Arctosa C.L. Koch, 1847

Paredes-Munguía, Williams, Brescovit, Antonio D. & Teixeira, Renato A., 2024, Revision of Neotropical wolf spider genus Arctosa C. L. Koch, 1847 (Araneae: Lycosidae), with description of seven new species, Zootaxa 5414 (1), pp. 1-83 : 6-7

Arctosa C.L. Koch, 1847

Arctosa C.L. Koch, 1847: 94 . Type-species by subsequent designation ( Simon 1937: 1089), Aranea cinerea Fabricius, 1777 . Bonnet 1955: 640; Dondale & Redner 1990: 278; Tanaka 1991: 290.

Leaena Simon, 1885: 11 . Type-species by original designation, Lycosa personata L. Koch, 1872 . Bonnet 1957: 2385; Roewer 1960: 939. Synonymized with Arctosa by Lugetti & Tongiorgi 1965: 186.

Tricca Simon, 1889: 250 . Type-species by original designation, Tricca japonica Simon, 1889 [= Arctosa ipsa ( Karsch, 1879) ]. Bonnet 1959: 4684; Roewer 1960: 950. Synonymized with Arctosa by Dondale & Redner 1983a: 2.

Arctosella Roewer, 1960: 671 . Type-species by original designation, Aranea perita Latreille, 1799 . Synonymized with Arctosa by Lugetti & Tongiorgi 1965: 175.

Arkalosula Roewer, 1960: 231 . Type-species by original designation, Arctosa sanctaerosae Gertsch & Wallace, 1935 . Roewer 1960: 759. Synonymized with Arctosa by Dondale & Redner 1983a: 2.

Triccosta Roewer, 1960: 298 . Type-species by original designation, Tarentula japonica Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 [= Arctosa ipsa ( Karsch, 1879) ]. Roewer 1960: 866. Synonymized with Tricca Simon, 1889 by Braun 1963: 81.

Leaenella Roewer 1960: 264 . Type-species by original designation, Trochosa intricaria C.L. Koch, 1847 . Roewer 1960: 867. Synonymized with Arctosa by Wunderlich 1984: 23.

Bonacosa Roewer, 1960: 237 . Type-species by original designation, Lycosa meinerti Thorell, 1875 . Roewer 1960: 933. Synonymized with Arctosa by Wunderlich 1984: 23.

Tetrarctosa Roewer, 1960: 296 . Type-species by monotypy, Tarentula brevispina Kulczyński, 1908 . Roewer 1960: 948. Synonymized with Arctosa by Lugetti & Tongiorgi 1965: 194.

Diagnosis. Arctosa species can be recognized by having the posterior arm of the male median apophysis very protruding ( Figs 1c , 16c ), as well as an extremely reduced palea ( Figs 1b , 6a , 16a ). Neotropical species of the genus can be further recognized by the straight embolus, which is twisted on its own axis ( Figs 1b, d ). Females are recognized by the triangular to trapezoidal epigynal plate; and the copulatory openings located at the convergence of the median and transversal septum ( Fig. 2a , Dondale & Redner 1983a; Paik 1994).

Species composition: There are 172 species of Arctosa worldwide, with almost half of them distributed in the Afrotropical region ( World Spider Catalog 2023). After this taxonomic revision, 13 are known from the neotropics: Arctosa ayaymama sp. nov.; A. conflicta sp. nov.; A. denticulata Jiménez & Dondale, 1984 ; A. jibarosa sp. nov.; A. littoralis ( Hentz, 1844) ; A. costenola sp. nov.; A. pacaya sp. nov.; A. sapiranga Silva & Lise, 2009 ; A. serii Roth & Brown, 1976 ; A. tenella comb. nov.; A. tenebrosa comb. nov. ( Keyserling, 1877); A. mineira sp. nov. and A. villa sp. nov.

To facilitate the identification of these species, we propose two groups with shared characteristics that can further simplify their recognition. The “ cinerea group” gathers eight widely distributed species: A. sapiranga , A. ayayamama , A. costenola , A. villa , A. pacaya , A. denticulata , A. serii and A. littoralis . These species are possibly closely related with Arctosa cinerea (type species of the genus) by the following diagnostic characters: males with triangular posterior arm of median apophysis ( Figs 29e , 44a, b ) and acuminated retrolateral arm of median apophysis ( Figs 12a , 24b ), and females with trapezoidal epigynal plate ( Figs 4d , 31b , 47b ). The “ jibarosa group” consists of five species with predominantly Andean distribution: Arctosa jibarosa , A. tenebrosa , A. mineira , A. conflicta and A. tenella . The males of this group have a blunt retrolateral arm of median apophysis ( Figs 7e , 34a ), which is directed ventrally, and a patch of setae on the dorsal tip of the cymbium; females have a quadrangular epigynal plate ( Figs 23b , 42b ) and round spermathecae with thin stalks ( Figs 20b , 37e ).

Distribution. About 40% of the species in each of the Afrotropical and Asian regions. Likewise, almost 20% in Europe. In this taxonomical revision, 13 are considered Neotropical distributed, from Tijuana, in Mexico, to the Parque Nacional El Palmar, Entre Ríos, Argentina ( Figs 62–68 ).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Arctosa spp. Female Arctosa conflicta sp. nov. a, c, e. Habitus with measurement patterns (a, lateral; c, frontal; e, dorsal). b, f. male palpus Arctosa villa sp. nov. (b, ventral; f, retrolateral). d. Male Arctosa tenebrosa comb. nov. Scale bars: a, c, e 2 mm; b, d, f, 0.25 mm. ANT anal tubercle, ALE anterior lateral eye, AME anterior median eye, C conductor, CH prosoma height, CL prosoma length, CW prosoma wide, CYM cymbium, DMA depression of MA, E embolus, LMB longitudinal median band, MA median apophysis, OA ocular area,Pa Posterior arm, Pp palea protuberance, PLE postero lateral eye, PME postero median eye, PSB pale submarginal band, Ra Retrolateral arm, SD seminal duct, SP spinnerets, T tegulum, TA Terminal Apophysis, ST subtegulum.

FIGURE 2. Epigynum. a, c, f. Arctosa villa sp. nov (a, ventral; c, dorsal; f, posterolateral). b. Arctosa ayaymama sp. nov. d. Arctosa villa sp. nov. (anterior). e. Arctosa mineira sp. nov. (posterior). g. Arctosa jibarosa sp. nov. (posterolateral). Scale bars: a–g, 0.25 mm. AT, atrium, BS, base of spermatheca, CO, copulatory opening, FD, fertilization duct, H, hood, HS, head of spermatheca, MS, median septum, SS, stalk of spermatheca, TS, transversal septum, VC, vulval chamber.

FIGURE 4. Arctosa ayaymama sp. nov. Female habitus (MUSM-ENT 500411) a, c, e–f (a, dorsal; c, ventral; e, lateral, f, frontal) Epigynum b, d (b, dorsal; d, ventral) Scale bars: a, c, e, 1 mm, b, d 100 µm, f, 500 µm.

FIGURE 6. Arctosa conflicta sp. nov. Male bulb (ICN-Ar 12814) (a, ventral; b, retrolateral; c, apical. Scale bars: a–c, 200 µm. E embolus, Pa Posterior arm, Pp Palea protuberance, Ra Retrolateral arm, TA terminal apophysis.

FIGURE 7. Arctosa conflicta sp. nov. Male habitus (ICN-Ar 12814) a–c (a, dorsal; b, ventral; c, lateral), pedipalpal bulb d–g (d, ventral; e, prolateral; f, anterior; g, posterior). Scale bars: a–g, 200 µm. DMA depression of MA, E embolus, Pa posterior arm, Pp Palea protuberance, Ra retrolateral arm, SD seminal duct, ST subtegulum, TA terminal apophysis.

FIGURE 12. Arctosa costenola sp. nov. Male pedipalp holotype (ICN-Ar 1378) a–c (a, anterior; b, ventral; c, retrolateral). Scale bars: a–c, 0.25 mm. CMS cymbial macrosetae, DMA depression of median apophysis, E embolus, Pa posterior arm, Pp palea protuberance, Ra retrolateral arm, ST subtegulum, T tegulum, TA terminal apophysis

FIGURE 16. Arctosa costenola sp. nov. Male. Pedipalpal bulb SEM (ICN-Ar 1378) a–c (a, ventral; b, retrolateral details, c, detail of Pa). Scale bars: a, 150 µm, b–c, 50 µm. E embolus, MA median apophysis, Pa posterior arm, Ra retrolateral arm, ST subtegulum, T tegulum, TA Terminal apophysis.

FIGURE 20. Arctosa jibarosa sp. nov. Male habitus (MUSM-ENT 504111) a, d, g–h (a, dorsal; d, ventral; g, lateral; h, frontal). Epigynum (MUSM-ENT 504111) b, e (b, dorsal; e, ventral). Female habitus paratype (MUSM-ENT 505269) c, f, i (c, dorsal; f, ventral; i, lateral). Scale bars: a, d, g, 1 mm, b, e, 0.1 mm, h, 200 µm, c, f, i, 1 mm. SS stalk of spermatheca.

FIGURE 23. Arctosa mineira sp. nov. Female habitus (UFMG 3619) a, c, e (a, dorsal; c, ventral; e, lateral) Epigynum b, d (b, ventral; d, dorsal) f, eggsac. Scale bars: a, c, e 1mm, b, d 0.1 mm, f 1 mm. HS head of spermatheca.

FIGURE 24. Arctosa pacaya sp. nov. Holotype male pedipalp (MUSM-ENT 505356) a–c (a, ventral; b, retrolateral; c, anterior). Scale bars: a–c, 0.25 mm. CMS cymbium macrosetae, Pa posterior arm, Ra retrolateral arm, TA terminal apophysis.

FIGURE 29. Arctosa sapiranga Silva & Lise, 2009. Male. Pedipalp a–c. Pedipalp, holotype, Rio Grande do Sul (MCTP 19999) (a, prolateral; b, ventral; c, retrolateral). d–h. Palpal bulb (MCTP 19997) (d, prolateral; e, ventral; f, retrolateral; g, posterior; h, anterior). i. Chelicerae. Scale bars: a–c, 200 µm; d–h, 100 µm; i, 500 µm. E, embolus, DMA, depression of MA, Pa posterior arm, Ra retrolateral arm, SF striae file, TA terminal apophysis, TF tegular furrow.

FIGURE 31. Arctosa sapiranga Silva & Lise, 2009. Male, habitus (MCTP 19998) a, b, g–h. Holotype, Rio Grande do Sul (a, dorsal; d, ventral; g, lateral; h, frontal). Female, epigynum (MCTP 19999) b, e (b, ventral; e, dorsal), c, f, i. Female paratype (MCTP 19999) (c, dorsal; f, ventral; i, lateral). Scale bars: a, d, g 1 mm; h, 500 µm; b, e, 200 µm; c, f, i, 2 mm.

FIGURE 34. Arctosa tenebrosa (Keyserling, 1877) comb. nov. Male. Pedipalp (ICN-Ar 1378) a–c (a, ventral; b, retrolateral; c, anterior). Scale bars: a–c, 0.25 mm. CMS cymbium macrosetae, Pa posterior arm, Pp palea protuberance, Ra retrolateral arm, T tegulum, TA terminal apophysis.

FIGURE 37. Arctosa tenebrosa (Keyserling, 1877) comb. nov. Male, habitus (ICN-Ar 1378) a, d, g, h (a, dorsal; d, ventral; g, lateral; h, frontal). Female, epyginum b, e (b, ventral; e, dorsal) Female habitus c, f, i (c, dorsal; f, ventral; i, lateral). Scale bars: a, d, g, 1 mm, h, 500 µm, b, e, 0.1 mm, c, f, i 2 mm. SS stalk of spermatheca. (* pointed lateral side of atrium).

FIGURE 42. Arctosa tenella (Keyserling, 1877) comb. nov. Female habitus (ICN-Ar 2577) a, c (a, dorsal; c, lateral). Epigynum, b, d (b, ventral; d, dorsal) Scale bars: a, c, 2 mm, b, d, 0.1 mm. HS head of spermatheca, MS median septum, SS stalk of spermatheca, TS transversal septum, VC vulval chamber.

FIGURE 44. Arctosa villa sp. nov. Male pedipalp (MUSM-ENT 500104) a–c, f (a, ventral; b, retrolateral; c, sub anterior; f, anterior). Male prosoma d–e (d, lateral; e, frontal). Scale bars: a–c, f 0.25 mm, d–e 1 mm. CHI chillum, CND condylum, DMA depression of median apophysis, E embolus, Pa posterior arm, Pp palea protuberance, Ra retrolateral arm, TA terminal apophysis.

FIGURE 47. Arctosa villa sp. nov. Male habitus (MUSM-ENT 500104) a, d, g (a, dorsal, d, ventral; g, lateral). Epigynum (MUSM-ENT 500107) b, e (b, dorsal; e, ventral) Female habitus c, f, h–i (c, dorsal; f, ventral; h, frontal; i, lateral). Scale bars: a, d, g, 1 mm, b, e, 0.2 mm, h, 500 µm, c, f, i, 2 mm.

FIGURE 62. Geographic distribution records of Arctosa ayaymama sp. nov. (blue dot), Arctosa pacaya sp. nov. (red dot), Hogna andina comb. nov. (orange dot).

FIGURE 63. Geographic distribution records of Arctosa conflicta sp. nov. (red triangles)

FIGURE 64. Geographic distribution records of Arctosa costenola sp. nov. (orange dot), Arctosa jibarosa sp. nov. (white dot), Arctosa tenebrosa comb. nov. (yellow diamond), Arctosa villa sp. nov. (blue diamond).

FIGURE 65. Geographic distribution records of Arctosa denticulata (blue asterisc), Arctosa littoralis (yellow square), Arctosa serii (light blue star), Trochosa fusca comb. nov. (green dot).

FIGURE 66. Geographic distribution records of Arctosa mineira sp. nov. (rose dot), Arctosa sapiranga (black dot), Trochosa humicola comb. nov. (cyan diamond).

FIGURE 67. Geographic distribution records of Hogna pugil comb. nov. (red cross) updated records taken from Bertkau (1880), Prolycosides aussereri comb. nov. (wine dot).

FIGURE 68. Geographic distribution records of Arctosa tenella comb. nov. (rose square).