Quamtana, Huber, 2003

Huber, Bernhard A., 2003, Southern African pholcid spiders: revision and cladistic analysis of Quamtana gen. nov. and Spermophora Hentz (Araneae: Pholcidae), with notes on male-female covariation, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (4), pp. 477-527 : 481-514

QUAMTANA GEN. NOV.

Type species. Quamtana merwei sp. nov.

Etymology. The generic name is derived from Quamta, supreme god of the Xhosa people in South Africa, worshipped at stone mounds to which one stone is added by each worshipper. Gender feminine.

Diagnosis. Long-legged, six- or eight-eyed pholcids with globular, oval or elevated and often posteriorly pointed opisthosoma, varying in total size from 1 to 4 mm. Distinguished from other genera by the pair of long modified hairs on the male cheliceral apophyses (e.g. Figs 68 , 137, 166-168; only Q. lotzi with three shorter modified hairs: Fig. 85 ) and from other southern African genera as follows: from Spermophora by the prolateral attachment of the bulb (dorsal in Spermophora ); from Smeringopus , Artema and Crossopriza by the lateral cheliceral apophyses (e.g. Figs 54 , 155 ) and by the absence of an indentation on the carapace; from Leptopholcus and Pholcus by the short opisthosoma (vermiform in Leptopholcus , long cylindrical in Pholcus ).

Description. Total length in males usually ~ 1–4 mm. Carapace oval or round, without median groove or pit; often with dark median band that may or may not include ocular area and clypeus ( Figs 1–30 ). Six or eight eyes; triads in some species on stalks; AME absent or very small, rarely>30 Mm diameter ( Q. lotzi , Q. leptopholcica , Q. filmeri ). Distance PME–ALE small (~20–40% of PME diameter), distance PME– PME very variable (~85–440% of PME diameter). Clypeus unmodified or with median projection at rim. Male chelicerae with lateral apophyses proximally and distinctive pair in varying position distally; distal apophyses usually provided with two long modified hairs each, sometimes accompanied by sclerotized cone (e.g. Figs 68 , 137, 166, 167, 168); chelicerae never with stridulatory ridges. Male palps small to large in relation to overall size (cf. Figs 16, 22 ); coxa unmodified (except Q. lotzi : Fig. 84 ); trochanter with retrolateral and sometimes also ventral apophysis; femur variable in shape, rarely with small modifications at varying position (e.g. Figs 80 , 83 , 118 ); tibia moderately to highly expanded (cf. Figs 63 , 103 ), with two trichobothria; procursus often complex distally, but without hinged process; with capsulate tarsal organ (e.g. Figs 72, 77 ); bulb consisting of globular part (often elongated) connected to cymbium by prominent proximal bulbal sclerite ( Figs 51 , 153 ), usually membranous embolus, and species-specific bulbal apophysis; some species with single bulbal projection ( Q. meyeri , Q. nylsvley , Q. molimo , Q. leleupi ). Legs usually long (leg 1 about 5–10 ¥ body length, shorter in Q. biena , longer in Q. oku and Q. kitahurira ), medium-thin (tibia 1 L/d ~35–68), leg 1 always longest, legs 2 and 4 about same length, leg 3 shortest. Legs without spines, with few vertical hairs, without curved hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 usually at 4–11% (at 2% in Q. kitahurira , at 17% in Q. filmeri ). Prolateral trichobothrium missing on tibiae 1, present in all others. Tarsus 1 usually with>20 pseudosegments, but only ~10–20 distal pseudosegments easily visible in dissecting microscope. Opisthosoma globular, oval, or elevated and pointed posteriorly ( Figs 1–30 ). Male gonopore with four epiandrous spigots in all species examined (e.g. Figs 67, 74 , 128); ALS with several (usually five) spigots in addition to basic set of two (e.g. Figs 71 , 129, 170); other spinnerets typical for family (cf. Huber, 2000).

Sexual dimorphism slight. Female clypeus and chelicerae never modified, triads never on stalks. Epigynum shape usually very simple ( Figs 31–50 ), with distinctive pair of pockets at varying position (e.g. Figs 55 , 176) but otherwise of limited use for species identification; internally with usual pair of pore plates (sometimes divided into several platelets: Figs 92 , 102 , 127 , 147 ) and complex system of sclerites and membranes of unknown function.

Monophyly. In the analyses using differential character weights, the monophyly of Quamtana is supported by one synapomorphy, the pair of long modified hairs imbedded in the male cheliceral apophyses. The monophyly of the ‘core group’ (see below) is more strongly supported by a sclerotized cone accompanying the pair of modified hairs (Figs 167, 173).

Generic relationships. As discussed above, Quamtana appears most closely related to Pholcus and its closest relatives (e.g. Leptopholcus , Micropholcus ), and to Belisana . Other African taxa of similar size and habitus ( Buitinga in Eastern Africa, Paramicromerys on Madagascar, Spermophora and Spermophorides ) appear more distantly related.

Specific relationships. Several synapomorphies support species groups within Quamtana . Most importantly, a core group of species (including the type species Q. merwei ), is characterized by a cone-shaped projection accompanying the two modified hairs on each male cheliceral apophysis. Unfortunately, this character is very difficult to see in light microscopy, and SEM photos could be made of a few species only. Unambiguous representatives of this core group are: Q. merwei , Q. bonamanzi , Q. embuleni . Possibly included are also Q. vidal , Q. hectori , Q. mabusai , Q. nandi , Q. tsui . A second group of species share a median protrusion on the male clypeus: Q. entabeni , Q. mbaba , Q. ciliata , Q. umzinto , Q. lotzi ; these species also have a large protrusion proximo-prolaterally on the procursus, but this is difficult to code unambiguously, and seems to be present in other species also (e.g. Q. leptopholcica ), though to a lesser degree. Some species have but a single projection on the bulb - Q. meyeri , Q. nylsvley , Q. molimo , Q. leleupi - but the homology is unclear as in only one case ( Q. molimo ) is there evidence that this is the functional embolus. Finally, Q. oku and Q. kitahurira share several similarities (palpal tarsal organ on projection, connection between proximal bulbal sclerite and bulbal apophysis) that probably represent synapomorphies. All other species ( Q. lajuma , Q. filmeri , Q. knysna , Q. kabale , Q. biena ) cannot be assigned to any species group, and the relationships among groups remain obscure.

Natural history. No species has ever been studied in any detail, and little can be inferred from notes on the collection labels. Several species have been collected by sieving litter and pit-trapping, others were collected by beating vegetation. Most species seem to live close to the ground, often under leaves, logs, and stones. So far, no cave species is known.

Distribution. Most known species occur in eastern South Africa (see maps, Figs 261-264 , Appendix 5), but the few species from Cameroon, Congo and Uganda ( Fig. 261 ) show that the genus is actually widely distributed in Africa. To a certain degree, the bias in favour of South Africa might result from a bias in collecting effort, but at least for East Africa, there is good evidence of the near-total absence of Quamtana . During a recent revision of East African ‘ Spermophora -like’ pholcids ( Huber, 2003b), I observed large collections containing more than 30 species, but only two representatives of Quamtana from Uganda and not a single representative from the Eastern Arc and Kenya. The same is true for Madagascar ( Huber, 2003a). On the other hand, much more collecting needs to be done in a large area ranging from Mozambique to Nigeria before the distribution of Quamtana can be properly ascertained. In South Africa, its distribution closely follows the area with> 600 mm mean annual precipitation. As with other groups (e.g. scorpions: Newlands, 1978), water is probably the single most important factor affecting distribution.

Composition. The genus includes a total of 25 described species, all of which are treated below. The collections studied contain a few additional new species of Quamtana that are not described for a variety of reasons: they offer no additional insights into the phylogeny, morphology or distribution of the group, are only known from females, or are poorly preserved.

QUAMTANA ENTABENI SP. NOV.

( FIGS 1 , 31 , 51–56 , 66–72 )

Type. Male holotype from Entabeni Forest, Soutpansberg , ~ 20 km N Levubu (22∞59¢S, 30∞17¢E), 1360 m a.s.l., Limpopo, South Africa; December 1–2, 1996 (C. E. Griswold); in CAS .

Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Diagnosis. Relatively large species with triads far apart and vestigial AME; distinguished from close relatives ( Q. mbaba , Q. ciliata ) by the hook-shaped bulbal apophysis ( Figs 51 , 70 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 2.6 (2.9 with clypeus), carapace width 0.9. Leg 1: 25.1 (6.5 + 0.4 + 6.4 + 10.0 + 1.8), tibia 2: 4.3, tibia 3: 2.8, tibia 4: 4.2; tibia 1 L/d: 64. Habitus as in Figure 1 . Carapace ochreyellow, slightly darker medially; sternum whitish. Legs ochre-yellow, patellae and tibia-metatarsus joints darker. Opisthosoma grey with darker spots shining through cuticle. Ocular area slightly elevated, triads on distinct stalks; distance PME–PME 320 Mm; diameter PME 90 Mm; AME reduced to black pigment spots, apparently without lenses. Clypeus with median projection ~80 Mm long. Sternum wider than long (0.65/0.60). Chelicerae as in Figure 54 , with pair of modified hairs ( Fig. 68 ) on apophyses, tips 95 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 51, 52 ; trochanter with retrolateral apophysis, procursus with large protuberance proximally prolaterally ( Fig. 51 ), complex distally ( Figs 53 , 69 ); bulb with distinctive hooked sclerite and membranous embolus ( Figs 51 , 70 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 10%; tarsus 1 with>30 pseudosegments, distally ~20 quite distinct. Gonopore with four epiandrous spigots ( Fig. 67 ); ALS with several piriform gland spigots, PMS with usual pair of spigots ( Fig. 71 ).

Variation. Tibia 1 in 10 other males: 5.5–6.0 (x = 5.75).

Female. In general similar to male but eyes not on stalks ( Fig. 66 ); several females with different pattern on carapace: wide, dark brown band. Tibia 1 in 15 females: 4.3–4.8 (x = 4.54). Epigynum as in Figures 31 , 55 , with pair of pockets 70 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 56 . Palpal tip as in Figure 72 .

Distribution. Known from three localities in Limpopo, South Africa ( Fig. 262 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: LIMPOPO: Soutpansberg , Entabeni Forest : type above, together with 8♂ 5♀ ( CAS) ; same collection data, 6♀ 2 juveniles ( CAS) ; same locality, December 1, 1996 (R. Jocqué), 1♂ ( MRAC 203.580 ) ; Soutpansberg , Lajuma Farm (~23∞02¢S, 29∞26¢E), on litter, January 15, 1999 (S. Ford), 2♂ 1♀ ( NCP 77 /899) ; 30 km SSW Tzaneen (~23∞53¢S, 30∞00¢E), Magoebaskloof Hotel , forest at 1800 m a.s.l., November 22–23, 1996 (C. Griswold), 3♂ 4♀ ( CAS) .

QUAMTANA MBABA SP. NOV.

( FIGS 2 , 32 , 57–62 )

Type. Male holotype from Mhlatuzana River , Jackson’s Fall (29∞48¢S, 30∞45¢E), 500 m a.s.l., dense indigenous forest, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; December 18, 1990 (V. D. & B. Roth); in CAS .

Etymology. Named after Mbaba Mwana Waresa , a goddess of the Zulu people, who gave mankind the gift of beer.

Diagnosis. Relatively large species with triads far apart and small but distinct AME; distinguished from close relatives ( Q. entabeni , Q. ciliata ) by the T-shaped bulbal apophysis ( Fig. 57 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 3.0 (3.3 with clypeus), carapace width 1.1. Leg 1: 27.7 (7.2 + 0.4 + 6.9 + 11.2 + 2.0), tibia 2: 4.3, tibia 3: 2.9, tibia 4: 4.3; tibia 1 L/d: 64. Habitus as in Figure 2 . Entire spider ochregrey, only carapace with faint brown pattern, patellae and tibiae-metatarsus joints brown. Ocular area slightly elevated, triads on distinct stalks; distance PME–PME 360 Mm; diameter PME 100 Mm; diameter AME 25 Mm. Clypeus with sclerotized, hooked median projection. Sternum wider than long (0.75/ 0.65). Chelicerae as in Figure 59 , with pair of modified hairs ( Fig. 60 ) on apophyses, tips 70 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 57, 58 ; trochanter with retrolateral apophysis (distinct in dorsal view), procursus with large protuberance proximally prolaterally ( Fig. 57 ), only distal tip complex; bulb with distinctive T-shaped apophysis and long membranous embolus ( Fig. 57 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 8%; tarsus 1 with>20 pseudosegments, distally ~10 quite distinct.

Female. In general similar to male, but median brown pattern on carapace more distinct and triads not on stalks and closer together. Tibia 1: 5.5. Epigynum as in Figures 32 , 61 , with pair of pockets 55 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 62 .

Distribution. Only known from type locality in Kwa- Zulu-Natal, South Africa ( Fig. 262 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: KWAZULU- NATAL: Mhlatuzana River , Jackson’s Fall: type above, together with 1♀ ( CAS) .

QUAMTANA CILIATA ( LAWRENCE, 1938) COMB. NOV.

( FIGS 3 , 63–65 , 73–78 )

Pholcus ciliatus Lawrence, 1938: 482–483 ; fig. 16a- e.

Type. Male holotype from Nkandhla Forest (28∞43¢S, 31∞08¢E), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; January 1937 (R. F. Lawrence); in NMP (N.M.1410; Type No. A 271), examined .

Diagnosis. Relatively large species with triads far apart and small but distinct AME; distinguished from close relatives ( Q. entabeni , Q. mbaba ) by the flat bulbal apophysis directed prolaterad ( Figs 63 , 75 ), and by the longer procursus ( Fig. 64 ).

Male ( NCA 81/298). Total length 2.8 (3.0 with clypeus), carapace width 1.0. Leg 1: 25.2 (6.4 + 0.5 + 6.3 + 10.3 + 1.7), tibia 2: 3.9, tibia 3: 2.7, tibia 4: 3.7; tibia 1 L/d: 64. Habitus as in Figure 3 . Carapace ochre-yellow, slightly darker medially, sternum and legs ochre yellow, patellae and tibiametatarsus joints light brown, opisthosoma whitish. Ocular area slightly elevated, triads on distinct stalks ( Fig. 73 ); distance PME–PME 310 Mm; diameter PME 70 Mm; diameter AME 25 Mm. Clypeus with median projection. Sternum wider than long (0.70/0.55). Chelicerae as in Q. entabeni (cf. Fig. 54 ), with modified hairs ( Fig. 78 ), tips 100 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 63, 64 ; trochanter with retrolateral apophysis (distinct in dorsal view: Fig. 76 ), procursus with large protuberance proximally prolaterally, only distal tip complex ( Fig. 76 ); bulb with distinctive flattened apophysis and long membranous embolus ( Figs 63 , 75 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 9%; tarsus 1 with>20 pseudosegments, only distally distinct. Gonopore with four epiandrous spigots ( Fig. 74 ). Palpal tarsal organ capsulate ( Fig. 77 ).

Variation. Measurements of type: carapace width 1.0, tibia 1: 6.9. Tibia 1 in five other males: 5.3–6.7 (x = 5.9). In some males median spot on carapace more distinct (as in male shown in Fig. 3 ) and some dark spots on opisthosoma.

Female. In general similar to male, but triads only slightly elevated. Tibia 1: 4.5. Epigynum very simple externally, with pair of pockets 100 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 65 .

Distribution. Known from Nkandhla and Ngome Forests in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa ( Fig. 262 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: KWAZULU- NATAL: Nkandhla Forest : type above; same locality, in dense climbers, April 9, 1979 (P. Reavell), 2♂ ( NCP 81 /298); Ngome Forest Reserve, Ngotshe (27∞48¢S, 31∞26¢E), December 4, 1994 (L. Lotz), 2♂ ( NMSA 7094 ) ; Ngome State Forest (27∞49¢S, 31∞26¢E), open forest, June 1992 (M. v.d. Merwe), 1♀ ( NCP 94 /652); same locality, dense forest, December 1992 (M. v.d. Merwe), 1♂ ( NCP 94 /607); same locality, February 15, 1992 (M. v.d. Merwe), 1♀ ( NCP 94 /334) .

QUAMTANA UMZINTO SP. NOV.

( FIGS 4 , 33 , 79–82 )

Type. Male holotype from Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve , Umzinto (30∞16¢S, 30∞37¢E), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; January 1, 1992 (L. Lotz); in NMSA (5959) .

Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Diagnosis. Distinguished from congeners by the long and slender procursus ( Fig. 80 ), and by the short bulbal apophysis ( Figs 79, 80 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 2.3 (2.5 with clypeus), carapace width 1.0. Leg 1: 5.6 + 0.4 + 5.9 (metatarsus and tarsus missing), tibia 2 missing, tibia 3: 2.3, tibia 4: 3.6; tibia 1 L/d: 60. Habitus as in Figure 4 . Carapace ochre-yellow, with brown V-mark; sternum ochre-yellow. Legs ochre-yellow, patellae and tibia-metatarsus joints brown. Opisthosoma grey with few indistinct spots shining through cuticle. Ocular area slightly elevated, triads on distinct stalks; distance PME–PME 320 Mm; diameter PME 90 Mm; diameter AME 20 Mm. Clypeus with short median projection at rim. Sternum wider than long (0.65/0.55). Chelicerae as in Q. entabeni (cf. Fig. 54 ), distance between tips of modified hairs on apophyses 85 Mm. Palps as in Figures 79, 80 (note artificial position of bulb); trochanter with long retrolateral apophysis, femur with distinct projection retrolaterally ( Fig. 80 ), procursus with sclerotized protuberance proximally prolaterally, complex distal tip; bulb with distinctive apophysis and membranous embolus. Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 10%; tarsus 1 (male from DMSA) with>20 pseudosegments, distally ~15 quite distinct.

Variation. Tibia 1 in two other males: 6.1, 6.3.

Female. In general similar to male, but eyes not on stalks. Tibia 1 in 2 females: 4.8, 4.9. Epigynum as in Figures 33 , 81 , with pair of pockets 60 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 82 .

Distribution. Known only from Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa ( Fig. 262 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: KWAZULU- NATAL: Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve, Umzinto:

type above, together with 1♀ ( NMSA) ; same locality, September 25, 1995 (L. Lotz), 1♂ 1♀ ( NMSA 8018 ) ; same locality, January 1, 1992 (L. Lotz), 1♀ ( NMSA 5942 ) ; Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve , Mthakati Valley (30∞17¢S, 30∞35¢E), December 10, 2000 (G.B.P. Davies), 1♂ ( DMSA ARA 700 ) .

QUAMTANA LOTZI SP. NOV.

( FIGS 5 , 83–85 )

Type. Male holotype from Koppiesdam Nature Reserve , Koppies (27∞13¢S, 27∞42¢E), 1400 m a.s.l., Free State, South Africa; September 28, 1993 (L. Lotz); in NMSA (6608) .

Etymology. Named after the collector, Leon Lotz from the National Museum in Bloemfontein.

Diagnosis. Distinguished from congeners by the shapes of bulb and procursus (bulbal apophysis, distal sclerites of procursus, Figs 83, 84 ), by the long male palpal patella ( Fig. 83 ), and by the cheliceral apophyses with three modified hairs each ( Fig. 85 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.8 (1.85 with clypeus), carapace width 0.75. Leg 1: 14.4 (3.7 + 0.3 + 4.0 + 5.3 + 1.1), tibia 2: 2.2, tibia 3: 1.3, tibia 4: 2.1; tibia 1 L/ d: 60. Habitus as in Figure 5 . Carapace ochre-yellow, light brown medially (including ocular area and clypeus); sternum whitish. Legs ochre-yellow, slightly darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally). Opisthosoma grey with many blackish spots except ventrally. Ocular area slightly elevated; distance PME–PME 100 Mm; diameter PME 80 Mm; diameter AME 45 Mm. Clypeus with long median projection provided with six small sclerotized cones distally. Sternum wider than long (0.55/0.50). Chelicerae as in Figure 85 . Palps as in Figures 83, 84 ; coxa with retrolateral apophysis; trochanter with retrolateral apophysis (distinct in dorsal view), femur with small ventral projection, patella very long, procursus distally complex, with long spine originating prolaterally and winding around procursus ventrally; bulb with hooked sclerite, transparent projection and long membranous embolus ( Fig. 83 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 8.5%; tarsus 1 with>10 pseudosegments, fairly distinct distally.

Female. Unknown.

Distribution. Known from type locality only ( Fig. 262 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: FREE STATE: Koppies, Koppiesdam Nature Reserve : type above .

QUAMTANA MEYERI SP. NOV.

( FIGS 6 , 34 , 86–92 )

Type. Male holotype from Giant’s Castle (29∞20¢S,

29∞28¢E), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; February 3, 1982 (M. Meyer); in NCP (82/739) .

Etymology. Named after the collector M. Meyer.

Diagnosis. Small species with slightly pointed opisthosoma and small but distinct AME; distinguished from similar congeners by the long and slen- der procursus ( Fig. 87 ; similar to Q. umzinto ), by the single long projection on the bulb ( Fig. 86 ), and by the widely spread male cheliceral apophyses ( Figs 88, 89 ; identical to Q. nylsvley ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.65 (1.8 with clypeus), carapace width 0.65. Leg 1: 11.7 (3.1 + 0.3 + 3.3 + 4.0 + 1.0), tibia 2: 1.8, tibia 3: 1.2, tibia 4: 1.9; tibia 1 L/ d: 52. Habitus as in Figure 6 . Carapace ochre-yellow, with brown band medially including ocular area and clypeus; sternum pale ochre-yellow centrally, margins brown. Legs ochre-yellow. Opisthosoma ochre-grey with dark spots shining through cuticle; genital area with large, brown trapezoidal mark. Ocular area slightly elevated; distance PME–PME 115 Mm; diameter PME 80 Mm; diameter AME 30 Mm. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.5/0.45). Chelicerae as in Figures 88, 89 , distance between tips of modified hairs ( Fig. 90 ) on apophyses 285 Mm. Palps as in Figures 86, 87 ; trochanter with retrolateral apophysis distinct in dorsal view, procursus very long but simple, only distally complex; bulb slightly pointed distally, with long sclerotized projection (containing sperm duct?) and small hump at its basis ( Fig. 86 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 10%; tarsus 1 with ~15 pseudosegments quite distinct distally.

Variation. Tibia 1 in other male: 3.2. Note that the bulbs in Figure 6 are artificially rotated out of their usual position, while Figures 86 and 87 show the usual position.

Female. In general similar to male; sternum with narrow dark margin. Tibia 1: 2.35. Epigynum as in Figures 34 , 91 , with pair of pockets 280 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 92 .

Distribution. Known from type locality only ( Fig. 262 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: KWAZULU- NATAL: Giant’s Castle : type above, together with 1♂ 1♀ ( NCP 82 /739) .

QUAMTANA NYLSVLEY SP. NOV.

( FIGS 7 , 35 , 93–96 )

Type. Male holotype from Nylsvley Nature Reserve (24∞39¢S, 28∞42¢E), pittrap, Limpopo, South Africa; October 26, 1975 (G. Ferriera); in NCP (2000/324) .

Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Diagnosis. Small species with rounded opisthosoma and small but distinct AME; distinguished from similar congeners by the widely spread male cheliceral apophyses (identical in shape to Q. meyeri ; cf. Figs 88, 89 ), and by the shape of the single projection on the bulb ( Fig. 93 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.3 (1.4 with clypeus), carapace width 0.55. Leg 1 missing, tibia 2: 1.1, tibia 3: 0.7, tibia 4 missing. Habitus as in Figure 7 . Carapace ochre-yellow, slightly darker medially; chelicerae shining dark through clypeus; sternum ochre to light brown, with light triangle behind labium. Legs ochreyellow. Opisthosoma grey with dark spots shining through cuticle except ventrally. Ocular area barely elevated; distance PME–PME 105 Mm; diameter PME 60 Mm; diameter AME 20 Mm. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.4/0.35). Chelicerae as in Q. meyeri (cf. Figs 88, 89 ), distance between tips of modified hairs on apophyses 340 Mm. Palps as in Figures 93, 94 ; trochanter with retrolateral apophysis distinct in dorsal view, procursus with large distal structure that appears hinged and prolateral spine (hidden by bulb in Fig. 93 ); bulb with only one, sclerotized and apparently hinged projection provided with sclerotized teeth distally ( Fig. 93 ).

Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in two females: 1.75, 1.9. Epigynum as in Figures 35 , 95 , with pair of pockets 280 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 96 .

Distribution. Known from type locality only ( Fig. 262 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: LIMPOPO: Nylsvley Nature Reserve : type above, together with 4♀ and 4 juveniles ( NCP 2000 /324) .

QUAMTANA MOLIMO SP. NOV.

( FIGS 8 , 36 , 97–102 , 128–133)

Type. Male holotype from Molimo Nhtuse (~29∞20¢S, 27∞40¢E), Lesotho; in herbs and grass, April 16, 1974 (A. Russell-Smith); in ZFMK.

Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Diagnosis. Small species with rounded opisthosoma and small but distinct AME; distinguished from similar congeners by the long and widely spread male cheliceral apophyses ( Figs 99, 100 ), and by the shapes of procursus and of bulb (distinctive bulbal apophysis; Figs 97, 98 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.65 (1.75 with clypeus), carapace width 0.67. Leg 1: 8.75 (2.3 + 0.3 + 2.4 + 2.9 + 0.85), tibia 2: 1.35, tibia 3: 0.95, tibia 4: 1.5; tibia 1 L/d: 60. Habitus as in Figure 8 . Carapace ochre-yellow with brown median band; ocular area and clypeus only slightly darkened; sternum light brown with ochre-yellow spots at bases of leg coxae and medially. Legs ochre-yellow. Opisthosoma grey with dark spots shining through cuticle except ventrally. Ocular area barely elevated; distance PME–PME 140 Mm; diameter PME 70 Mm; diameter AME 30 Mm. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.5/0.47). Chelicerae as in Figures 99, 100 , each long apophyses with pair of modified hairs on tip (Fig. 133), lateral apophyses transparent and small, barely visible. Palps as in Figures 97, 98 ; trochanter with retrolateral apophysis distinct in dorsal view, procursus complex distally, with strong prolateral spine; bulb with prominent sclerotized projection that seems to carry opening of sperm duct ( Figs 97 , 131) and small transparent structure at its basis. Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 9%; tarsus 1 with ~15 pseudosegments quite distinct. Gonopore with four long epiandrous spigots (Fig. 128). ALS with several piriform gland spigots, PMS with usual pair of two spigots (Fig. 129). Palpal tarsal organ capsulate (Fig. 130).

Variation. Tibia 1 in two other males: 2.4, 2.5.

Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in three females: 1.8, 2.0, 2.1. Epigynum as in Figures 36 , 101 , apparently without pockets. Dorsal view as in Figure 102 .

Distribution. Known from type locality only ( Fig. 262 ).

Material examined. LESOTHO: MOLIMO NHTUSE : type above, together with 3♂ 3♀ ( ZFMK) .

QUAMTANA LELEUPI SP. NOV.

( FIGS 10 , 103–106 )

Type. Male holotype from near Port Shepstone (~30∞45¢S, 30∞15¢E), ‘dans humus’, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; December 1961 (N. Leleup); in MRAC (132.664) .

Etymology. Named after the collector N. Leleup.

Diagnosis. Small species with slightly pointed opisthosoma and small but distinct AME; distinguished from known congeners by the large male palpal femur ( Fig. 103 ), the shape of the procursus ( Fig. 104 ) and by the single, simple projection on the bulb ( Fig. 103 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.6 (1.8 with clypeus), carapace width 0.60. Leg 1: 11.9 (3.1 + 0.3 + 3.2 + 4.4 + 0.9), tibia 2: 1.7, tibia 3: 1.2, tibia 4: 1.9; tibia 1 L/d: 60. Habitus as in Figure 10 . Carapace pale ochre, with brown median mark including clypeus; sternum pale ochre with dark margins. Legs pale ochre with darker patellae and tibia-metatarsus joints. Opisthosoma grey with very faint darker spots, genital area light brown. Ocular area slightly elevated; distance PME–PME 180 Mm; diameter PME 60 Mm; diameter AME 25 Mm. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.5/0.45). Chelicerae as in Figure 105 , distance between tips of modified hairs ( Fig. 106 ) on apophyses 115 Mm. Palps as in Figures 103, 104 ; trochanter with retrolateral apophysis and small ventral projection; femur very large, with retrolateral ridge proximally; procursus simple, only distally more complex ( Fig. 104 ); bulb with only one, barely sclerotized projection (containing sperm duct?) and small knob at its base ( Fig. 103 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 9%; tarsus 1 with>10 pseudosegments, distally ~7 fairly distinct.

Female. Unknown.

Distribution. Known from type locality only ( Fig. 262 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: KWAZULU- NATAL: near Port Shepstone : type above .

QUAMTANA LEPTOPHOLCICA ( STRAND, 1909) COMB. NOV.

( FIGS 13 , 37 , 107–112 )

Pholcus (?) leptopholcicus Strand, 1909: 557–558.

Types. Two females from ‘ Millers Point , Simonstown’ and ‘ Simonstown , Weg nach Millers Point’ (~34∞15¢S, 18∞30¢E), Western Cape, South Africa; July 23, 1903 ( German South Pole expedition 1901–03); not examined (see Note below) .

Note. The types were probably deposited in Stuttgart and destroyed in World War II. Strand’s original description is long but offers few distinctive characters. Therefore, while the assignment of the new specimens to this species is not unambiguous, it is supported by the following evidence: the original description of size, leg length, ocular area, opisthosoma shape, and coloration fits the present material, the black narrowing stripe running down from the AME is almost unique to the present species among the genus, and the localities are all on Cape Peninsula. However, taking into account the degree of incompleteness of collections from the Peninsula, I consider it premature to designate a neotype at this point.

Diagnosis. Small species with slightly elevated and pointed opisthosoma and distinct AME; distinguished from congeners by the long ventral trochanter apophysis on the male palp ( Fig. 107 ), by the shapes of procursus and bulb (distal elements on procursus, curved bulbal apophysis; Figs 107, 108 ), and by the pockets on the epigynum in advanced position (not at rim; Fig. 111 ).

Male (MRAC 177.011). Total length 1.4 (1.5 with clypeus), carapace width 0.65. Leg 1: 11.45 (3.2 + 0.25 + 3.2 + 4.0 + 0.8), tibia 2 missing, tibia 3: 1.0, tibia 4 missing; tibia 1 L/d: 55. Habitus as in Figure 13 . Carapace pale ochre with brown band medially including ocular area and clypeus, with black narrowing line running down from between AME; sternum ochre-yellow laterally, whitish medially; legs pale ochre with light brown rings on femora and tibiae (subdistally); opisthosoma grey with dark spots except ventrally, genital area light brown. Ocular area barely elevated; distance PME–PME 105 Mm; diameter PME 70 Mm; diameter AME 35 Mm. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.45/0.4). Chelicerae as in Figure 109 , with pair of modified hairs ( Fig. 110 ), tips 35 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 107, 108 ; trochanter with long ventral and shorter retrolateral apophyses, procursus relatively simple, with distinct protuberance proximally prolaterally; bulb with distinctive curved apophysis, membranous embolus, and further membranous structure ( Figs 107, 108 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 6%; tarsus 1 with ~10 pseudosegments, very indistinct.

Variation. Tibia 1 in two other males: 3.1, 3.4.

Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in six females: 2.15–2.5 (x = 2.37). Epigynum as in Figures 37 , 111 , with pair of pockets centrally on frontal plate, 25 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 112 .

Distribution. Known from Cape Peninsula only ( Fig. 262 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: WESTERN CAPE: Table Mountain , top (~34∞00¢S, 18∞35¢E), 1050 m a.s.l., January 21, 1989 (R. Jocqué), 1♂ 5♀ ( MRAC 169.715 ) ; Table Mountain, base near Kirstenbosch (34∞00¢S, 18∞35¢E), litter, January 23, 1989 (R. Jocqué), 1♀ ( MRAC 169.737 ) ; Cape Peninsula, Constantia, Vlakkenberg (34∞02¢S, 18∞23¢E), fynbos near summit, November 8–23, 1992 (B. Heydenrych), 1♂ ( MRAC 177.011 ) ; same collection data but October 19-November 8, 1992, 1♂ ( MRAC 177.007 ) .

QUAMTANA LAJUMA SP. NOV.

( FIGS 12 , 113–116 )

Type. Male holotype from Soutpansberg , Lajuma Farm (~23∞02¢S, 29∞26¢E), Limpopo, South Africa; August 8, 1997 (R. Jocqué); in MRAC (206.530) .

Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Diagnosis. Medium size species with globular opisthosoma, without AME; distinguished from similar congeners by the shape of procursus and bulbal apophysis ( Figs 113, 114 ), and by the pair of frontal projections on the male chelicerae (arrow in Fig. 115 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 2.05 (2.25 with clypeus), carapace width 0.85. Leg 1: 7.3 + 0.4 + 7.2, metatarsus and tarsus missing, tibia 2: 4.1, tibia 3: 2.5, tibia 4 missing. Habitus as in Figure 12 . Carapace pale ochre-yellow with brown median mark, clypeus with pair of dark marks under triads; sternum whitish. Legs ochre-yellow. Opisthosoma grey with many dark spots barely visible through cuticle, ventrally without spots. Ocular area slightly elevated; distance PME–PME 105 Mm; diameter PME 100 Mm; no trace of AME. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.65/0.55). Chelicerae as in Figure 115 , with unsclerotized short projections between frontal and lateral apophyses; distance between tips of modified hairs ( Fig. 116 ) on frontal apophyses 115 Mm. Palps as in Figures 113, 114 ; trochanter with small but distinct retrolateral and ventral apophyses; procursus simple, only distally more complex ( Fig. 113 ), with prolateral flat sclerite that appears hinged; bulb with hooked apophysis and membranous embolus arising from same, poorly sclerotized base ( Figs 113, 114 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 4%; tarsus 2 with>10 pseudosegments quite distinct distally.

Distribution. Known from type locality only ( Fig. 264 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: LIMPOPO: Soutpansberg : type above .

QUAMTANA VIDAL SP. NOV.

( FIGS 11 , 117–121 , 134–135)

‘ Spermophora ’ sp. 5: Huber, 2003a,b

Type. Male holotype from Cape Vidal (28∞08¢S, 32∞33¢E), coastal Casuarina forest, on underside of leaves, 10 m a.s.l., KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; April 2–3, 2001 (B. A. Huber); in NCP .

Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Diagnosis. Small six-eyed species with slightly elevated and pointed opisthosoma; distinguished from similar species by the shapes of procursus and bulbal apophyses ( Figs 117, 118 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.15 (1.30 with clypeus), carapace width 0.50. Leg 1: 7.7 (2.0 + 0.2 + 2.1 + 2.6 + 0.8), tibia 2: 1.1, tibia 3: 0.6, tibia 4: 1.1; tibia 1 L/d: 42. Habitus as in Figure 11 . Carapace pale ochre-yellow with brown mark, ocular area and clypeus dark brown; sternum whitish. Legs pale ochre-yellow, patellae and tibia-metatarsus joints darker. Opisthosoma ochre-grey with pair of spots dorsally. Ocular area barely elevated; distance PME– PME 100 Mm; diameter PME 80 Mm; no trace of AME. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.40/0.35). Chelicerae as in Figure 119 , with pair of modified hairs on apophyses, tips 17 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 117, 118 ; trochanter with retrolateral apophysis, femur with small retrolateral apophysis, procursus mostly simple but with complex tip; bulb with distinctive set of membranous and sclerotized structures ( Fig. 117 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 5%; tarsus 1 with>10 pseudosegments, only distally fairly distinct. Palpal tarsal organ capsulate (Fig. 134). Gonopore with four epiandrous spigots (Fig. 135).

Variation. Tibia 1 in six other males: 2.05–2.35 (x = 2.12). The male from Keimond has longer legs (tibia 1: 2.70) but has identical genitalia and chelicerae.

Female. In general similar to male, but dark pattern on carapace more reduced, with fairly distinct light brown rings subdistally on femora and tibiae. Tibia 1 in 10 females: 1.50–1.70 (x = 1.63). Epigynum as in Figure 120 , with pair of pockets 12 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 121 .

Distribution. Known from three localities in Kwa- Zulu-Natal and Eastern Cape, South Africa ( Fig. 264 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: KWAZULU- NATAL: Cape Vidal : type above, together with 4♂ 10♀ ( NCP), and 3♂ 3♀ ( ZFMK); Durban, Botanical

Garden (~30∞00¢S, 30∞50¢E), April 4, 2001 (B. A. Huber), 1♂ ( ZFMK). EASTERN CAPE: Keimond (~32∞41¢S, 28∞23¢E), “sweepnet-herbs”, December 3, 1977 (A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman), 1♂ 1 juvenile ( NCP 177 /1239) .

QUAMTANA HECTORI SP. NOV.

( FIGS 9 , 38 , 122–127 , 136, 137)

Type. Male holotype from 15 km NW Klaserie, Guernsy Farm (~24∞30¢S, 30∞55¢E), Limpopo, South Africa; woodland, malaise, December 19–31, 1985 (S. & J. Peck); in AMNH .

Etymology. Commemorates Hector Pietersen and the other children shot in Soweto, June 16, 1976 by police.

Diagnosis. Small six-eyed species with globular opisthosoma; distinguished from similar species by the shapes of procursus and bulbal apophyses ( Figs 122, 123 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.3 (1.4 with clypeus), carapace width 0.6. Leg 1: 12.2 (3.4 + 0.3 + 3.4 + 4.1 + 1.0), tibia 2: 2.0, tibia 3: 1.1, tibia 4: 1.9; tibia 1 L/d: 55. Habitus as in Figure 9 . Carapace ochre-yellow with brown mark excluding ocular area, clypeus also brown; sternum pale ochre-yellow. Legs ochre-yellow, opisthosoma grey. Ocular area barely elevated; distance PME–PME 60 Mm; diameter PME 70 Mm; no trace of AME. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.45/0.35). Chelicerae as in Figures 124, 125 , with pair of modified hairs on apophyses (Fig. 137), tips 215 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 122, 123 ; trochanter with short but distinct retrolateral apophysis, procursus simple with more complex tip, prolateral projection subdistally; bulb with distinctive apophysis on membranous basis ( Fig. 122 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 4%; tarsus 1 with ~8 pseudosegments fairly distinct distally, proximally pseudosegmentation not visible. Gonopore with four epiandrous spigots (Fig. 136).

Variation. Tibia 1 in five other males: 3.3–4.3. Some males with indistinct rings on legs (see females). In the males from Witpoortjie Falls the procursus is minimally shorter and wider; these specimens are assigned tentatively to the present species.

Female. In general similar to male, but dark rings on legs quite distinct: subdistally on femora and proximally and subdistally on tibiae. Tibia 1 in five females: 2.2–2.9. Epigynum as in Figures 38 , 126 , with pair of pockets 170 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 127 .

Distribution. Known from several localities in northeastern South Africa ( Fig. 264 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: LIMPOPO: 15 km NW Klaserie : type above, together with 2♂ ( AMNH) ; Makalali 24∞09¢S, 30∞42¢E, February – December 1999 (C. Whitmore), 1♂ 2♀ ( DMSA ARA 479 ) . GAUTENG: Magaliesburg: Kroondal (~25∞50¢S, 27∞20¢E), December 1, 1990 (V. D. & B. Roth), 2♂ 3♀ ( CAS) ; Witpoortjie Falls, Roodepoort distr. (~26∞00¢S, 27∞50¢E), under stones, January 29, 1977 (A. LeRoy), 2♂ 2♀, assigned tentatively ( NCP 177 /862). NORTH- WEST PROVINCE: Rustenburgkloof (~25∞35¢S, 27∞10¢E), December 11, 1979 (A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, M. Stiller), sweep net, beating, 2♂ 2♀ ( NCP 94 /361) .

QUAMTANA MABUSAI SP. NOV.

( FIGS 14 , 39 , 138–142 , 166)

Type. Male holotype from 11 km SE Pilgrim’s Rest (~24∞55¢S, 30∞40¢E), Mpumalanga, South Africa; 1400 m a.s.l., relict native forest, December 11–31, 1985 (S. & J. Peck); in AMNH .

Etymology. Named after Nukain Mabusa, South African ‘outsider artist’ (died 1981) known for his strong yet sophisticated sense of colour and pattern and his ingenious use of available materials.

Diagnosis. Small eight-eyed species with elevated and pointed opisthosoma; distinguished from similar con-

Figures 128–137. Quamtana molimo (128–133), Q. vidal (134, 135) and Q. hectori (136, 137) spp. nov. 128, 135, 136, Male gonopores with epiandrous spigots. 129, Male ALS and PMS. 130, 134, Male palpal tarsal organs. 131, Genital bulb with bulbal apophysis (ba). Arrowed: putative opening of sperm duct and proximal transparent projection. 132, Male AME and lateral triad, frontal view. 133, 137, Modified hairs on male cheliceral apophyses.

geners by the shapes of procursus and bulbal apophyses ( Figs 138, 139 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.6 (1.7 with clypeus), carapace width 0.7. Leg 1: 16.45 (4.4 + 0.35 + 4.4 + 6.2 + 1.1), tibia 2: 2.4, tibia 3: 1.4, tibia 4: 2.4; tibia 1 L/ d: 62. Habitus as in Figure 14 . Carapace ochre-yellow with wide brown median band including ocular area and clypeus; sternum pale ochre with brown margins. Legs ochre-yellow with light brown patellae. Opisthosoma grey with slightly darker spots shining through cuticle. Ocular area slightly elevated and triads on short stalks; distance PME–PME 160 Mm; diameter PME 70 Mm; diameter AME 15 Mm. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.50/0.45). Chelicerae as in Figure 140 , with pair of modified hairs on apophyses (Fig. 166), tips 70 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 138, 139 ; trochanter with wide retrolateral apophysis, procursus with distinctive blade-like sclerite distally ( Fig. 139 ); bulb with distinctive Y-shaped apophysis and short membranous embolus ( Fig. 138 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 7%; few pseudosegments barely visible on tarsi 1.

Variation. Tibia 1 in four other males: 3.5–4.3. Pattern on sternum variable (see female below).

Female. In general similar to male, but triads not on stalks. Tibia 1 in 6 females: 1.7–2.9 (x = 2.46). Light median area on sternum ranging from narrow stripe to occupying most of the sternum. Epigynum as in Figures 39 , 141 , with pair of pockets 50 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 142 .

Distribution. Known from several localities in northeastern South Africa and Swaziland ( Fig. 263 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: MPUMA- LANGA: 11 km SE Pilgrim’s Rest : type above, together with 1♂ 1♀ ( AMNH) ; same collection data, 1♂ 3♀ (2 vials, AMNH) ; same collection data but forest edge, 1♂ 5♀ ( AMNH) ; Ceylon Forest W of Sabie 25∞05¢S, 30∞42¢E, 1100 m a.s.l., indigenous forest, sifting leaf litter, December 4, 1996 (C. E. Griswold), 2♂ 2♀ 1 juvenile ( CAS) ; 14 km E Nelspruit (~25∞25¢S, 31∞00¢E), Pama Motel ‘ Boommonster’ , February 26, 1976 (E. Ueckermann), 1♂ ( NCP 76 /9994) . LIMPOPO: 21 km W Trichardsdal (~24∞10¢S, 30∞10¢E), 940 m a.s.l., riverine forest, December 20– 30, 1985 (S. & J. Peck), 1♂ ( AMNH) ; 15 km NW Klaserie, Guernsy Farm (~24∞30¢S, 30∞55¢E), December 18–31, 1985 (S. & J. Peck), woodland, 1♂ ( AMNH) . SWAZILAND: Piggs Peak area (~26∞00¢S, 31∞00¢E), forest near Transvaal , October 1961 (N. Leleup), 1♂ ( MRAC 132.663 ) .

QUAMTANA NANDI SP. NOV.

( FIGS 15 , 40 , 143–147 )

Type. Male holotype from Botanical Garden , Durban (~30∞00¢S, 30∞50¢E), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; on underside of leaves, April 4, 2001 (B. A. Huber); in NCP .

Etymology. Named after Nandi, Queen of Zululand (1778–1826). To this day, the Zulu people use her name to refer to a woman of high esteem.

Diagnosis. Small eight-eyed species with elevated and pointed opisthosoma; distinguished from similar congeners by the shapes of procursus and bulbal apophyses ( Figs 143, 144 ), from most congeners also by the very close male cheliceral apophyses ( Fig. 145 ; identical to Q. tsui ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.35 (1.40 with clypeus), carapace width 0.45. Leg 1: 12.1 (3.2 + 0.2 + 3.1 + 4.6 + 1.0), tibia 2: 1.6, tibia 3: 0.9, tibia 4: 1.7; tibia 1 L/ d: 70. Habitus as in Figure 15 . Carapace ochre-yellow with wide brown median band including ocular area and clypeus; sternum whitish. Legs ochre-yellow, patellae and tibia-metatarsus joints brown. Opisthosoma ochre-grey with slightly darker spots shining through cuticle. Ocular area slightly elevated and triads on short stalks; distance PME–PME 115 Mm; diameter PME 70 Mm; diameter AME 20 Mm. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.40/0.35). Chelicerae as in Figure 145 , with pair of modified hairs on apophyses, tips 9 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 143, 144 ; trochanter with retrolateral apophysis distinct in dorsal view, procursus with distinctive pointed sclerite distally ( Fig. 144 ; arising on prolateral side); bulb with short membranous projection (embolus?) and distinctive apophysis provided with cuticular teeth ( Fig. 143 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 6%; tarsus 1 with ~10 pseudosegments quite distinct distally.

Variation. Tibia 1 in other male: 3.0.

Female. In general similar to male, but triads not on stalks. Tibia 1 in two females: 2.5, 2.55. Epigynum as in Figures 40 , 146 , with pair of pockets 9 Mm apart.

Dorsal view as in Figure 147 . Both females were carrying egg sacs containing nine eggs each.

Distribution. Known from type locality only ( Fig. 263 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: KWAZULU- NATAL: Durban : type above, together with 1♂ 2♀ ( NCP) .

QUAMTANA TSUI SP. NOV.

( FIGS 16 , 148–152 )

Type. Male holotype from Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve (30∞16¢S, 30∞37¢E), Umzinto, KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa; September 25, 1995 (L. Lotz); in NMSA (8008; together with penultimate male of other species).

Etymology. Named after Tsui, Khoikhoi god of rain, thunder and sorcerers.

Diagnosis. Small six-eyed species with triads far apart and pointed opisthosoma; distinguished from similar congeners by the shapes of procursus and bulbal apophyses ( Figs 148, 149 ), from most congeners also by the very close male cheliceral apophyses (identical to Q. nandi ; cf. Fig. 145 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.65 (1.75 with clypeus), carapace width 0.65. Leg 1: 16.5 (4.1 + 0.3 + 4.1 + 6.8 + 1.2), tibia 2: 2.35, tibia 3: 1.4, tibia 4: 2.4; tibia 1 L/d: 66. Habitus as in Figure 16 . Prosoma and legs very pale ochre, opisthosoma whitish. Ocular area not elevated; distance PME–PME 240 Mm; diameter PME 55 Mm; no trace of AME. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.50/0.40). Chelicerae as in Q. nandi (cf. Fig. 145 ), with pair of modified hairs on apophyses ( Fig. 150 ), tips 10 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 148, 149 ; trochanter with large ventral and smaller retrolateral projection, procursus simple, with distinctive black ventral spine ( Fig. 148 ); bulb with short membranous embolus, triangular apophysis, and pointed membranous projection ( Fig. 148 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 11%; tarsus 1 with ~10 pseudosegments very indistinct.

Variation. Tibia 1 in other male: 4.15. Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in two females: 4.0 (both). Epigynum as in Figure 151 , with pair of pockets 12 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 152 .

Distribution. Known from two localities in southeastern South Africa ( Fig. 263 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: KWAZULU- NATAL: Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve : type above; same locality, January 14, 1992 (L. Lotz), 2♀ ( NMSA 5915 ) ; same locality at 30∞16¢S, 30∞35¢E, April 28, 2001 (T. E. Crouch), 1♂ ( DMSA ARA 717 ) . EASTERN CAPE: Dwesa Forest (32∞15¢S, 28∞49¢E), sifted litter, dense forest, December 11, 1979 (collector not given), 1♂ ( TMP, TM 15614 ) .

QUAMTANA MERWEI SP. NOV.

( FIGS 17 , 41 , 153–158 , 167–172)

Type. Male holotype from Ngome State Forest (27∞49¢S, 31∞26¢E), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; ‘pittrap, plantation 2 (pine)’, October 1992 (M. v.d. Merwe); in NCP (94/647) .

Etymology. Named after the collector Marius van der Merwe.

Diagnosis. Small eight-eyed species with high opisthosoma; distinguished from similar congeners by the shapes of procursus and bulbal apophyses ( Figs 153, 154 ); from the very similar Q. bonamanzi by the inflated median part of the procursus ( Fig. 154 ), the wider distance between the male cheliceral apophyses ( Fig. 155 ), and the larger size (no overlap in tibia 1 length in specimens seen).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.33 (1.46 with clypeus), carapace width 0.65. Leg 1: 10.25 (2.7 + 0.25 + 2.7 + 3.7 + 0.9), tibia 2: 1.75, tibia 3: 1.1, tibia 4: 1.7; tibia 1 L/d: 51. Habitus as in Figure 17 . Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow, opisthosoma grey with large spots shining through cuticle. Ocular area slightly elevated; distance PME–PME 105 Mm; diameter PME 70 Mm; diameter AME 20 Mm. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.45/0.40). Chelicerae as in Figure 155 , with pair of modified hairs on apophyses (Figs 167, 168), tips 185 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 153, 154 ; trochanter with small but distinct retrolateral apophysis and ventral knob, procursus complex distally (Fig. 171), entire distal part appears hinged; bulb with long membranous embolus and apophysis with distal hook ( Figs 153 , 169). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 6%; tarsus 1 with ~10 pseudosegments fairly distinct. Gonopore with four epiandrous spigots (Fig. 172). ALS with several piriform gland spigots, PMS with usual pair of two spigots (Fig. 170).

Variation. Tibia 1 in 6 other males: 2.45–2.90 (x = 2.58); some specimens with light brown prosoma.

Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in seven females: 2.0–2.5 (x = 2.21). Epigynum as in Figures 41 , 157 , with pair of pockets 145 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 158 . Females of this species appear indistinguishable from those of Q. bonamanzi , except for the longer legs. The vials below containing females only are therefore assigned tentatively.

Distribution. Known from type locality only ( Fig. 264 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: KWAZULU- NATAL: Ngome State Forest : type above ; same collection data but May–November 1992, 3♂ 4♀ ( NCP 94 / 637, 639, 653, 656) ; same locality, ‘pittrap, ecotone pine’, June–December 1992 (M. v.d. Merwe ), 4♀ ( NCP 94 /640, 642, 655) ; same locality, ‘pittrap, plantation 1 (pine)’, July 1992 (M. v.d. Merwe ), 1♂ ( NCP 94 /644) ; same locality, ‘pittrap, open forest’, June 1992 - January 1993 (M. v.d. Merwe), 12♂ 7♀ ( NCP 94 /605, 609, 612, 643, 645, 646, 648, 651, 654) ; same locality, ‘pittrap, grass’, September 1992 (M. v.d. Merwe ), 1♂ ( NCP 94 /604) .

QUAMTANA BONAMANZI SP. NOV.

( FIGS 18 , 42 , 159–165 , 173–177)

‘ Spermophora ’ sp. 4: Huber, 2003a,b

Type. Male holotype from Bonamanzi Reserve (28∞04¢S, 32∞18¢E), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; from dead palm leaves, 57 m a.s.l., April 1, 2001 (B. A. Huber); in NCP .

Etymology. Named after the type locality. Diagnosis. Small eight-eyed species with high opisthosoma; distinguished from similar congeners by the shapes of procursus and bulbal apophyses ( Figs 159, 160 ); from the very similar Q. merwei by the more slender procursus, the closer male cheliceral apophyses ( Fig. 163 ), and the smaller size (no overlap in tibia 1 length in specimens seen).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.18 (1.26 with clypeus), carapace width 0.50. Leg 1: 7.7 (2.1 + 0.2 + 2.1 + 2.6 + 0.7), tibia 2: 1.2, tibia 3: 0.8, tibia 4: 1.4; tibia 1 L/ d: 48. Habitus as in Figure 18 . Carapace ochre-yellow, slightly darker wide band medially; sternum ochre, margin darker; legs ochre yellow; opisthosoma ochregrey with some darker spots shining through cuticle, genital area minimally darker. Ocular area barely elevated; distance PME–PME 60 Mm; diameter PME 70 Mm; diameter AME 15 Mm. Clypeus unmodified.

Figures 166–177. Quamtana mabusai (166), Q. merwei (167–172) and Q. bonamanzi (173–177) spp. nov. 166–168, 173, Modified hairs on male cheliceral apophyses (sc: sclerotized cone). 169, Bulbal apophysis (ba) and embolus (e). 170, Male ALS and PMS. 171, Procursus, dorsal view. 172, 174, Male gonopores with epiandrous spigots. 175, Male palpal tarsal organ. 176, Epigynum with pair of pockets (p). 177, Male ALS.

Sternum wider than long (0.40/0.35). Chelicerae as in Figure 163 , with pair of modified hairs on apophyses (Fig. 173), tips 130 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 159, 160 ; trochanter with small but distinct retrolateral apophysis, procursus complex distally ( Figs 161, 162 ), entire distal part appears hinged; bulb with long membranous embolus and apophysis with distal hook ( Fig. 159 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 11%; tarsus 1 with ~20 pseudosegments indistinct. Gonopore with four epiandrous spigots (Fig. 174). ALS with several piriform gland spigots (Fig. 177). Palpal tarsal organ capsulate (Fig. 175).

Variation. Tibia 1 in 28 other males: 1.52–2.44 (x = 1.89); some males with light brown sternum. The male from Enseleni Game Reserve has the cheliceral apophyses slightly farther apart and differs minimally with respect to the procursus. The males from the Lajuma area have minimally smaller genitalia, but are identical in shape.

Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in 22 females: 1.2–1.8 (x = 1.51). Epigynum as in Figures 42 , 164 , 176, with pair of pockets 95 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 165 .

Distribution. Widely distributed in eastern South Africa ( Fig. 263 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: KWAZULU- NATAL: Bonamanzi : type above, together with 10♂ 4♀ ( ZFMK) ; Enseleni Game Reserve, Lower Umfolozi 28∞42¢S, 31∞59¢E, December 12, 1994 (L. Lotz), 1♂ ( NMSA 7267 ) . LIMPOPO: Hanglip Forest, Soutpansberg , 8 km NW Louis Trichardt (~23∞00¢S, 29∞50¢E), plantation, ~ 1300 m a.s.l., September 30, 1996 (C. E. Griswold), 1♂ ( CAS) ; Lajuma , 30 km E Vivo (23∞00¢S, 29∞25¢E), June – July, 1997 (M. v.d. Merwe), pittraps, 15♂ 6♀ ( NCP 98 /16–19) ; Soutpansberg , Lajuma Farm (23∞02¢S, 29∞26¢E), forest, sieved leaf litter, August 9– 10, 1997 (R. Jocqué), 6♂ 12♀ 8 juveniles ( MRAC 206.531 , 206.344 , 206.532 part) ; Lajuma Mountain Retreat , ~ 50 km W Louis Trichardt (23∞00¢S, 29∞25¢E), evergreen montane forest, 1300–1400 m a.s.l., April 1–4, 2001 (P. Schwendinger), 5♂ 5♀ ( MHNG) . MPU- MALANGA: Agricultural College Nelspruit (25∞25¢S, 30∞50¢E), ‘citrus, pittrap’, November 12, 1999 (P. Stephen), 2♂ ( NCP 2000 /186, part) . WESTERN CAPE: Maitland Dunes , 35 km W Port Elizabeth (33∞45¢S, 25∞22¢E), sieved litter, in fynbos, April 29, 1999 (R. Jocqué), 1♂ 2♀ 1 juvenile ( MRAC 208.715 ) .

QUAMTANA EMBULENI SP. NOV.

( FIGS 19 , 43 , 178–182 , 215–218)

Type. Male holotype from Embuleni Reserve (25∞57¢S, 30∞33¢E) near Badplaas , Mpumalanga, South Africa ;

in litter, native woodland, 1115 m a.s.l., March 28, 2001 (A. Russell Smith); in NCP.

Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Diagnosis. Small eight-eyed species with globular opisthosoma, AME sometimes reduced to pigment spots; distinguished from similar congeners by the shapes of procursus and bulbal apophyses ( Figs 178, 179 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.17 (1.27 with clypeus), carapace width 0.55. Leg 1: 9.55 (2.6 + 0.25 + 2.55 + 3.25 + 0.9), tibia 2: 1.4, tibia 3: 0.9, tibia 4: 1.45; tibia 1 L/d: 52. Habitus as in Figure 19 . Prosoma ochregrey, darker medially (including ocular area and clypeus); sternum light ochre medially, darker laterally; legs ochre-yellow; opisthosoma ochre-grey with large spots shining through cuticle except ventrally. Ocular area barely elevated; distance PME–PME 105 Mm; diameter PME 60 Mm; AME lenses in type not visible (in other specimens still discernible). Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.40/0.35). Chelicerae as in Figure 180 , with pair of modified hairs on apophyses (Fig. 215), tips 155 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 178, 179 ; trochanter with wide retrolateral apophysis, procursus with long spine distally pointing prolaterad; bulb with membranous embolus and massive T-shaped apophysis ( Fig. 178 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 7%; tarsus 1 with ~10 pseudosegments fairly distinct distally.

Variation. Tibia 1 in seven other males: 1.9–2.4 (x = 2.21).

Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in 17 females: 1.2–2.2 (x = 1.73). Epigynum as in Figures 43 , 181 , 218, with pair of pockets 135 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 182 . Tip of female palp as in Figure 217. ALS with several piriform gland spigots and PMS with usual pair of spigots (Fig. 216).

Distribution. Known from two localities in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa ( Fig. 264 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: MPUMALANGA: Embuleni Reserve : type above, together with 2♂ 3♀ ( NCP); same locality, sifting litter, March 23, 2001 (B. A. Huber), 2♂ 8♀ ( ZFMK); same locality at dumping ground, March 26, 2001 (P. Horak), 2♂ 9♀ (collection P. Horak) , and 2♂ 2♀ ( ZFMK); Agricultural College Nelspruit (~25∞25¢S, 30∞50¢E), ‘citrus, pittrap’, November 12, 1999 (P. Stephen), 1♂ ( NCP 2000 /186, part) .

QUAMTANA FILMERI SP. NOV.

( FIGS 20 , 44 , 183–188 )

Type. Male holotype from Ficksburg (~28∞50¢S, 27∞45¢E), Free State, South Africa; March 3, 1989

(M. Filmer); in webs in old garage, in NCP (89/ 585).

Etymology. Named after the collector Martin R. Filmer.

Diagnosis. Large eight-eyed species with globular to oval opisthosoma; distinguished from similar congeners by the shapes of procursus and bulbal apophyses ( Figs 183, 184 ); also by the pattern on the carapace ( Fig. 20 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 3.0 (3.2 with clypeus), carapace width 1.15. Leg 1: 23.9 (6.1 + 0.5 + 6.3 + 9.1 + 1.9), tibia 2: 4.0, tibia 3: 2.7, tibia 4: 4.0; tibia 1 L/ d: 59. Habitus as in Figure 20 . Prosoma orange-ochre with distinctive, light brown pattern; clypeus also with brown marks; sternum with three pairs of brown dots at bases of coxae 2–4; legs orange-ochre with brown rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally); opisthosoma grey with many spots except ventrally. Ocular area slightly elevated; distance PME–PME 115 Mm; diameter PME 100 Mm; diameter AME 65 Mm. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.85/0.60). Chelicerae as in Figure 185 , with pair of modified hairs on apophyses ( Fig. 186 ), tips 65 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 183, 184 ; retrolateral trochanter apophysis short but distinct in dorsal view; procursus complex distally, apparently with hinged structure prolaterally; bulb with curved apophysis and short membranous embolus ( Fig. 183 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 17%; tarsus 1 with>20 pseudosegments, about 15 distally very distinct.

Variation. Tibia 1 in four other males: 6.4, 6.8, 7.9, 8.8. Pattern on sternum quite variable (in contrast to pattern on carapace).

Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in two females: 6.0, 6.8. Epigynum as in Figures 44 , 187 , with pair of pockets 35 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 188 . External appearance of epigynum varies considerably, apparently due to differences in sclerotization and coloration.

Distribution. Known from three localities in Free State and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa ( Fig. 263 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: FREE STATE: Ficksburg: type above, together with 1♀ ( NCP 89 /585); Ficksburg , ‘pool filter room’, August 1988 (M. v. Gelder), 1♂ ( NCP 90 /200). KWAZULU- NATAL: Natal National Park (~28∞40¢S, 28∞50¢E), under stones, April 4, 1972 (Sheasby), 1♂ 1♀ ( NCP 77 /899); Natal Champagne Nature Reserve near Estcourt (~29∞00¢S, 29∞45¢E), January 12, 1991 (V. D. & B. Roth), 2♂ 3♀ ( CAS) .

QUAMTANA KNYSNA SP. NOV.

( FIGS 21 , 189–192 )

Type. Male holotype from Knysna (~34∞00¢S, 23∞00¢E), Western Cape, South Africa; October 6, 1999 (D. Ubick, S. Prinsloo); in CAS .

Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Diagnosis. Small six-eyed species with slightly elevated opisthosoma; distinguished from similar congeners by the shapes of procursus and bulbal apophyses ( Figs 189, 190 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.6 (1.75 with clypeus), carapace width 0.65. Leg 1: 9.25 (2.4 + 0.25 + 2.5 + 3.2 + 0.9), tibia 2: 1.3, tibia 3: 0.95, tibia 4: 1.5; tibia 1 L/d: 47. Habitus as in Figure 21 . Carapace ochre-yellow with median brown band including ocular area and clypeus; sternum whitish; legs pale with brown patellae and tibia-metatarsus joints; opisthosoma grey with large dark spots except ventrally, genital area brown. Ocular area slightly elevated; distance PME–PME 135 Mm; diameter PME 80 Mm; no trace of AME. Clypeus with small cone-shaped projection at rim. Sternum wider than long (0.50/0.45). Chelicerae as in Figure 191 , with pair of modified hairs on apophyses ( Fig. 192 ), tips 20 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 189, 190 ; retrolateral trochanter apophysis short but distinct in dorsal view; procursus simple, with hinged spine distally (on prolateral side; hidden by bulb in Fig. 189 ); bulb with T-shaped apophysis and membranous embolus ( Fig. 189 ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 9%; tarsus 1 with ~8 indistinct pseudosegments.

Variation. Tibia 1 in other male: 2.7.

Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in two females: 1.6 (adult?), 2.0. Epigynum extremely simple, unsclerotized, pockets not seen.

Distribution. Known only from the Knysna area, Western Cape province, South Africa ( Fig. 262 ).

Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: WESTERN CAPE: Knysna: type above; Gouna State Forest N of Knysna (33∞58¢S, 23∞02¢E), litter in dry forest, July 1983 (J. H. Koen), 1♂ 1♀ ( NCP 97 /399); Kranshoek, 20 km E Knysna (34∞05¢S, 23∞14¢E), forest, 180 m a.s.l., December 13, 1996 (C. E. Griswold), 1♂ 1♀ ( CAS) .

QUAMTANA KABALE SP. NOV.

( FIGS 22 , 45 , 193–198 )

Type. Male holotype from Impenetrable Forest National Park (1∞03¢S, 29∞47¢E), Ruhiza, Bwindi, Kabale District, Uganda; 2300 m a.s.l., ‘ Nature Trail’ forest , September 13–16, 1996 (C. E. Griswold), in CAS .

Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Diagnosis. Small six-eyed species with triads on stalks (in male), and elevated and pointed opisthosoma; distinguished from similar congeners by the shapes of procursus and bulbal apophyses ( Figs 193, 194 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.65 (1.80 with clypeus), carapace width 0.65. Leg 1: 14.55 (3.7 + 0.3 + 3.85 + 5.7 + 1.0), tibia 2: 2.2, tibia 3: 1.4, tibia 4: 2.2; tibia 1 L/d: 67. Habitus as in Figure 22 . Carapace pale ochreyellow with light brown median band excluding ocular area and clypeus; sternum whitish; legs ochre-yellow; opisthosoma pale grey. Triads on distinct stalks; distance PME–PME 240 Mm; diameter PME 65 Mm; no trace of AME. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.45/0.40). Chelicerae as in Figure 195 , with pair of modified hairs on apophyses ( Fig. 196 ), tips 35 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 193, 194 ; trochanter with long ventral and shorter but distinct retrolateral apophysis; procursus rather simple, distally with long apophysis directed prolaterad; bulb with triangular sclerite and short membranous embolus. Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 7%; pseudosegments on tarsi not discernible in dissecting microscope.

Variation. Tibia 1 in other male: 3.55.

Female. In general similar to male, but triads not on stalks. Tibia 1 in seven females: 3.0–3.3 (x = 3.13). Epigynum as in Figures 45 , 197 , with pair of pockets 20 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 198 .

Distribution. Known from south-western Uganda only ( Fig. 261 ).

Material examined. UGANDA: KABALE DISTRICT: Impenetrable Forest N. P.: type above, together with 6♀ ; ‘ Ruwenzori’ 1952 (G. O. Evans), ‘ Pholcidae 165’, 2♂ 2♀ 1 juvenile ( BMNH) .

QUAMTANA OKU SP. NOV.

( FIGS 23 , 46 , 199–203 , 219–223)

Type. Male holotype from forest near Lake Oku (6∞12¢N, 10∞27¢E), Menchum Division, North-west Province, Cameroon; 2150 m a.s.l., February 7–13, 1992 (C. E. Griswold, S. Larcher, N. Scharff, C. Wanzie), in CAS.

Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Diagnosis. Small eight-eyed species with slightly elevated and pointed opisthosoma; easily distinguished from congeners by the extremely long, curved procursus ( Fig. 200 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.65 (1.80 with clypeus), carapace width 0.65. Leg 1: 19.6 (4.9 + 0.35 + 5.05 + 8.1 + 1.2), tibia 2: 3.1, tibia 3: 1.9, tibia 4: 2.8; tibia 1 L/d: 76. Habitus as in Figure 23 . Prosoma and legs whitish, only patellae slightly darker; opisthosoma greenish grey with some faint spots shining through cuticle. Ocular area almost flat; distance PME–PME 115 Mm; diameter PME 70 Mm; diameter AME 20 Mm. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum as wide as long (0.5). Chelicerae as in Figure 201 , with pair of modified hairs on apophyses (Figs 219, 220), tips 155 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 199, 200 ; trochanter with short but distinct retrolateral apophysis; extremely long patella; cymbium with dorsal projection bearing capsulate tarsal organ ( Fig. 200 ); procursus long but simple, only distally slightly more complex; bulbal apophysis connected to proximal bulbal sclerite ( Fig. 199 ); simple tubular embolus weakly sclerotized. Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 4%; tarsus 1 with>15 pseudosegments, distally quite distinct. Gonopore with four epiandrous spigots (Fig. 223). ALS with several piriform gland spigots (Fig. 221).

Variation. Tibia 1 in six males: 4.5–5.2 (x = 4.93).

Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in three females: 3.7, 3.75, 4.1. Epigynum very simple externally ( Figs 46 , 202 ), but entire area strongly protruding, with pair of pockets 120 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 203 .

Distribution. Known from type locality only ( Fig. 261 ).

Material examined. CAMEROON: NORTH- WEST PROV- INCE: forest near Lake Oku : type above, together with 2♂ 2♀ ( CAS); same collection data, 4♂ 1♀ ( USNM) .

QUAMTANA KITAHURIRA SP. NOV.

( FIGS 24 , 204–208 )

Type. Male holotype from Impenetrable Forest National Park (0∞58¢S, 29∞41¢E), Kitahurira, Bwindi , Rukungiri District, Uganda; ‘pholcid 6’, 1740 m a.s.l., September 18–20, 1996 (C. E. Griswold), in CAS .

Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Diagnosis. Small eight-eyed species with posteriorly elevated opisthosoma; distinguished from similar congeners by the shapes of procursus and bulbal apophysis ( Figs 204, 205 ); from Q. oku (which has a very similar bulb) by the procursus and the wide distance between the male cheliceral apophyses ( Fig. 207 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.45 (1.55 with clypeus), carapace width 0.60. Leg 1: 18.05 (4.6 + 0.3 + 4.55 + 7.4 + 1.2), tibia 2: 2.6, tibia 3: 1.5, tibia 4: 2.3; tibia 1 L/d: 79. Habitus as in Figure 24 . Prosoma and legs very pale ochre-yellow; opisthosoma pale greenish grey. Triads slightly elevated; distance PME–PME 105 Mm; diameter PME 80 Mm; diameter AME 20 Mm. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum as wide as long (0.45). Chelicerae as in Figures 207, 208 , with pair of modified hairs on apophyses ( Fig. 206 ), tips 214 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 204, 205 ; trochanter with very short but distinct retrolateral apophysis; long patella; cymbium with short dorsal projection bearing tarsal organ ( Fig. 205 ); procursus widely curved, rather simple, only distally slightly more complex; bulbal apophysis connected to basal sclerite ( Fig. 204 ); simple tubular embolus weakly sclerotized. Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 2%; tarsus 1 with>15 pseudosegments, distally quite distinct.

Female. Unknown.

Distribution. Known from type locality only ( Fig. 261 ).

Material examined. UGANDA: RUKUNGIRI DISTRICT: Impenetrable Forest N. P.: type above .

QUAMTANA BIENA SP. NOV.

( FIGS 25 , 47 , 209–214 , 224–225)

Type. Male holotype from Réserve forestale de la Biena (0∞10¢S, 29∞14¢E), terr. Lubero, Kivu, Congo Republic; April 1969 (M. Lejeune), in MRAC (136.283) .

Etymology. Named after the type locality.

Diagnosis. Very small six-eyed species with globular opisthosoma; distinguished from congeners by the shapes of procursus and bulbal apophysis ( Figs 209, 210 ).

Male (holotype). Total length 0.95 (1.05 with clypeus), carapace width 0.50. Leg 1: 4.75 (1.4 + 0.15 + 1.35 + 1.35 + 0.5), tibia 2: 0.85, tibia 3: 0.55, tibia 4: 0.85; tibia 1 L/d: 31. Habitus as in Figure 25 . Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow; opisthosoma pale grey. Ocular area not elevated; distance PME–PME 80 Mm; diameter PME 55 Mm; no trace of AME. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.33/0.30). Chelicerae as in Figure 211 , with pair of modified hairs on apophyses ( Fig. 212 ), tips 14 Mm apart. Palps as in Figures 209, 210 ; trochanter with short retrolateral apophysis (distinct in dorsal view); procursus with strong spine that appears hinged; bulb with distinctive triangular apophysis and embolus arising from same membranous basis. Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 9%; tarsus 1 with ~8 indistinct pseudosegments. Gonopore with four epiandrous spigots (Fig. 224). ALS with several piriform gland spigots, PMS with usual pair of spigots (Fig. 225).

Variation. Tibia 1 in six other males: 1.30–1.73 (x = 1.54).

Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1: 1.10. Epigynum very simple externally ( Figs 47 , 213 ), with pair of pockets 10 Mm apart. Dorsal view as in Figure 214 .

Distribution. Known from several close localities in Nord Kivu province, Congo Republic ( Fig. 261 ).

Material examined. CONGO REPUBLIC: NORD KIVU: Réserve forest . de la Biena: type above, together with 1♀ ( MRAC 136.283 ) ; Kambaila, Sindani (0∞10¢S, 29∞10¢E), 1800 m a.s.l., forêt de montagne, May 1973 (M. Lejeune), 3♂ ( MRAC 145.903 ) ; Kambaila, vallée Kalingolingo (0∞10¢S, 29∞10¢E), June 1973 (M. Lejeune), 1♂ ( MRAC 145.785 , 145.825 ) ; Kambaila, vallée Tantaliritanda (0∞10¢S, 29∞10¢E), June 1973 (M. Lejeune), 1♂ ( MRAC 145.785 ) ; Mt. Lubwe SE of Butembo (0∞02¢N, 29∞18¢E), 2400 m a.s.l., April 14, 1971 (M. Lejeune), ‘dans bois mort’, 1♂ ( MRAC 138.895 ) ; Plaine de la Ruindi (0∞47¢S, 29∞17¢E), Bulemba , June 20, 1972 (R. P. M. Lejeune), ‘dans termitière’, 1♂ ( MRAC 144.463 ) ; [near] Butembo (0∞09¢S, 29∞17¢E), 1740 m a.s.l., March 1965 (M. J. Celis), 1♂ ( MRAC 128.347 ) .

Figures

Figure 261. Known distribution of Quamtana gen. nov. Only the non-South African species are labelled.

Figure 262. Known distribution of Quamtana gen. nov. within South Africa.

Figure 263. Known distribution of Quamtana gen. nov. within South Africa (contd.).

Figure 264. Known distribution of Quamtana gen. nov. (contd.) and Spermophora Hentz within South Africa.

Figures 66–78. Quamtana entabeni sp. nov. (66–72), and Q. ciliata comb. nov. (73–78) 66, Female prosoma, frontal view. 67, 74, Male gonopores with epiandrous spigots. 68, 78, Distal male cheliceral apophyses with modified hairs. 69, Left procursus, prolateral view. 70, Right bulbal apophysis (ba) and embolus (e). 71, Male ALS and PMS. 72, Tip of female pedipalp with tarsal organ. 73, Male ocular area, with elevated triads and small AME. 75, Right male bulb, showing bulbal apophysis (ba) and embolus (e). 76, Tip of right procursus and palpal coxa with retrolateral apophysis (tar). 77, Male palpal tarsal organ.

Figures 83–85. Quamtana lotzi sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (83) and retrolateral (84) views, and male chelicerae in frontal view (85). ba: bulbal apophysis, ca: coxa apophysis, e: embolus. Arrowed: transparent projection on bulb (83) and apophysis on femur (84). Scale bars = 0.2 mm (85), 0.5 mm (83, 84).

Figures 51–56. Quamtana entabeni sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (51) and retrolateral (52) views, procursus in dorsal view (53), male chelicerae in frontal view (54), and cleared epigynum in ventral (55) and dorsal (56) views. ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus, p: pockets on epigynum, pbs: proximal bulbal sclerite, pr: procursus. Arrowed: prolateral projection on procursus. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (53, 54), 0.3 mm (55, 56), 0.5 mm (51, 52).

Figures 153–158. Quamtana merwei sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (153) and retrolateral (154) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (155), modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (156), and cleared epigynum in ventral (157) and dorsal (158) views. ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus, pbs: proximal bulbal sclerite. Arrowed: distinctive enlarged section of procursus. Scale bars = 50 Mm (156), 0.2 mm (155, 157, 158), 0.5 mm (153, 154).

Figures 1–15. Quamtana habitus, males in dorsal and lateral views. 1. Q. entabeni. 2. Q. mbaba. 3. Q. ciliata. 4. Q. umzinto. 5. Q. lotzi. 6. Q. meyeri. 7. Q. nylsvley. 8. Q. molimo. 9. Q. hectori. 10. Q. leleupi. 11. Q. vidal. 12. Q. lajuma. 13. Q. leptopholcica. 14. Q. mabusai. 15. Q. nandi.

Figures 16–30. Quamtana and Spermophora habitus, males in dorsal and lateral views. 16. Q. tsui. 17. Q. merwei. 18. Q. bonamanzi. 19. Q. embuleni. 20. Q. filmeri. 21. Q. knysna. 22. Q. kabale. 23. Q. oku. 24. Q. kitahurira. 25. Q. biena. 26. S. schoemanae. 27. S. gordimerae. 28. S. pembai. 29. S. peninsulae. 30. S. suurbraak.

Figures 79–82. Quamtana umzinto sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (79) and retrolateral (80) views, and cleared epigynum in ventral (81) and dorsal (82) views. ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus. Arrowed: small projection on palpal femur. Scale bars = 0.3 mm (81, 82), 0.5 mm (79, 80).

Figures 117–121. Quamtana vidal sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (117) and retrolateral (118) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (119), and cleared epigynum in ventral (120) and dorsal (121) views. Arrowed: projection on femur. Scale bars = 0.1 mm (119–121), 0.3 mm (117, 118).

Figures 63–65. Quamtana ciliata comb. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (63) and retrolateral (64) views, and cleared epigynum in dorsal view (65). ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus. Arrowed: prolateral projection on procursus. Scale bars = 0.3 mm (65), 0.5 mm (63, 64).

Figures 103–106. Quamtana leleupi sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (103) and retrolateral (104) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (105), and modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (106). ba: bulbal apophysis, pr: procursus. Scale bars = 50 Mm (106), 0.2 mm (105), 0.5 mm (103, 104).

Figures 31–50. Quamtana and Spermophora, female opisthosomata, ventral views with epigynum. 31. Q. entabeni. 32. Q. mbaba. 33. Q. umzinto. 34. Q. meyeri. 35. Q. nylsvley. 36. Q. molimo. 37. Q. leptopholcica. 38. Q. hectori. 39. Q. mabusai. 40. Q. nandi. 41. Q. merwei. 42. Q. bonamanzi. 43. Q. embuleni. 44. Q. filmeri. 45. Q. kabale. 46. Q. oku. 47. Q. biena. 48. S. schoemanae. 49. S. gordimerae. 50. S. peninsulae.

Figures 86–92. Quamtana meyeri sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (86) and retrolateral (87) views, male chelicerae in lateral (88) and frontal (89) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (90), and cleared epigynum in ventral (91) and dorsal (92) views. ba: bulbal apophysis. Scale bars = 50 Mm (90), 0.2 mm (88, 89), 0.3 mm (91, 92), 0.5 mm (86, 87).

Figures 97–102. Quamtana molimo sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (97) and retrolateral (98) views, male chelicerae in frontal (99) and lateral (100) views, and cleared epigynum in ventral (101) and dorsal (102) views. ba: bulbal apophysis. Arrowed: transparent projection on bulb (97) and proximolateral tiny apophysis on chelicera (100). Scale bars = 0.2 mm (99, 100), 0.3 mm (101, 102), 0.4 mm (97, 98).

Figures 122–127. Quamtana hectori sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (122) and retrolateral (123) views, male chelicerae in frontal (124) and lateral (125) views, and cleared epigynum in ventral (126) and dorsal (127) views. ba: bulbal apophysis. Scale bars = 0.1 mm (124, 125), 0.2 mm (126, 127), 0.3 mm (122, 123).

Figures 143–147. Quamtana nandi sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (143) and retrolateral (144) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (145), and cleared epigynum in ventral (146) and dorsal (147) views. ba: bulbal apophysis. Arrowed: distinctive sclerite on procursus. Scale bars = 0.1 mm (145), 0.2 mm (146, 147), 0.3 mm (143, 144).

Figures 57–62. Quamtana mbaba sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (57) and retrolateral (58) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (59), modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (60), and cleared epigynum in ventral (61) and dorsal (62) views. ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus. Arrowed: prolateral projection on procursus. Scale bars = 50 Mm (60), 0.2 mm (59), 0.3 mm (61, 62), 0.5 mm (57, 58).

Figures 93–96. Quamtana nylsvley sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (93) and retrolateral (94) views, and cleared epigynum in ventral (95) and dorsal (96) views. ba: bulbal apophysis. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (95, 96), 0.3 mm (93, 94).

Figures 107–112. Quamtana leptopholcica comb. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (107) and retrolateral (108) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (109), modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (110), and cleared epigynum in ventral (111) and dorsal (112) views. ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus, p: pockets on epigynum, tar: retrolateral trochanter apophysis, tav: ventral trochanter apophysis. Arrowed: proximal projection on procursus. Scale bars = 30 Mm (110), 0.2 mm (109, 111, 112), 0.4 mm (107, 108).

Figures 113–116. Quamtana lajuma sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (113) and retrolateral (114) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (115), and modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (116). ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus, tar: retrolateral trochanter apophysis, tav: ventral trochanter apophysis. Arrowed: distinctive sclerite on procursus (113), and proximal projection on chelicera (115). Scale bars = 50 Mm (116), 0.2 mm (115), 0.5 mm (113, 114).

Figures 138–142. Quamtana mabusai sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (138) and retrolateral (139) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (140), and cleared epigynum in ventral (141) and dorsal (142) views. ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus. Arrowed: blade-like sclerite on procursus. Scale bars = 0.3 mm (138, 139), 0.2 mm (140–142).

Figures 148–152. Quamtana tsui sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (148) and retrolateral (149) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (150), and cleared epigynum in ventral (151) and dorsal (152) views. ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus, tar: retrolateral trochanter apophysis, tav: ventral trochanter apophysis. Scale bars = 20 Mm (150), 0.2 mm (148, 149, 151, 152).

Figures 159–165. Quamtana bonamanzi sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (159) and retrolateral (160) views, procursus in prolateral (161) and dorso-retrolateral (162) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (163), and cleared epigynum in ventral (164) and dorsal (165) views. ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus. Scale bars = 0.1 mm (163), 0.2 mm (164, 165), 0.3 mm (159, 160).

Figures 178–182. Quamtana embuleni sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (178) and retrolateral (179) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (180), and cleared epigynum in ventral (181) and dorsal (182) views. ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus. Scale bars = 0.1 mm (180), 0.2 mm (178, 179, 181, 182).

Figures 183–188. Quamtana filmeri sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (183) and retrolateral (184) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (185), modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (186), and cleared epigynum in ventral (187) and dorsal (188) views. ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus. Scale bars = 50 Mm (186), 0.3 mm (185, 187, 188), 0.5 mm (183, 184).

Figures 189–192. Quamtana knysna sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (189) and retrolateral (190) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (191), and modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (192). ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus. Scale bars = 30 Mm (192), 0.2 mm (191), 0.3 mm (189, 190).

Figures 193–198. Quamtana kabale sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (193) and retrolateral (194) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (195), modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (196), and cleared epigynum in ventral (197) and dorsal (198) views. ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus, tar: retrolateral trochanter apophysis, tav: ventral trochanter apophysis. Scale bars = 30 Mm (196), 0.2 mm (195, 197, 198), 0.4 mm (193, 194).

Figures 199–203. Quamtana oku sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (199) and retrolateral (200) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (201), and cleared epigynum in ventral (202) and dorsal (203) views. ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus, pbs: proximal bulbal sclerite, to: tarsal organ. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (201–203), 0.4 mm (199, 200).

Figures 204–208. Quamtana kitahurira sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (204) and retrolateral (205) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (206), and male chelicerae in frontal (207) and lateral (208) views. ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus, to: tarsal organ. Scale bars = 30 Mm (206), 0.2 mm (207, 208), 0.5 mm (204, 205).

Figures 209–214. Quamtana biena sp. nov. Left male palp in prolateral (209) and retrolateral (210) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (211), modified hairs on male cheliceral apophyses (212), and cleared epigynum in ventral (213) and dorsal (214) views. ba: bulbal apophysis, e: embolus. Scale bars = 30 Mm (212), 0.1 mm (211), 0.2 mm (209, 210, 213, 214).