Curtonotum rinhatinana, Kirk-Spriggs, 2011

Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. & Wiegmann, Brian M., 2013, <p> <strong> A revision of Afrotropical Quasimodo flies (Diptera: Schizophora; Curtonotidae). Part IV — the continental Afrotropical species of <em> Curtonotum </ em> Macquart, with descriptions of thirteen new species and a combined phylogenetic analysis of the Curtonotidae </ strong> </ p>, Zootaxa 3684 (1), pp. 1-166 : 52-54

1.2.11. Curtonotum rinhatinana species-group

Species included: 1 (Afrotropical; confined to Madagascar).

Autapomorphy: Sclerotized sperm pump present (37). Curtonotum rinhatinana has a number of unique characters. Although similar in external characters to other species of the genus the bizarre structure of the basiphallus and the presence of a large sclerotised sperm pump, precludes it from any direct association and it is here tentatively ascribed to a species-group of its own. Its systematic position can only be fully assessed as part of a more extensive molecular study.

Systematics

Key to adult males of continental Afrotropical species of Curtonotum Macquart

Examination of the male terminalia is required in all cases. For key to Malagasy species see Kirk-Spriggs (2011).

1. Frons (in profile) conspicuously projecting forwards at point of antennal insertion ( Figs 106–111 , 155, 157, 159 ), distinctly parallel-sided (viewed dorsally) ( Figs 130–135 ); distiphallus subdivided into two elements: a baso-ventral process and apicodorsal process ( Figs 197–199 , 224–227 ); spermatheca either tubular, elongated and studded with fine protuberances ( Figs 210– 212 ), or long, obclavate ( Figs 213–215 ); usually much larger species, length ca.> 5 mm (although much smaller individuals are known).......................................................................................... 2

– Frons (in profile) not, or only marginally, projecting forwards at point of antennal insertion ( Figs 112–129 ), distinctly narrower towards oral margin (viewed dorsally) ( Figs 136–153 ); either distiphallus with baso-ventral process developed into a short, blade-like, partially serrated process ( Figs 241–246 , 251–258 ), or formed of single undivided straight process ( Figs 262–267 , 271–276 , 280–285 , 289–294 ); spermatheca short, obclavate with folded and rugose surface ( Kirk-Spriggs 2008c, figs 1–65); usually much smaller species, length ca. <5 mm ............................................................ 7

2. Orbital plates short, extending less than ½ length of frons ( Figs 130–132 ); orbital setae inserted close to one another in group proximal to vertex of frons ( Figs 106–108 , 130–132 , 154–159 ); male sternite 6 quadrate, with 2 divergent medial setae ( Figs 191–193 , dms); hypandrial arms extremely narrow ( Figs 194–196 , hy); phallapodeme only partly fused to basiphallus; basiphallus with conspicuously projecting, but narrow “lateral wing”; distiphallus distinctly recurved ( Figs 197–202 ); female cercus fused to tergite 10, with long terminal setulae ( Figs 203–206 , t 10 +ce); spermatheca tubular, elongated, studded with fine protuberances ( Figs 210–212 )............................................. striatifrons species-group 3 (p. 55)

– Orbital plates long, extending more than ⅔ length of frons ( Figs 133–135 ); orbital setae widely-spaced, anterior orbital seta inserted more medially on frons ( Figs 109–111 , 133–135 ); male sternite 6 apically expanded, with U- or V-shaped apical excision, without divergent medial setae ( Figs 218–220 ); hypandrial arms broad, with broad-based rounded-truncate dorsobasal lobe ( Figs 221–223 , hy); phallapodeme fully fused to basiphallus; basiphallus with distinct lateral projection; distiphallus less strongly recurved ( Figs 224–227 ); female cercus fused to tergite 10, distinctly spinose ( Figs 228–233 , t 10 +ce); spermatheca long, obclavate ( Figs 213–215 )............................................. platyphallum species-group 5 (p. 66)

3. Lateral wing of basiphallus with 2 basal projections (resembling a moose antler) ( Figs 197, 200 , lw); male sternite 6 with extensive medial and lateral macula ( Fig. 191 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 160 ; spermatheca ( Fig. 210 )......................................................................................... C. herrero Tsacas (p. 61)

– Lateral wing of basiphallus either with single angulate lateral projection ( Fig. 201 , lw), or without basal projections ( Fig. 202 , lw); male sternite 6 either transverse with reduced lateral macula ( Fig. 192 ), or quadrate without macula ( Fig. 193 )........ 4

4. Lateral wing of basiphallus elongate, straight, wide basally, with single angulate baso-lateral projection ( Figs 198, 201 , lw); male sternite 6 transverse with reduced lateral macula ( Fig. 192 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 161 ; stermathecae ( Fig. 211 ).................................................................... C. maculiventris (Enderlein) (p. 56)

– Lateral wing of basiphallus short, curved in apical ¼, wide basally, without lateral projections ( Figs 199, 202 , lw); male sternite 6 quadrate, without maculae ( Fig. 193 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 162 ; stermathecae ( Fig. 212 )........................................................................................ C. striatifrons Malloch (p. 63)

5. Lateral margin of basiphallus with angulate, subrectangular extension ( Fig. 224 ); male sternite 6 with lateral margins gently curved and U-shaped apical excision ( Fig. 218 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 163 ; spermatheca ( Fig. 213 )......................................................................................... C. marriott sp. n. (p. 67)

– Lateral margin of basiphallus either with finger-like, evenly-rounded extension and serrated edge ( Figs 225, 226 ), or with finger-like, evenly-rounded extension and shallow, wide apical excision ( Fig. 227 ); male sternite 6 with lateral margins straight with V-shaped apical excision ( Figs 219, 220 ); spermathecae ( Figs 214, 215 )...................................... 6

6. Lateral margin of basiphallus with finger-like, extension and serrated edge ( Figs 225, 226 ); male sternite 6 with shallow Vshaped apical excision ( Fig. 219 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 164 ; spermatheca ( Fig. 214 )...................................................................................................... C. moffatt sp. n. (p. 70)

– Lateral margin of basiphallus with finger-like, evenly-rounded extension and shallow, wide apical excision ( Fig. 227 ); male sternite 6 with narrow V-shaped apical excision ( Fig. 220 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 165 ; spermatheca ( Fig. 215 )............................................................................ C. platyphallum Tsacas (p. 72)

7. Lateral lobe of epandrium with 1 very strong seta and group of shorter setae ( Figs 238–240 , 247–250 ); distiphallus with basoventral process developed into a short, blade-like, partially hooked or serrated process ( Figs 241–246 , 251–258 )................................................................................ campsiphallum species-group 8 (p. 74)

– Lateral lobe of epandrium with numerous strong setae of variable length ( Figs 259–261 , 268–270 , 277–279 , 286–288 ); distiphallus formed of single undivided straight process ( Figs 262–267 , 271–276 , 280–285 , 289–294 )................... 14

8. Basiphallus broad, expanded apically; baso-ventral process of distiphallus short or broad; membranous portion of distiphallus broad ( Figs 242, 245 ; 251, 255; 253, 257; 254, 258 ).......................................................... 9

– Basiphallus markedly narrowed apically; baso-ventral process of distiphallus elongate; membranous portion of distiphallus narrow ( Figs 241, 244; 243, 246 ; 252, 256 )............................................................... 12

9. Baso-ventral process of distiphallus reduced to a spur-like process ( Figs 253, 257 ); male sternite 6 as illustrated in Fig. 300 ; dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 177.................................................. C . sao Tsacas (p. 89)

– Baso-ventral process of distiphallus more extensively developed, forming a plate with a row of more-or-less developed teethlike serrations on posterior margin ( Figs 242, 245 ; 251, 255; 254, 258 ).......................................... 10

10. Baso-ventral process of distiphallus subquadrate, with 3 teeth-like spines on posterior margin ( Figs 242, 245 ); male sternite 6 as illustrated in Fig. 296 ; dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 173..................... C . campsiphallum Tsacas (p. 74)

– Baso-ventral process of distiphallus either subtriangular with 2 teeth-like spines on posterior margin, or semicircular with 3 prominent teeth-like spines on posterior margin ( Figs 251, 255; 254, 258 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Figs 175, 178........ 11

11. Baso-ventral process of distiphallus subtriangular, with 2 teeth-like spines on posterior margin ( Figs 251, 255 ); male sternite 6 as illustrated in Fig. 298 ; dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 175............................... C . hay sp. n. (p. 84)

– Baso-ventral process of distiphallus semicircular with 3 prominent teeth-like spines on posterior margin ( Figs 254, 258 ); male sternite 6 as illustrated in Fig. 301 ; dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 178.................... C . tsacas sp. n. (p. 93)

12. Baso-ventral process of distiphallus with distinct basal spine in addition to ventrally developed process ( Figs 241, 244 ); male sternites 5 and 6 as illustrated in Fig. 295 ; dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 172........... C . angolense Tsacas (p. 79)

– Baso-ventral process of distiphallus without basal spine ( Figs 243, 246 ; 252, 256 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Figs 174, 176................................................................................................ 13

13. Baso-ventral process of distiphallus broad basally with one larger preapical spine and one smaller apical spine ( Figs 243, 246 ); male sternites 5 and 6 as illustrated in Fig. 297 ; dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 174......... C . freidberg sp. n. (p. 82)

– Baso-ventral process of distiphallus large and widely separated from distiphallus, arc-shaped, with 3 or 4 long spines on anterior margin preapically and apically ( Figs 252, 256 ); male sternites 5 and 6 as illustrated in Fig. 299 ; dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 176........................................................... C . quinquevittatum Curran (p. 86)

14. Male sternite 5 laterally expanded, sternites 4–5 with modified setae ( Fig. 302 ); hypandrium with dorsal extension of dorsobasal lobe long and narrow ( Fig. 259 ); basiphallus with expanded, subdivided mid section and cordiform extension of distiphallus ( Figs 262, 265 )..................................... gonzo species-group (1 species: C. gonzo sp. n) (p. 94)

– Male sternite 5 not laterally expanded, sternites 4–5 with unmodified setae; hypandrium with dorsal extension of dorsobasal lobe short and broad ( Figs 260, 261 , 268–270 , 277–279 , 286–288 ); basiphallus undivided, distiphallus without cordiform extension ( Figs 263, 266; 264, 267 ; 271–276 , 280–285 , 289–294 ).............................................. 15

15. Basiphallus with long, obliquely angled, posteriorly-directed spine basally ( Figs 263, 266; 264, 267 ); male sternite 6 as illustrated in Figs 303, 304 ..................................................... saheliense species-group 16 (p. 97)

– Basiphallus with 1 or 2 dorsally-directed basal spines ( Figs 271–276 , 280–285 , 289–294 ); male sternite 6 as illustrated in Fig. 305 (for C. uncinatum sp. n.)............................................... uncinatum species-group 17 (p. 103)

16. Basal region of distiphallus (viewed dorsally) with small spine on right side, widely separated from junction of basiphallus and distiphallus ( Fig. 266 ); male sternite 6 with shallow U-shaped apical excision ( Fig. 303 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 180.......................................................................... C . saheliense Tsacas (p. 100)

– Basal region of distiphallus (viewed dorsally) with small spine on left margin near junction of basiphallus and distiphallus, immediately below base of prominent elongated spine on basiphallus ( Fig. 267 ); male sternite 6 with deeper V-shaped apical excision ( Fig. 304 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 181................................ C . simile Tsacas (p. 97)

17. Extreme apex of dorsal edge of basiphallus developed into an apical spine or hook ( Figs 281, 284; 282, 285 ).......... 18

– Extreme apex of dorsal edge of basiphallus evenly-rounded, not developed into spine or hook ( Figs 271–276 ; 280, 283 ; 289– 294 )............................................................................................... 19

18. Extreme apex of dorsal edge of basiphallus developed into an apical hook or extension; more apical dorsal spine of distiphallus broad basally with straight edges ( Figs 281, 284 ), with additional much smaller spine towards apex (not visible on Fig. 284 ); dm–cu crossvein obliquely angled with medial bend ( Fig. 186 )............................. C. litoralis sp. n. (p. 117)

– Extreme apex of dorsal edge of basiphallus developed into an acute apical spine ( Figs 282, 285 ); more apical dorsal spine of distiphallus with edges very slightly angled, acutely pointed, much smaller spine towards apex absent; dm–cu crossvein less obliquely angled, medial bend less apparent ( Fig. 187 )................................... C. mcgregor sp. n. (p. 119)

19. Dorsal spines of distiphallus very weakly developed; basal spine only visible in lateral view ( Figs 289, 292 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated ( Fig. 188 )............................................................ C. pauliani Tsacas (p. 121)

– At least more apical dorsal spine of distiphallus well-developed ( Figs 271–276 ; 280, 283 ; 290–294 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated ( Figs 182–185; 189; 190 )......................................................................... 20

20. Basal spine of distiphallus developed into a distinct, straight, dorsally-directed hook-like process ( Figs 290, 293 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 189...................................................... C . uncinatum sp. n. (p. 103)

– Basal spine of distiphallus not developed into a distinct dorsally-directed hook ( Figs 271–276 ; 280, 283 ; 291, 294 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Figs 182–185, 190............................................................. 21

21. Basal spine of distiphallus either forming a long, straight, erect spine ( Figs 271, 274 ), or a medium-sized, upright, slightly curved and posteriorly-directed spine ( Figs 280, 283 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Figs 182, 185................. 22

– Basal spine of distiphallus short or absent ( Figs 272–276 , 291, 294 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Figs 183, 184, 190.. 23

22. Basal spine of distiphallus forming a long, straight, erect spine ( Figs 271, 274 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 182.................................................................................... C . bicuspis sp. n. (p. 108)

– Basal spine of distiphallus forming a medium-sized, upright, slightly curved and posteriorly-directed spine ( Figs 280, 283 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 185.......................................... C . cuthbertsoni Duda (p. 114)

23. Basal spine of distiphallus partially subdivided into one strongly and one weakly sclerotised short blades ( Figs 273, 276 ); dm– cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 184............................................... C . constance sp. n. (p. 113)

– Basal spine of distiphallus very short or absent, not subdivided ( Figs 272, 275 ; 291, 294 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Figs 183, 190........................................................................................ 24

24. More apical spine of distiphallus relatively broad basally and sharp; basal spine very short, but erect and sharp ( Figs 272, 275 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 183............................................. C . cimbebas sp. n. (p. 112)

– More apical spine of distiphallus relatively narrow and blunt; basal spine absent ( Figs 291, 294 ); dm–cu crossvein as illustrated in Fig. 190...................................................................... C . unicuspis sp. n. (p. 122)

Genus Curtonotum Macquart, 1844

CURTONOTUM: Macquart 1844: 350 (193). Type species: Musca gibba Fabricius, 1805 [preoccupied], by original designation. [The name of the Type species is a junior primary homonym preoccupied by Musca gibba Müller, 1776: 175 and M. gibba Rossi, 1794: 73 . Curtonotum taeniatum Hendel, 1913: 629 was accepted as the replacement name by Thompson and Pont (1993)].

CYRTONOTUM Agassiz, 1846: 108 . Unjustified emendation of Curtonotum Macquart, 1844 .

DIPLOCENTRA Loew, 1862: 13 . [Unnecessary] new replacement name for Curtonotum Macquart, 1844 .

SELIACANTHA Bezzi, 1895: 66. Nomen nudum , attributed to Rondani and proposed in synonymy (with Diplocentra Loew, 1862 ). Name from a collection label. Also Bezzi (1902: 192).

SELIDACANTHA Bezzi, 1895: 66 . Nomen nudum , proposed as an emendation of the likewise unavailable Seliacantha Bezzi, 1895: 66. Also Bezzi (1902: 192).

Diagnosis

Small to medium-sized (1.9–7.7 mm), distinctly robust, hunchbacked flies. Greyish to brown, often with vitae on thorax and pigment patterns on abdomen. Head: compound eye probably green-brown iridescent in living examples, in profile gently and evenly rounded anteriorly, slightly triangularly produced posteriorly; 2 pairs of long, prominent fronto-orbital setae, the anterior pair proclinate, the posterior pair reclinate, with a minute reclinate seta positioned between them, close to base of posterior orbital setae socket; frons wide in both sexes. Arista plumose with long dorsal and ventral branches. Thorax: mesonotum moderately convex, very slightly flattened behind head, with multiple rows of regular, short, black, overlapping setulae; 1 pair of strong dorsocentral setae and one pair of acrostichal setae; anepisternum with 2–3 long setae and some short setulae; one very long katepisternal seta accompanied by a short dorsal one. Scutellum: disk entirely clothed in setulae, with 2 pairs of strong marginal setae. Wing: greyish to grey-brown infuscate, dm–cu crossvein usually markedly infuscate; costa (c) with humeral and subcostal breaks and subcosta complete, with a variable number of prominent costal spines beyond R 1 longer and stronger than adjacent vestiture. Legs: all tibiae with preapical dorsal setae; fore femur with row of short, but strong spinules posteroventrally along distal ½ or ⅓, variable in number. Abdomen: long, cylindrical, telescopic, generally pale in colour with brown maculae or T-shaped lateral markings. Phallapodeme, basiphallus and distiphallus fused or articulated and asymmetrical, forming C-shaped structure. Female abdomen with tubular ovipositor, cerci sometimes fused, with spine-like setae or setulae. Spermathecae flattened, short and obclavate with a folded or rugose surface, or long, tubular and studded with protuberances.

Figures

FIGURES 106–111. Head and thorax (lateral view) of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (male unless stated). 106. C. herrero (N- T, Namibia, Amkarub 269, NMNW). 107. C. maculiventris (N-T, [Zimbabwe], Chipinda Pools, BMNH). 108. C. striatifrons (LT, Chad, Bahr el Ghazal, BMNH). 109. C. marriott sp. n. (PT, Cameroon, Kriba (beach), TAU). 110. C. moffatt sp. n. (PT, Uganda, Mujenje, HNHM). 111. C. platyphallum (♀ N-T, Liberia, 8 mi. NW Zorzor, CAS). Not to scale.

FIGURES 154–159. Head of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (all males). 154. C. herrero, frontolateral view (N-T, Namibia, Amkarub 269, NMNW). 155. Same, lateral view. 156. C. maculiventris, frontolateral view (N-T, S. Rhodesia [= Zimbabwe], Chipinda Pools, BMNH). 157. Same, lateral view. 158. C. striatifrons, frontolateral view (N-T, Nigeria, Gadau, BMNH). 159. Same, lateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 130–141. Frons of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (male unless stated). 130. C. herrero (N-T, Namibia, Amkarub 269, NMNW). 131. C. maculiventris (N-T, [Zimbabwe], Chipinda Pools, BMNH). 132. C. striatifrons (N-T, Nigeria, Gadau, BMNH). 133. C. marriott sp. n. (♀ PT, Cameroon, Kriba (beach), TAU). 134. C. moffatt sp. n. (PT, Uganda, Mujenje, HNHM). 135. C. platyphallum (♀ N-T, Liberia, 8 mi. NW Zorzor, CAS). 136. C. angolense (PT, Angola, 10 mi. NE Sá da Bandeira [= Lubango], CAS). 137. C. campsiphallum (N-T, Cameroon, Limbe (shore), TAU). 138. C. freidberg sp. n. (PT, Malawi, Viphya Mnts., TAU). 139. C. hay sp. n. (PT, Uganda, Mujenje, HNHM). 140. C. quinquevittatum (N-T, Malawi, Viphya Mnts., TAU). 141. C. sao (N-T, Nigeria, Gadau, BMNH). Not to scale.

FIGURES 191–202. Male terminalia of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 191–193. Sternite 6 (ventral view). 191. C. herrero (N- T, Namibia, Amkarab 269, NMNW). 192. C. maculiventris (N-T, Nigeria, River Bagel, NMWC). 193. C. striatifrons (PT, Nigeria, Gadau, BMNH). 194–196. Hypandrium and epandrium (lateral view). 194. C. herrero (same). 195. C. maculiventris (same). 196. C. striatifrons (same). 197–199. Phallus (right lateral view). 197. C. herrero (same) [ejaculatory apodeme removed and illustrated dorsally]. 198. C. maculiventris (same). 199. C. striatifrons (same). 200–202. Detail of distiphallus (ventral view). 200. C. herrero (same). 201. C. maculiventris (same). 202. C. striatifrons (same). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 218–227. Male terminalia of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 218–220. Sternite 6 (ventral view). 218. C. marriott sp. n. (PT, Cameroon, Kriba beach, TAU). 219. C. moffatt sp. n. (PT, Uganda, Katona, HNHM). 220. C. platyphallum (HT, Liberia, Robertsport, AMNH). 221–223. Hypandrium and epandrium (lateral view). 221. C. marriott (same). 222. C. moffatt (same). 223. C. platyphallum (same). 224–227. Phallus (right lateral view). 224. C. marriott (same) [ejaculatory apodeme missing]. 225. C. moffatt (same). 226. Same, detail of serrated edge. 227. C. platyphallum (same). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 203–217. Females of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 203–206. Postabdomen. 203. C. maculiventris (lateral) (N-T, Nigeria, River Bagel, NMWC) [not fully distended]. 204. Same (ventral). 205. C. striatifrons (lateral) (N-T, Sudan, Roseires, MNHN) [t7 distorted]. 206. Same (ventral). 207–209. Auxiliary sclerites in region of sternite 7. 207. C. herrero. 208. C. maculiventris. 209. C. striatifrons. 210–217. Spermatheca/e of Curtonotum spp. 210. C. herrero. 211. C. maculiventris. 212. C. striatifrons. 213. C. marriott sp. n. (PT, Cameroon, Kribi (beach), TAU). 214. C. moffatt sp. n. (PT, Uganda, Katona, HNHM). 215. C. platyphallum (N-T, Liberia, 8 mi. N.W. Zorzor, CAS). 216. C. helvum (N-T, [Canada], Sandbanks P.P., Picton, DEBU). 217. C. anus (lateral) (Israel, Park HaYarden, TAU). (Figs 207–212 from Tsacas (1977), figs 5e, 12e, 11e, 5d, 12f and 11d respectively; figs 12f and 12e as C. tigrinum). Scale bars: 203–206 = 1 mm; 207–212 = 0.2 mm; 213–217 = 50 µm.

FIGURES 112–117. Head and thorax (lateral view) of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (all males). 112. C. angolense (PT, Angola, 10 mi. NE Sá da Bandeira [= Lubango], CAS). 113. C. campsiphallum (N-T, Cameroon, Limbe (shore), TAU). 114. C. freidberg sp. n. (PT, Malawi, Viphya Mnts., TAU). 115. C. hay sp. n. (PT, Uganda, Mujenje, HNHM). 116. C. quinquevittatum (N-T, Malawi, Viphya Mnts., TAU). 117. C. sao (N-T, Nigeria, Gadau, BMNH). Not to scale.

FIGURES 118–123. Head and thorax (lateral view) of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (male unless stated). 118. C. tsacas sp. n. (♀ PT, South Africa, Kosi Bay Nature Reserve, BMSA). 119. C. gonzo sp. n. (PT, Nigeria, River Bagel, NMWC). 120. C. saheliense (N-T, Nigeria, Katsina, ZSM). 121. C. simile (N-T, Israel, Ne’ot Semadar, TAU). 122. C. bicuspis sp. n. (HT, Namibia, Salambala campsite, NMNW). 123. C. cimbebas sp. n. (HT, Namibia, Tsaobismund 85, NMNW). Not to scale.

FIGURES 124–129. Head and thorax (lateral view) of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (all males). 124. C. constance sp. n. (HT, Angola, 7 mi. N Vila Perreira d’Eça, MNHN). 125. C. cuthbertsoni (N-T, South Africa, Hartbeespoort, TAU). 126. C. litoralis sp. n. (PT, [Tanzania], Zanzibar, BMNH). 127. C. pauliani (N-T, Namibia, Ekuju, NMNW). 128. C. uncinatum sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Kubunyana camp, NMNW). 129. C. unicuspis sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Mile 46, NMNW) [head of C. mcgregor sp. n. missing from HT and PT cannot be illustrated]. Not to scale.

FIGURES 238–246. Male terminalia of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 238–240. Hypandrium and epandrium (lateral view). 238. C. angolense (N-T, Angola, 10 mi. NE of Sá da Bandeira [= Lubango], CAS). 239. C. campsiphallum (N-T, Cameroon, Limbe (shore), TAU). 240. C. freidberg sp. n. (HT, Malawi, Viphya Mts., TAU). 241–243. Phallus (right lateral view). 241. C. angolense (same). 242. C. campsiphallum (same). 243. C. freidberg (same). 244–246. Apical section of phallus (left lateral view). 244. C. angolense (same). 245. C. campsiphallum (same). 246. C. freidberg (same). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 247–258. Male terminalia of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 247–250. Hypandrium and epandrium (lateral view). 247. C. hay sp. n. (HT, Uganda, Mujenge, HNHM). 248. C. quinquevittatum (N-T, Malawi, Viphya Mts., TAU). 249. C. sao (N- T, Nigeria, Gadau, BMNH). 250. C. tsacas sp. n. (PT, South Africa, Kosi Bay Nature Reserve, BMSA). 251–254. Phallus (right lateral view). 251. C. hay (same). 252. C. quinquevittatum (same). 253. C. sao (same). 254. C. tsacas (same). 255–258. Apical section of phallus (left lateral view). 255. C. hay (same). 256. C. quinquevittatum (same). 257. C. sao (same). 258. C. tsacas (same). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 259–267. Male terminalia of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 259–261. Hypandrium and epandrium (lateral view). 259. C. gonzo sp. n. (HT, [Ghana], Kwadaso, HNHM). 260. C. saheliense (N-T, Nigeria, Zaria, NMWC). 261. C. simile (N-T, UAE, Wadi Maidag, NMWC). 262–264. Phallus (right lateral view). 262. C. gonzo (same). 263. C. saheliense (same). 264. C. simile (same). 265. Apical section of phallus (left lateral view), C. gonzo (same). 266–267. Junction basiphallus and distiphallus (dorsal view). 266. C. saheliense (same). 267. C. simile (same). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 268–276. Male terminalia of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 268–270. Hypandrium and epandrium (lateral view). 268. C. bicuspis sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Susuwe, NMNW). 269. C. cimbebas sp. n. (HT, Namibia, Tsaobismund 85, NMNW). 270. C. constance sp. n. (HT, Angola, 7 mi. N Vila Perreira d’Eça, MNHN). 271–273. Phallus (right lateral view). 271. C. bicuspis (same). 272. C. cimbebas (same). 273. C. constance (same). 274–276. Apical section of phallus (left lateral view). 274. C. bicuspis (same). 275. C. cimbebas (same). 276. C. constance (same). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 277–285. Male terminalia of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 277–279. Hypandrium and epandrium (lateral view). 277. C. cuthbertsoni (N-T, South Africa, D’Nyala Nature Reserve, PPRI). 278. C. litoralis sp. n. (HT, Kenya, Muhaka Field Station, NMNW). 279. C. mcgregor sp. n. (PT, Portuguese East Africa [= Mozambique], Marromeu, NMSA). 280–282. Phallus (right lateral view). 280. C. cuthbertsoni (same). 281. C. litoralis (same). 282. C. mcgregor (same). 283–285. Apical section of phallus (left lateral view). 283. C. cuthbertsoni (same). 284. C. litoralis (same). 285. C. mcgregor (same). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 286–294. Male terminalia of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 286–288. Hypandrium and epandrium (lateral view). 286. C. pauliani (N-T, Namibia, Ekuju village, NMNW). 287. C. uncinatum sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Kubunyana, NMNW). 288. C. unicuspis sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Salambala, NMNW). 289–291. Phallus (right lateral view). 289. C. pauliani (same) [ejaculatory apodeme missing]. 290. C. uncinatum (same). 291. C. unicuspis (same). 292. Junction basiphallus and distiphallus (dorsal view), C. pauliani (same). 293–294. Apical section of phallus (left lateral view). 293. C. uncinatum (same). 294. C. unicuspis (same). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 7–12. Head and thorax (lateral) of Curtonotidae (male unless stated). 7. Cyrtona (s.l.) sp. n. 3 (N-T, South Africa, Benebos Forest, BMSA). 8. Cy. (s.l.) sp. n. 4 (♀ N-T, Burundi, Parc National de la Kibira, BMSA). 9. Cy. (s.l.) capensis (♀ N- T, South Africa, Grahamstown, AMGS). 10. Cy. (s.l.) consobrina (N-T, South Africa, Clanwilliam road, NMSA). 11. Cy. (s.l.) albomacula (N-T, South Africa, Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve, NMSA). 12. Parapsinota sublineata (N-T, South Africa, Pietermaritzburg, NMSA). Not to scale.

FIGURES 228–233. Female postabdomen of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 228. C. marriott sp. n. (lateral) (PT, Cameroon, Kriba beach, TAU). 229. Same (ventral). 230. C. moffatt sp. n. (lateral) (PT, Uganda, Katona, HNHM). 231. Same (ventral). 232. C. platyphallum (lateral) (N-T, Liberia, 8 mi. NW Zorzor, CAS). 233. Same (ventral). 234–237. Comparative material of non-Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 234. C. helvum (lateral) (N-T, [Canada], Sandbanks P.P., Picton, DEBU). 235. Same (ventral). 236. C. anus (lateral) (N-T, Israel, Park HaYarden, TAU). 237. Same (ventral) (Figs 236, 237 after Kirk-Spriggs and Freidberg 2007: 142, figs 17, 18). Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURES 160–165. Wing of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (male unless stated). 160. C. herrero (N-T, Namibia, Amkarub 269, NMNW). 161. C. maculiventris (N-T, S. Rhodesia [= Zimbabwe], Chipinda Pools, BMNH). 162. C. striatifrons (♀ LT, Sudan, Bal el Ghanal, BMNH). 163. C. marriott sp. n. (♀ PT, Cameroon, Kriba beach, TAU). 164. C. moffatt sp. n. (HT, Uganda, Mujenje, HNHM). 165. C. platyphallum (HT, Liberia, Robertsport, AMNH). 166–171. Scutellum of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 166. C. herrero (same). 167. C. maculiventris (same). 168. C. striatifrons (N-T, Nigeria, Gadau, BMNH). 169. C. marriott (same). 170. C. moffatt (♀ PT, Uganda, Mujenje, HNHM). 171. C. platyphallum (same). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 295–305. Male sternites of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 295. C. angolense (N-T, Angola, 10 mi. NE of Sá da Bandeira [= Lubango], CAS). 296. C. campsiphallum (N-T, Cameroon, Limbe (shore), TAU). 297. C. freidberg sp. n. (PT, Malawi, Viphya Mts., TAU). 298. C. hay sp. n. (HT, Uganda, Mujenge, HNHM). 299. C. quinquevittatum (N-T, Malawi, Viphya Mts., TAU). 300. C. sao (N-T, Nigeria, Gadau, BMNH). 301. C. tsacas sp. n. (PT, Kenya, Kainuk, TAU). 302. C. gonzo sp. n. (PT, [Ghana], Kwadaso, HNHM). 303. C. saheliense (N-T, Nigeria, Yankari Game Reserve, NMWC). 304. C. simile (N- T, UAE, Wadi Maidan, NMWC). 305. C. uncinatum sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Kubunyana, NMNW). Scale bars: 295–301, 303–305 = 0.5 mm; 302 = 0.6 mm.

FIGURES 172–181. Wing of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (all males). 172. C. angolense (PT, Angola, 10 mi. NE of Sá da Bandeira [= Lubango], CAS). 173. C. campsiphallum (N-T, Cameroon, Limbe (shore), TAU). 174. C. freidberg sp. n. (PT, Malawi, Viphya Mts., TAU). 175. C. hay sp. n. (HT, Uganda, Mujenje, HNHM). 176. C. quinquevittatum (N-T, Malawi, Viphya Mts., TAU). 177. C. sao (N-T, Nigeria, Gadau, BMNH). 178. C. tsacas sp. n. (PT, South Africa, Kosi Bay Nature Reserve, BMSA). 179. C. gonzo sp. n. (HT, [Ghana], Kwadaso, HNHM). 180. C. saheliense (N-T, Nigeria, Samaru, MNHN). 181. C. simile (N-T, Oman, Ourm, MZLU). Not to scale.

FIGURES 182–190. Wing of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (all males). 182. C. bicuspis sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Salambala forest, NMNW). 183. C. cimbebas sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Tsams Ost spring, NMNW). 184. C. constance sp. n. (HT, Angola, 7 mi. N Vila Perreira d’Eça, MNHN). 185. C. cuthbertsoni (N-T, Zimbabwe, Chimana Causeway, ZSM). 186. C. litoralis sp. n. (HT, Kenya, Muhaka Field Station, NMNW). 187. C. mcgregor sp. n. (HT, Nyasaland [= Malawi], Port Herald, BMNH). 188. C. pauliani (N-T, Namibia, Ekuju village, NMNW). 189. C. uncinatum sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Salambala campsite, NMNW). 190. C. unicuspis sp. n. (HT, Salambala campsite, NMNW). Not to scale.