Onosma satensis Fırat & Binzet, 2021

Firat, Mehmet & Binzet, Rıza, 2021, Onosma satensis sp. nov. (Boraginaceae: Lithospermeae), a new species from Hakkari (eastern Anatolia, Turkey), Adansonia (3) 43 (16), pp. 185-195 : 188-193

Onosma satensis Fırat & Binzet , sp. nov.

( Figs 1-3 )

Onosma satensis sp. nov. is related to O. polioxantha Rech. f., but it differs from O. polioxantha by with patent setose and short hairs stem indumentum (not adpressed setose and puberulous in O. polioxantha ), sterile shoots leaves and cauline leaves are navicular (not navicular in O. polioxantha ), cauline leaves 120 × - 16 mm (20-40 × 5-9 mm in O. polioxantha ), leaves are distinct reticulate (not reticulate in O. polioxantha ), pedicel 4-5 mm in flowering and - 17 mm in fruit (3-4 mm in O. polioxantha ), calyx 13-17 mm in flowering and - 27 mm in fruit (12 mm in flower and - 14 mm in fruit in O. polioxantha ), Corolla 20-22 mm and densely patent short setulose outside and reticulate (14-17 mm, puberulous and lobes ciliate in O. polioxantha ), nutlet 4.5-5 × 4-4.5 mm (2.5-3 mm in O. polioxantha ).

TYPE. — Turkey. C9 Hakkâri, Yüksekova Province, Sat mountains, Oremar region , Zozana Herduav plateau, rocky, stone, and calcareous areas, 1376 m, 37°22’41”N, 44°10’08”E, 7.VII.2018, M. FIrat 34040 (holo-, VANF; iso- ANK, in the personal herbarium of the first author [Herb. M. Fırat] and the Herbarium of Mersin University). ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet derives from the name of Sat Mountain (Yüksekova / Hakkari) where the type specimens were collected (locus classicus).

PHENOLOGY. — Flowering from June to July and fruiting from July to August.

HABITAT AND ECOLOGY. — The species is a perennial that grows on rocky areas, nearly melting snow at an altitude of 1300-2000 m ( Fig. 3 ) with plants such as Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl., Prangos pabularia Lindl. , Campanula persica A. DC. , Pimpinella kotschyana Boiss. , Allium microspatum Ekberg , Allium anacoleum Hand. -Mazz., Scorzonera latifolia (Fisch.& C.A.Mey.)DC. , Hypericum scabrum L., Stachys kurdica Boiss.& Hohen. , Cruciata taurica (Pall. ex Willd.) Ehrend. , Rhabdosciadium anatolyi Lyskov & Kljuykov , Psathyrostachys fragilis (Boiss.) Nevski , Nonea anchusoides Boiss.& Buhse and Amygdalus carduchorum Bornm.

DISTRIBUTION AND SITE CONDITIONS. — Onosma satensis sp. nov. only occurs on the Sat Mountains (Yüksekova/ Hakkâri) and can be considered as endemic to eastern Anatolia ( Fig. 4 ). It represents an Irano-Turanian mountain element. Future studies will assess its likely distribution in the neighbouring northern Iraq and Iran.

CONSERVATION STATUS. — The distribution area of Onosma satensis sp. nov. is less than 50 km 2. The species was collected from one locality in which c. 1000 individuals were counted. Some anthropogenic and grazing effects were observed on the population. Based on the above data and observations, the IUCN (2016) red list category of Onosma satensis sp. nov. is suggested as “Critically Endangered” (CR), B1b (i, ii, iii).

VERNACULAR NAME. — Onosma satensis sp. nov. is called (Kurdish name) “Mejmejok” by the local people of the Hakkâri /Yüksekova Province. Onosma species are known by the local people under many names in Kurdish; e.g. “Şîranok”, “Hewajo”, “Dimkirî”, “Dîvankoşk”, “Gorisazer”,“Mijmijok”, “Êmzik”, “Memije”, “Giyaderman” and in Turkish; e.g. “Emzik otu”, “Havaciva”, “Emcek”, “Tavşan gözü”, “Sincar” ( Fırat 2013).

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Onosma satensis sp. nov.: Turkey. C9 Hakkâri, Yüksekova Province, Sat mountains, Dula Vare Mili region , Carte hill, nearly melting snow, 1935 m, 37°24’11”N, 44°06’33”E, 31.VII.2019, M. FIrat 35150 (in flower) (para-, VANF, HUB and in the personal herbarium of the first author [Herb. M. Fırat]); Oremar region , Zozana Herduav plateau, rocky, stone, and calcareous areas, 1416 m, 37°22’40”N, 44°10’05”E, 11.VII.2020, M. FIrat 35648 (in flower) (in the personal herbarium of the first author [Herb. M. Fırat]); 17.VIII.2020, M. FIrat 35690 (in fruit) (in the personal herbarium of the first author [Herb. M. Fırat]) .

Onosma polioxantha : Turkey. SE Anatolia, A/B3 Eskişehir, Mihaliççik to Sariyar baraji, 900 m, D[D.37219]!; B7 Elaziğ, 12 km E of Elaziğ , 1160 m, M.Zohary 3764 (!); B7 Erzincan, Kemaliye, Sırakonak, Killik Cave path, Üstüncan Spring around, rocky and steppe, 1250- 1400 m, 05.VI.2009 (Mersin; Binzet 200925) ; B8 Erzurum, 30 km W of Erzurum , 1780 m, M. Zohary 67334 (!); B9 Bitlis, 2 km from Bitlis, 1630 m, Hub.-Mor. 13528 (!); B9 Bitlis, Kurdistan, Bitlis, 1400 m. [8.VI.]1939, Frödin 149 (holo-, W) (Herb. No: 10222); B9 Bitlis, 10 km south of Bitlis, Araptal, Waldrand, 1500 m, 17.VI.1984 ( Herb. No : 1991-07873) ; B9 Van, 24 km from Timar (Canik) to Van, 1750 m, D. 44191 (!); C6 Maraş, Maraş to Göksun road, 1400 m, Stn. & Hend. 5551 (!); C9 Mardin, foot of Kasrik gorge, 9 km from Cizre, 350 m, D. 42667 (!); Hakkari, Çukurca, 1200 m, D. 44824 (!); C10 Hakkari, 19 km from Bacirge to Yüksekova, 2150 m, D. 45182 (!); C9 Hakkari, Çimenli, Köyü, Şiva İros around, slopes, 1700 m, 15.VII.2009 (Mersin; Binzet 200920).

DESCRIPTION

Perennial, rootstock with long slender branches, root bark easily separated. Stems numerous, to 50 cm and to 4 mm diameter, erect to ascending, unbranched, patent setose and short hairs. Usually with a number of sterile shoots at flowering and anthesis time.Sterile shoots to 25 cm.Steril shoot leaves navicular,broadly oblanceolate, petiolate -20 × - 1.2 cm, petiole long 4-6 cm, patent setose 1-1.5 mm, with tuberculate and short hairs on upper surface and patent stose with ± tuberculate and short hairs on below surfaces sparsely, acute, margine straight. Basal leaves similar to sterile shoots leaves. Cauline leaves navicular -12 × - 1.6 cm, oblanceolate to oblong lower petiolate, upper sesile and smaller in size, distinctly reticulate, covered with patent setae (- 1 mm) above and on beneath and short hairy on both surfaces, acute, margines straight. Bracts few, -5 × - 0.9 cm, smaller in size to upper, lanceolate to linear, covered with patent setose ± tuberculate on both surfaces. Inflorescence of 1-3 lax cymes, elongating to 15 cm after flowering. Pedicels 4-5 mm in flower, elongating to c. 17 mm in fruit, covered with patent setose tubercles and short hairs. Calyx 13-17 mm in flower, to 27 mm in fruit, lobes linear, linear-lanceolate, base accrescent and becoming gibbous, covered with patent setose ± tubercles and short hairy on outside and sparsely patent setose and short hairs inside. Corolla golden yellow, 20-22 × 4-5×mm at widest point below lobes (c. 7-8 mm wide when pressed), campanulate, campanulate-cylindrical, densely patent short setulose outside and reticulate, lobes 5, reflexed, 2 × 2.5 mm, widely triangular, acute, annulus glabrous. Anthers included or sterile tips exerted, linear, c. 8 mm, sagittate, connate at base. Filaments c. 3 mm. Style 4-5 mm protruding outside the corolla limb, stigma small, distinctly bilobed. Nutlets 4.5-5 × 4-4.5 mm, broadly ovate, beaked, shiny cream and brown variagated, ventrally and ± doresally keeled, acuminate. Pollen grains heteropolar, subprolate P/E (Polar axis/Equatorial axis) ratio 1.17.

Indumentum

The indumentum is a very important character in Onosma systematic, and is illustrated for O. satensis sp. nov. ( Fig. 5 ).

Palynology

Pollen grains are heteropolar, trisyncolporate and subprolate P/E (Polar axis length / Equatorial axis length) ratio 1.17. Exine ornamentation on mesocolpium of the grain is ± insular. The insulae have free scabrae and the scabrae are widely spaced. The number of scabrae in each insulae ranges from 5 to 20. The outline of pollen grains is circular and triangular. The other main palynological characters and SEM micrographs of O. satensis sp. nov. are presented in ( Table 1 and Fig. 6 ).

Nutlet morphology

Nutlet ornamentation is rugose type, characterised by the epidermal cells of the nutlet surface having small or fine wrinkles ( Fig. 7 ).

DISCUSSION

Onosma taxa are distributed throughout Turkey, but are particularly common and diverse in Anatolian steppes and within the boreal to subalpine belts of the Taurus range ( Binzet & Eren 2018).

In recent years, many new Onosma taxa have been defined, especially in Iran ( Almasi & Ranjbar 2015; Dehshiri 2018; Mehrabian & Mozaffarian 2018). Since they spread in the nearby geography, it was compared with the new species defined from Iran, but in this study, O. satensis sp. nov., defined as a new species, was found to be different from these species. Together with O. satensis sp. nov., the total number of Onosma species known from Turkey increases to 103. Sixty of those are endemic (endemism level is 58.25%).

Onosma satensis sp. nov. belongs to subsect. Haplotricha (Boiss.) Gürke and grows on rocky, stony, and calcareous areas. It is an element belonging to the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region. It shows some affinity to O. polioxantha , which is in the same subsection ( Figs 1 ; 2 ; 4 ), and can be easily distinguished from O. polioxantha by its sterile shoots, patent setose and short hairs of stem indumentum, sterile shoots leaves and cauline leaves are navicular, cauline leaves 120 × - 16 mm, leaves are distinctly reticulate, pedisel 4-5 mm in flowering time and - 17 mm in fruiting time, calyx 13-17 mm in flowering time and - 27 mm in fruiting time, corolla 20-22 mm, densely patent short setulose outside and reticulate, nutlets 4.5-5 × 4-4.5 mm, broadly ovate, beaked, shine cream and brown variaegated, ventrally and ± dorsally keeled, acuminate, ornamentation is rugose type, characterised by the epidermal cells of the nutlet surface having small or fine wrinkles. The other differences between O. satensis sp. nov. and O. polioxantha are listed in Table 2 .

The necessary detailed key to O. satensis sp. nov. and O. polioxantha is proposed below. The characters given in the key mainly consider the type specimens studied as well as the relevant taxonomic literature ( Riedl 1978).

KEY TO ONOSMA SATENSIS SP. NOV. AND O. POLIOXANTHA RECH. F.

1. Cauline leaves 20-40 × 5-9 mm; calyx 12 mm in flower, to 14 mm in fruit; corolla 14-17 mm; nutlets 2.5-3 mm ................................................................................................................................... O. polioxantha Rech. f.

— Cauline leaves -120 × - 16 mm; calyx 13-17 mm in flower, to 27 mm in fruit; corolla 20-22 mm; nutlets 4.5-5 × 4-4.5 mm .................................................................................................. O. satensis Fırat & Binzet , sp. nov.

Figures

FIG. 1. — O.satensissp. nov.in its type locality:A, habit;B, C, flowers.Photographs by Mehmet Fırat.

FIG. 2. — O.satensissp. nov.in its paratype locality:A-C, habit (in flower);D, habitat.Photographs by Mehmet Fırat.

FIG. 3. — Distribution area and habitat ofO.satensissp. nov.(Sat Mountains).

FIG. 4. — Distribution map of O. satensis sp. nov. (▴) and O. polioxantha Rech. f. (●).

FIG. 5. — SEM micrographs of indumentum of O. satensis sp. nov.: A, B, stem; C, upper leaf surface; D, lower leaf surface; E, upper calyx surface; F, lower calyx surface; G, H, corolla. Scale bars: A, C-G, 100 µm; B, H, 20 µm.

FIG. 6. — SEM micrographs of O. satensis sp. nov. pollen: A, profil view; B, distal view; C, proksimal view; D, E, ornamentation; F, autline view. Scale bars: A-C, 1 µm; D, E, 200 nm; F, 2 µm.

FIG. 7. — SEM micrographs of O. satensis sp. nov. nutlets: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, surface ornamentation. Scale bars: A, B, 100 µm; C, 10 µm.