Epistrophe sasayamana ( Matsumura, 1918 )

Kim, Chan-Ouk, Hwang, Seul-Ma-Ro & Han, Hak-Seon Lee and Ho-Yeon, 2022, Ten species of the tribe Syrphini (Insecta: Diptera: Syrphidae) newly recorded in Korea, Journal of Species Research 11 (3), pp. 208-237 : 218-220

5. Epistrophe sasayamana ( Matsumura, 1918)

šģḝḓqHqỵỄOi (ljḑ) ( Figs. 2F- J , 5E- H )

Syrphus (Macrosyrphus) sasayamanus Matsumura, 1918: 22 (type locality - Japan, Shikoku , Mt. Sasa; holotype ♂, HUS).

Metasyrphus (Metasyrphus) sasayamnus : Peck, 1988: 37 (in Palaearctic catalog); Ȏhara, 1989: 785 (in Japanese checklist).

Epistrophe sasayamana : Sakuratani, 1977: 292 (biology in Japan); Iwai, 2003: 29 (in Nansei Islands records with key); Rojo et al., 2003: 41 (in world review of aphidophagous syrphids); Ȏhara et al., 2014: 469 (in Japanese catalog).

Diagnosis. Epistrophe sasayamana can be distinguished from Korean congeners by the following the combination of characteristics: 1) face with brownish black to black vertical facial stripe ( Fig. 2G ); 2) frons entirely black ( Fig. 2F, I ); 3) antenna largely brownish black to black except for variably brownish basal area of scape ( Fig. 2G ); 4) hind femur about basal half brownish yellow, about apical half brownish black to black ( Fig. 2H, J ); 5) basiphallus with 2 pairs of ventral processes ( Fig. 5 G-a, -b, H); 6) basiphallic apico-ventral processes wide, with serrated apex in ventral view ( Fig. 5 H-a); and 7) basiphallic baso-ventral processes with irregularly serrated posterior side in lateral view ( Fig. 5 G-b).

Description of Korean material. Male. Lengths and ratios: body length 10.0- 11.8 mm; wing length 8.9- 10.1 mm; head ratio 0.68-0.73; face ratio 0.44-0.47; eye ratio 0.51-0.57; gena-eye ratio 0.06-0.08; antenna-head ratio 0.40-0.45; postpedicel-pedicel ratio 2.10- 2.30; arista-antenna ratio 1.09-1.13; wing ratio 3.43- 3.62; wing-thorax ratio 2.19-2.50; vein M ratio 1.80- 2.06; vein R 4+5 ratio 3.28-3.56. Head holoptic with eye contiguity about 0.7 × as long as vertical triangle ( Fig. 2F ); compound eye dark brown with slight purplish tinge, bare ( Fig. 2G ); vertex black postero-marginally with yellowish pruinosity, anteriorly with wavy black hairs, posteriorly with wavy brownish-yellow hairs (sometimes posteriorly mixed with a few black hairs) ( Fig. 2F ); frons entirely black, about posterior 2/3 with yellow to yellowish-grey pruinosity, posteriorly with wavy brownish-yellow hairs, anteriorly with wavy black hairs (sometimes anteriorly variably mixed with wavy brownish-yellow hairs); lunule largely brownish black to black except for brownish medial and lateral margins, bare; antenna largely brownish black to black except for variably brownish basal area of scape ( Fig. 2G ); face brownish-yellow ground color with yellowish-grey to whitish pruinosity, with pale yellow hairs, and with wide brownish-black to black vertical facial stripe from lower facial anterior margin up to area below antennal sockets, about 0.34 × as wide as facial width; facial knob round- ed, almost bare; gena brownish-yellow to yellow with whitish pruinosity, with pale yellow to whitish hairs ( Fig. 2H ). Thorax largely blackish with yellowish grey pruinosity, with wavy brownish yellow to pale yellow hairs ( Fig. 2F ); scutum with subshiny yellowish-grey to grey pruinosity; medial scutal area with pair of longitudinal greyish pruinose stripes (can be observed under appropriate lighting) interrupted at anterior 3/4; lateral margins of scutum matte yellow ( Fig. 2F, H ); scutellum brownish yellow, anteriorly with wavy brownish-yellow hairs, posteriorly with wavy black hairs; pleura largely blackish except for variable colored metasterum (pale yellow to brownish black), mostly with pale yellow to yellowish-grey pruinosity ( Fig. 2H ); anterior anepisternum, anterior 1/3 of posterior anepisternum, dorsomedial anepimeron, posterior anepimeron, meron, anatergite, mediotergite and metasternum bare; katepisternum with upper and lower wavy pale yellow hair patches, narrowly connected on posterior margin; halter with stem brownish yellow to pale yellow, knob pale yellow to yellow. Legs with variable colored coxae and trochanters (brownish yellow to brownish black) with brownish-yellow hairs ( Fig. 2H ); fore and mid femora brownish yellow with wavy brownish-yellow hairs (sometimes apically mixed with a few black hairs); hind femur about basal half brownish yellow with wavy brownish-yellow hairs, about apical half brownish black to black with black hairs; fore and mid tibiae brownish yellow with short brownish-yellow hairs (sometimes sparsely mixed with a few short black hairs); hind tibia brownish black with short black hairs; fore and mid tarsi basally brownish yellow, apically brown to dark brown, with short brownish-yellow hairs (sometimes sparsely mixed with a few short black hairs); hind tarsus dorsally brownish black to black with short black hairs, ventrally pale brown with short brown hairs. Wing largely hyaline with slight pale brownish tinge ( Fig. 2F ); veins pale brown to brownish black; pterostigma pale brown; cell sc before pterostigma yellowish; wing membrane largely covered with microtrichiae except for basal bare areas; upper and lower calypters yellow to brownish yellow with long brownish-yellow marginal hairs. Abdominal tergites unmargined, brownish yellow ground color with black markings, with wavy brownish-yellow and black hairs (wave getting weaker towards apex) ( Fig. 2F ); tergite 1 largely brownish yellow except for partially blackish posterior margin; tergite 2 with black antero- and postero-marginal bands connected with narrow longitudinal mid-stripe (stripe occasionally interrupted); tergite 3 with black transverse postero-marginal band, medio-posterior margin often narrowly pale brown to brownish yellow; tergite 4 with black subposterior band; tergite 5 brownish yellow to pale brown, medially with variable sized triangular black spot of less than 1/3 of tergite width; sternites 1 and 2 pale yellow with wavy pale yellow hairs; sternites 3 and 4 pale yellow to brownish yellow (sometimes posteriorly slightly darkened), largely with wavy pale yellow to brownish-yellow hairs, but posteriorly mixed with some short black and brownish-yellow hairs; sternite 5 brownish yellow to brown, anteriorly with brownish yellow hairs, posteriorly with black hairs; sternites 6 and 7 pale brown to brownish black, largely with black hairs but a few brownish-yellow hairs mixed; sternite 8 pale brown to brown, medially with rounded blackish spot of about 2/3-4/5 of sternite width, medially with black hairs, marginally with brownish-yellow hairs. Male genitalia ( Fig. 5E- H ) with epandrium slightly longer than height in lateral view ( Fig. 5F ); surstylus longer than width in caudal view (middle width about 3/5 of length when oriented to show broadest area) ( Fig. 5E ), slightly curved anteriorly with rounded apex in lateral view, basally with long brownish-yellow hairs, apically with short hairs ( Fig. 5F ); hypandrium with slightly up-curved lingula ( Fig. 5F ); lateral protuberance of hypandrium about 1.4 × as long as lingula, with widely rounded apex, with a few brownish-black hairs on ventral side; distiphallus apically slightly widened in lateral view ( Fig. 5G ); about apico-ventral 2/3 of distiphallus densely with short spiny hairs; basiphallus with 2 pairs of ventral processes ( Fig. 5 G-a, -b, H); apico-ventral processes wide, with serrated apex in ventral view ( Fig. 5 H-a); baso-ventral processes with irregularly serrat- ed posterior side in lateral view ( Fig. 5 G-b). Female. Similar to male except for the following characteristics. Lengths and ratios: body length 10.8-12.5 mm; wing length 9.1-10.6 mm; head ratio 0.70-0.72; face ratio 0.43-0.46; eye ratio 0.52-0.56; gena-eye ratio 0.06- 0.09; antenna-head ratio 0.47-0.51; postpedicel-pedicel ratio 2.64-3.00; arista-antenna ratio 1.04-1.16; wing ratio 3.31-3.49; wing-thorax ratio 2.03-2.39; vein M ratio 1.89-2.27; vein R 4+5 ratio 3.21-3.76. Head dichoptic with vertex about 0.12 × as wide as head in dorsal view ( Fig. 2I ); frons heavily with yellowish-white to yellow pruinosity except for posterior 1/3 and antero-marginal areas, with black and brownish-yellow hairs. Thorax ( Fig. 2I ): scutal pruinosity partially with slight purplish to bluish tinge (sometimes similar to male). Abdominal tergites: narrow black antero-marginal band on tergite 2 distinctly narrowly connected to black postero-marginal band (these bands sometimes separated) ( Fig. 2F vs. I); black bands on tergites 3 and 4 larger than that of male ( Fig. 2F vs. I); tergite 5 largely black except for brownish yellow antero-lateral and posterior margins; sternite 6 dark brown to pale brown only with black hairs.

Material examined. KOREA: Chungcheongbuk-do: Jecheon-si, Songhak-myeon, Mt. Songhaksan , N37° 12 ʹ 29 ʺ E128°16 ʹ 7 ʺ, 3.IX.2017, S.-S. Euo, C.-O. Kim, J.- H. Choi, 4♂ (2♂ in KNA) ; ditto, 19.V.2017, S.-S. Euo, C.-O. Kim, W.-R. Ha, 1♂ ; Chungcheongnam-do: Geumsan-gun, Nami-myeon, Bohyeonsa Temple , N36°03.494 ʹ E127°27.225 ʹ, 14.V-1.VI.2005, P. Tripotin, 1 $; ditto, 1-8.VI.2005, P. Tripotin, 1 $; ditto, 8-24.VI.2005, P. Tripotin, 1♂ , 3$; Daejeon-si: Dong-gu, Sinha-dong , Mt. Baekgolsan , N36°21 ʹ 48 ʺ E127°30 ʹ 43 ʺ, 22.VII.2016, S.-S. Euo, C.-O. Kim, W.-R. Ha, 9♂ (1♂ in KNA; 1♂ in NIBR) ; Gangwon-do: Hongcheon-gun, Nae-myeon , Gwangwon-ri , Woldoon-gol , N37°50 ʹ 52 ʺ E128°25 ʹ 24 ʺ, 26.VII.2018, S.-S. Euo, C.-O. Kim, J.-H. Choi, 1$; Jeongseon-gun , Nam-myeon , Yupyeong-ri , Mt. Mindungsan , N37°16 ʹ 10 ʺ E128°46 ʹ 49 ʺ, 30.VIII.2000, H.-Y. Han et al., 1♂ ; Pyeongchang-gun, Yongpyeong-my- eon, Nodong-ri, Nodong Valley (900 m), N37°42.08 ʹ E128°28.89 ʹ, 31.V-5.VI.2006, P. Tripotin, 1$; Samcheok-si, Geunsan-dong, Mt. Geunsan , N37°24 ʹ 48 ʺ E129°08 ʹ 29 ʺ, 6.V.2017, S.-S. Euo et al., 1♂ ; ditto, 27. VII.2017, S.-S. Euo et al., 6♂ (1♂ in KNA) ; Wonju-si, Heungeop-myeon, Maeji-ri , Yonsei Univ. Mirae Campus , N37°17 ʹ 10 ʺ E127°54 ʹ 01 ʺ, 5.VII.2004, D.-S. Choi, H.-W. Byun, J.-S. Soh, 1 $; ditto, 1.VI.2012, H.- S. Lee, K.-H. Lee, 1♂ ( NIBR) ; ditto, 20.V.2016, C.-O. Kim, W.-R. Ha, 1♂ ; ditto, 17.V.2017, C.-O. Kim, 2♂ ; ditto, 26.V.2018, S.-S. Euo, C.-O. Kim, J.-H. Choi, 2♂ ; Wonju-si, Panbu-myeon, Seogok-ri , Mt. Baegunsan , N37°14 ʹ 59 ʺ E127°57 ʹ 46 ʺ, 23.VI.2017, C.-O. Kim, J.-H. Choi, 1$; Yeongwol-gun , Yeongwol-eup , Heungwol-ri , Mt. Taehwasan , N37°07 ʹ 03.3 ʺ E128°29 ʹ 07.4 ʺ, 1.VIII. 2018, S.-S. Euo, C.-O. Kim, J.-H. Choi, 1 $; Gyeonggi-do: Gwangju-si, Opo-myeon, Yangbeol-ri , Mt. Baengmasan from Geungnaksa to 448 m peak, 27.V.2001, D.-S. Choi et al., 1♂ ; Gyeongsangnam-do: Hamyang-gun, Hamyang-eup, Jungnim-ri , Mt. Sambongsan , N35°26 ʹ 50 ʺ E127°40 ʹ 10 ʺ, 16.VII.2020, S.-S. Euo, C.-O. Kim, J.-H. Choi, 17♂ ; Hamyang-gun, Hyucheon-myeon, Songjeon-ri , Mt. Jirisan , Munsusa Temple (400 m), N35°24.739 ʹ E127°43.818 ʹ, 6-27.VI.2004, P. Tripotin, 2 $; ditto, 4-19.VI.2005, P. Tripotin, 2$; Hamyang-gun, Macheon-myeon, Samjeong-ri, Mt. Jirisan (700 m), N35°20.930 ʹ E127°38.503 ʹ, 6.V-5.VI.2004, P. Tripotin, 1 $; ditto, 8.V-5.VI.2004, P. Tripotin, 1 $; ditto, 6-27. VI.2004, P. Tripotin, 2$; Ulju-gun, Samnam-myeon, Gacheon-ri , Mt. Yeongchuksan (1,059 m), 29.VI.2003, H.-Y. Han et al., 1$; Incheon-si : Gyeyang-gu , Gyesan-dong , Mt. Gyeyangsan , N37°32 ʹ 24 ʺ E126°41 ʹ 57 ʺ, 15.IX.2016, C.-O. Kim, 6♂ ; Jeju-do: Jeju-si, Aewoleup, Bongseong-ri , Handae Oreum , N33°21 ʹ 23 ʺ E126° 25 ʹ 29 ʺ, 13.VI.2018, H.-Y. Han, K.-E. Ro, S.-S. Euo, 14♂ ; Jeju-si, Bonggae-dong, Min Oreum , N33°26 ʹ 15 ʺ E126°38 ʹ 15 ʺ, 22.VI.2017, H.-Y. Han, K.-E. Ro, S.-S. Euo, 1♂ ; ditto, 12.VI.2018, H.-Y. Han, K.-E. Ro, S.-S. Euo, 3♂ (1♂ in KNA) ; Jeollanam-do: Gwangyang-si, Ongnyong-myeon, from Baegunsa Temple to Mt. Baegunsan , N35°6 ʹ 23 ʺ E127°37 ʹ 17 ʺ, 3.VI.2017, S.-S. Euo, W.-R. Ha, J.-H. Choi, 1$; Gwangyang-si, Ongnyong-myeon, Mt. Baegunsan from Hanjae Hill, N35°6 ʹ 23 ʺ E 127°37 ʹ 17 ʺ, 6.V.2020, S.-S. Euo, C.-O. Kim, J.-H. Choi, 1♂ ; Wando-gun, Wando-eup, from Sosepo Port to Sanghwangbong , N34°20 ʹ 02 ʺ E126°40 ʹ 19 ʺ, 28.V.2017, S.-S. Euo et al., 4♂ .

Distribution. Japan, Korea.

Biology. Sakuratani (1977) recognized the following three prey aphid species in corn fields: Rhopalosiphum maidis ( Fitch, 1856) , Rhopalosiphum padi ( Linnaeus, 1758) , and Sitobion avenae ( Fabricius, 1775) . In Korea, male flies were observed while hovering over the mountain ridge near the top.

Remarks. The examined Korean specimens of E. sasayamana agree well with the holotype in HUS. The male genitalia of this species are very similar to that of E. aino ( Figs. 4E- H vs. 5E- H), despite obvious differences in external characters. Our DNA barcoding analysis (in preparation; not included here) clearly indicated their close relationship (proportional genetic distance = 0.0289 -0.0381). The new Korean name of this species refers to its entirely blackish hind tibia.

Figures

Fig. 2. A-E. Epistrophe griseofasciata (Matsumura, 1918): (A, B) male body, dorsal and lateral view; (C) male head, frontal view; (D, E) female body, dorsal and lateral view. F-J. Epistrophe sasayamana (Matsumura, 1918):(F, H) male body, dorsal and lateral view; (G) male head, frontal view; (I, J) female body, dorsal and lateral view. K-O. Epistrophe shibakawae (Matsumura, 1917): (K, M) male body, dorsal and lateral view;(L) male abdomen, ventral view;(N, O) female body, dorsal and lateral view. Voucher specimen codes:A-C - EpiGri_M6; D, E - EpiGri_F2; F-H - EpiSas_M1; I, J - EpiSas_F1; K, M - EpiShi_M1; L - EpiShi_M4; N, O - EpiShi_F1.

Fig. 5. Male genitalia. A-D. Epistrophe griseofasciata (Matsumura, 1918): (A) caudal view; (B) lateral view; (C) aedeagus, lateral view; (D) basiphallic ventral processes, ventral view. E-H. Epistrophe sasayamana (Matsumura, 1918): (E) caudal view; (F) lateral view; (G) aedeagus, lateral view; (H) basiphallic ventral processes, ventral view. I-L. Epistrophe shibakawae (Matsumura, 1917): (I) caudal view; (J) lateral view;(K) aedeagus, lateral view;(L) basiphallic ventral processes, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.3 mm. Voucher specimen codes:A-D - EpiGri_M8; E-H - EpiSas_M5; I-L - EpiShi_M4.

Fig. 4. Male genitalia. A-D. Epistrophe aeka Kimura, 1989: (A) caudal view; (B) lateral view; (C) aedeagus, lateral view; (D) basiphallic ventral processes, ventral view. E-H. Epistrophe aino (Matsumura, 1917):(E) caudal view; (F) lateral view; (G) aedeagus, lateral view; (H) basiphallic ventral processes, ventral view. I-L. Epistrophe annulitarsis (Stackelberg, 1918):(I) caudal view; (J) lateral view;(K) aedeagus, lateral view; (L) basiphallic ventral processes, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.3 mm. Voucher specimen codes: A-D - EpiAek_F1; E-H - Epi- Ain_M5; I-L - EpiAnn_M3.