Atypus Latreille 1804

Zhu, Ming-Sheng, Zhang, Feng, Song, Daxiang & Qu, Ping, 2006, A revision of the genus Atypus in China (Araneae: Atypidae), Zootaxa 1118, pp. 1-42 : 3-4

Atypus Latreille 1804

Atypus Latreille 1804: 133 . — Kraus & Baur 1974: 88. — Gertsch & Platnick 1980: 9. — Schwendinger 1990: 353.

Type species. Aranea picea Sulzer 1776 , by monotypy.

Diagnosis. Atypus resembles Sphodros by having the labium fused to the sternum and by possessing tubercles on the cheliceral fangs and cuspules on the pedipalpal coxae, and Calommata by having a straight spike­like embolus crossing a straight, broad, lobular conductor on the male palp ( Gertsch & Platnick 1980). It can be distinguished from Sphodros by the straight, short, distally widened conductor and the straight, short, spinelike embolus in males, and in females, by the presence of two or more pairs of bulbous or pyriform receptacula in the vulvae, and the presence of two lateral patches of pores on the genital atrium. It differs from Calommata by having cuspules on the pedipalpal coxae in both sexes, the conductor is distally widened, the palpal bulb of males is almost rounded, the receptacula is bulbous or pyriform, and leg I is not thinner than other legs in females.

Description. Medium­sized spiders. Carapace testaceous and glabrous, with cephalic region strongly arched. Eight eyes in three groups on compact transverse tubercle. Fovea deep, pit­like. Chelicerae dorsally expanded, without rastellum, fangs with dorsoproximal tubercles. Male chelicerae with granular texture ( Schwendinger 1990: 359, figs 27–28). Coxa of pedipalp with large, elongated anterior lobe and cuspules ( Figs 122–123 ). Labium wider than long, with or without cuspules. Sternum with four pairs of sigilla. Legs short and stout, slender in males, tarsi and metatarsi usually with short, thorn­like spines, tarsi with three claws. Male femur I (except in A. affinis ) and in some species also femur II with granular texture. Abdomen oval, with irregularly shaped scutum. Female vulvae with two or more pairs of receptacula and two lateral patches of pores on atrium. Male palpal bulb with distal haematodocha, embolus short, straight; conductor straight, distally widened. Six spinnerets: ALS one­segmented, small; PMS one­segmented, large, truncated; PLS with four (all Chinese species) or three segments, with apical one finger­like.

Atypus spiders live in a purse web consisting of a basally closed silk tube. This tube extends vertically above the surface of the ground against the side of tree trunk or rock for 12–35 cm, whilst the rest of the silk tube, some 5–17 cm, is buried vertically in the ground. Spiders are alerted to the presence of prey moving over the exposed part of the silk tube by vibrations through the silk lining. Once prey are sensed, the spider rushes to the point where the prey rests, and bites it through the silk. Then the spider cuts the silk tube and pulls the prey inside the burrow to be eaten ( Murphy & Murphy 2000).

Figures

FIGURES 122–123. Atypus karschi Dönitz 1887. 122, cuspules on pedipalpal coxa of female; 123, one cuspules in detail.