some specimens with somewhat denser punctation. Elytral intervals from flat to slightly convex. Aedeagus (n=3) length: 4.78–5.33 mm, width: 1.00– 1.17 mm, length/width ratio: 4.41–4.78.

Differential diagnosis. For comparative characters see diagnosis of C. (C.) sonnerati and C. (C.) lewisii nakatai , and Table 1 on page 11.

Biology. According to Saunders (1873: 511) the holotype was collected on oak. Ohmomo & Fukutomi (2013) reported adults feeding on leaves of Machilus thunbergi Siebold & Zucc. (Lauraceae) and Terminalia catappa L. ( Combretaceae ).

Distribution. Japan: from Hachijô and Tsushima islands ( Kurosawa 1954) south to Miyako Island (T. Nakata pers. comm. 2018).

Remarks. On the locality label of type there is written only ‘Japan’. Saunders (1873) did not write accurate locality in description but Lewis (1893: 328) wrote ‘Hab. Kiushiu and Ruikiu Islands. The original specimen came from Nagasaki, and in 1886 Mr. Pryer found it on Oshima.’ Therefore the type locality is here specified.

Nonfried (1895) described C. oschimana from Oshima ( Fig. 7 ). He compared it to C. rouxi Laporte de Castelnau & Gory, 1835 and did not mention anything about C. lewisii therefore we suppose the species was unknown to him. We studied two syntypes deposited in MNHN and they are identical to the nominotypical subspecies of C. lewisii .

Kurosawa (1954: 30) described C. lewisii ab. nagaokai based on two specimens from Kumejima and Ishigaki islands. He separated the taxon by ‘small but distinct specular golden-aeneous spot on each elytron at the middle of the anterior third’. However the name is infrasubspecific according to the Article 45.6.2 ( ICZN 1999).

Chrysodema lewisi is a variable species, which in our opinion has at least four distinct populations based on examined material. Description of the aberration nagaokai combines two different ones, both having principal impression on elytra, which is absent in the nominotypical form. One population, from Yaeyama Islands (Ishigaki, Iriomote and Yonaguni), has semi-matt and dark blue dorsum with green punctation and often with dark purple tint and overall very coarse punctation. The principal impression is of small size or absent. We examined 32 specimens which are morphologically quite uniform and differ in constant characters from the nominotypical form therefore we describe them as a new subspecies, described below.

The other population, from Kumejima and Kerama Islands, has very bright green and strongly shiny body with copper tint. The elytra are with large principal impression and without elevated costae; all intervals are practically not visible and covered with dense macropunctation (more or less distinct in other populations). We studied one specimen from Akajima ( Fig. 8 ), which is in agreement with published photos by Akiyama & Ohmomo (2000: Pl. 44, Figs 466-3) from Tokashikikijima, Kerama Islands and Ohmomo & Fukutomi (2013: Pl. 4, Fig. 10-3 ) from Kumejima. This population looks also very distinct and possibly belongs to a new subspecies but we examined only one female specimen and therefore do not describe it until we have more material available.

Finally we have three specimens from Hachijojima, which also look somewhat distinct ( Fig. 9 ) as they are dark green and quite shiny. Since Hachijojima is rather isolated they might be a separate subspecies but again we had only very limited material available and therefore do not describe this form.

We provisionally list forms from Hachijojima, Kumejima and Kerama Islands under the nominotypical subspecies until more material is available to evaluate their status. It would be desirable to use molecular methods and sample C. (C.) lewisii in its range to see whether any differences can be found.

Figures

FIGURES 1–6. Chrysodema, general aspect: 1–3—C. (C.) lewisii lewisii Saunders, 1873 (holotype, ♂ 19.50 mm). 4–6—C. (C.) lewisii nakatai subsp. nov. (holotype, ♂ 18.25 mm). 1, 4—dorsal view; 2, 5—ventral view; 3, 6—lateral view.

FIGURES 7–12. Chrysodema, general aspect: 7—C. (C.) oschimana Nonfried, 1895 (syntype, ♀ 23.50 mm)=C. (C.) lewisii lewisii Saunders, 1873. 8—C. (C.) lewisii lewisii Saunders, 1873 (Akajima Is. (DFPC), ♀ 25.25 mm). 9—C. (C.) lewisii lewisii Saunders, 1873 (Hachijo Is. (DFPC), ♀ 21.75 mm). 10–12—C. (C.) sonnerati Laporte de Castelnau & Gory, 1835 (neotype, ♀ 28.75 mm) and lectotype of C. (C.) yerburyi Waterhouse, 1905. 7–10—dorsal view; 11—ventral view; 12—lateral view.

FIGURES 73–95. Chrysodema, genitalia and terminal abdominal segments. 73—Chrysodema (Chrysodema) sonnerati Laporte de Castelnau & Gory, 1835 (Sri Lanka, MHNG); 74—C. (C.) lewisii lewisii Saunders, 1873 (holotype); 75—C. (C.) lewisii nakatai subsp. nov. (holotype); 76—C. (C.) tonkinea Kerremans, 1909 (lectotype); 77—C. (C.) vrabeci sp. nov. (holotype); 78—C. (C.) aeneoviolacea Deyrolle, 1864 (Kai Is., MHNG); 79—C. (C.) dany sp. nov. (holotype); 80—C. (C.) sibuyanica Fisher, 1924 (Sibuyan Is., NMPC); 81—C. (C.) wallacei Deyrolle, 1864 (Ambon Is, MNHN); 82—C. (C.) dohrnii Saunders, 1874 (Mindanao Is., DFPC); 83—C. (C.) fuscitarsis Kerremans, 1895 (Palawan Is., MNHN); 84—C. (C.) gottwaldi sp. nov. (holotype); 85—C. (Pseudochrysodema) coelestina Obenberger, 1922 (lectotype); 86—C. (P.) instabilis Deyrolle, 1864 (Halmahera Is., DFPC); 87—C. (C.) dohrnii (ibid., DFPC); 88—C. (C.) fuscitarsis (ibid., MNHN); 89—C. (C.) gottwaldi sp. nov. (holotype); 90, 91—C. (C.) aurostriata (lectotype); 92, 93—C. (C.) tonkinea (Hoa Binh, DFPC); 94, 95—C. (C.) vrabeci sp. nov. (Ban Huay Kon, MOOC). 73–79, 85–86—tegmen, parameres and penis; 80–84—aedeagus; 87–89—male ventrite VIII; 90, 92, 94—female ventrite VIII; 91, 93, 95—female tergite VIII. The scale bar does not apply to Figs 87–95.

FIGURES 13–18. Chrysodema, general aspect: 13–15—C. (C.) aurostriata Saunders, 1866 (lectotype, ♀ 29.25 mm). 16–18— C. (C.) vrabeci sp. nov. (holotype, ♂ 23.75 mm). 13, 16—dorsal view; 14, 17—ventral view; 15, 18—lateral view.