Persea, Miller, 1754

De Moraes, Pedro L. R. & Trinca, Mayra D., 2022, Foliar cuticles of species of Persea subg. Eriodaphne (Lauraceae), Phytotaxa 549 (3), pp. 255-300 : 274-276

Key to the American species of Persea , based on foliar cuticle characters

1. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces.......................................................................................................................................................2

– Leaves pubescent at least in one surface ..........................................................................................................................................12

2. Surface of epidermal periclinal walls flat...........................................................................................................................................3

– Surface of epidermal periclinal walls protruding upward to papillose...............................................................................................7

3. Overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular to rhombic, stomatal surface type RH2 (rhombic, protruding and regular margin)................................................................................................................................................................................ P. jariensis

– Overall shape of the stomatal complex circular to broadly circular to elliptic, stomatal surface type AF (almost flat) to BCP3 (subsidiary cells broadly circular, protruding but interrupted at both ends of the aperture field) to NCP4 (narrowly circular, protruding but interrupted at both ends of the aperture field) ............................................................................................................4

4. Stomatal ledge bat-shaped..................................................................................................................................................................5

– Stomatal ledge lip-shaped or butterfly-shaped ...................................................................................................................................6

5. Epidermal non-specialised cells strictly of almost equal size on both surfaces, anticlinal walls straight to slightly curved on both surfaces.............................................................................................................................................................................. P. borbonia

– Epidermal non-specialised cells of almost equal size on both surfaces to larger adaxially, anticlinal walls straight to slightly curved to undulate adaxially........................................................................................................................................................... P. longipes

6. Epidermal non-specialised cells strictly larger adaxially, anticlinal walls strictly straight adaxially ................................... P. pumila

– Epidermal non-specialised cells of almost equal size on both surfaces to larger adaxially, anticlinal walls straight to slightly curved on both surfaces..................................................................................................................................................................... P. venosa

7. Surface appearance of epidermal periclinal walls strictly papillose .................................................................................. P. povedae

– Surface appearance of epidermal periclinal walls predominantly protruding upward.......................................................................8

8. Epidermal non-specialised cells strictly larger adaxially ...................................................................................................................9

– Epidermal non-specialised cells of almost equal size on both surfaces to larger adaxially .............................................................10

9. Anticlinal walls straight to slightly curved on both surfaces, stomatal surface type NCP4 .................................................. P. glabra

– Anticlinal walls strictly straight adaxially, stomatal surface type AF, BCP3 or NCP4 ......................................................... P. pumila

10.== Stomatal ledge bat-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular to elliptic, stomatal surface type BCP3 or NCP4 .................................................................................................................................................................................. P. longipes

–== Stomatal ledge lip-shaped to butterfly-shaped .................................................................................................................................11

11.== Anticlinal walls strictly straight adaxially, stomatal ledge lip-shaped ................................................................................ P. cuneata

–== Anticlinal walls straight to slightly curved on both surfaces, stomatal ledge lip-shaped to butterfly-shaped ...................... P. venosa

12. Leaves densely to completely covered by trichomes abaxially........................................................................................................13

– Leaves not densely to completely covered by trichomes abaxially .................................................................................................34

13. Epidermal non-specialised cells of almost equal size on both surfaces to larger abaxially .............................................................14

– Epidermal non-specialised cells of almost equal size on both surfaces to larger adaxially .............................................................15

14. Anticlinal walls straight to slightly curved on both surfaces, stomatal surface type BCP3 or NCP4 , average stomatal index 0.13 ± 0.036 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... P. alba

– Anticlinal walls strictly straight adaxially, stomatal surface type AF, BCP3 , NCP4 or RH3 (rhombic, protruding, irregular margin), average stomatal index 0.20 ± 0.035 ..................................................................................................................................... P. aurata

15. Epidermal non-specialised cells strictly of almost equal size on both surfaces...............................................................................16

– Epidermal non-specialised cells of almost equal size on both surfaces to larger adaxially .............................................................26

16. Surface of epidermal periclinal walls strictly flat........................................................................................................ P. benthamiana

– Surface of epidermal periclinal walls flat to protruding to papillose ...............................................................................................17

17. Surface of epidermal periclinal walls strictly protruding upward ....................................................................................................18

– Surface of epidermal periclinal walls flat to protruding, or protruding to papillose........................................................................20

18. Anticlinal walls strictly straight adaxially, straight to slightly curved abaxially, stomatal ledge lip-, butterfly-, and/or bat-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular to elliptic to rhombic, stomatal surface type BCP3 or NCP4 ....................... ............................................................................................................................................................................. P. pseudofasciculata

– Anticlinal walls straight to slightly curved adaxially, strictly straight or straight to slightly curved abaxially, stomatal ledge lipshaped...............................................................................................................................................................................................19

19. Overall shape of the stomatal complex circular to elliptic, stomatal surface type CP (circular and protruding forming a symmetric circle) or NCP4 ..................................................................................................................................................................... P. sericea

– Overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular to rhombic, stomatal surface type BCP3 or NCP4 .................... P. vesticula

20. Surface of epidermal periclinal walls flat to protruding...................................................................................................................21

– Surface of epidermal periclinal walls protruding to papillose................................................................................... P. rufotomentosa

21. Stomatal ledge strictly lip-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular to elliptic, stomatal surface type BCP3 or NCP4 , average stomatal index 0.17 ± 0.03......................................................................................................................... P. fusca

– Stomatal ledge lip- to butterfly- or bat-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex circular to broadly circular to elliptic to rhombic, stomatal surface type AF, BCP3 , NCP4 or RH3, average stomatal index different .........................................................22

22. Stomatal ledge strictly bat-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular, stomatal surface type AF or BCP3 , average stomatal index 0.18 ± 0.04 ................................................................................................................................ P. meridensis

– Stomatal ledge of another type, average stomatal index different ...................................................................................................23

23. Stomatal ledge lip- to butterfly-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular to elliptic, stomatal surface type AF, BCP3 or NCP4 , average stomatal index 0.16 ± 0.02 ............................................................................................................... P. fulva

– Stomatal ledge lip- to bat-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex circular to broadly circular to elliptic to rhombic, average stomatal index of another value........................................................................................................................................................24

24. Stomatal surface type AF, NCP4 or RH3, average stomatal index 0.14 ± 0.0041 ....................................................... P. weberbaueri

– Stomatal surface type BCP3 or AF to NCP4 , average stomatal index 0.19.....................................................................................25

25. Overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular, stomatal surface type BCP3 , average stomatal index 0.19 ± 0.01.............. ............................................................................................................................................................................................ P. jenmanii

– Overall shape of the stomatal complex rhombic to elliptic, stomatal surface type AF or NCP4 , average stomatal index 0.19 ± 0.02 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... P. obovata

26. Epidermal non-specialised cells strictly larger adaxially .................................................................................................................27

– Epidermal non-specialised cells of almost equal size on both surfaces to larger adaxially .............................................................30

27. Stomatal ledge butterfly-shaped, average stomatal index 0.21 ± 0.01............................................................................. P. fuliginosa

– Stomatal ledge bat-shaped, average stomatal index of another value ..............................................................................................28

28. Stomatal surface type BCP3 , average stomatal index 0.17 ± 0.03.................................................................................. P. ferruginea

– Stomatal surface type NCP4 to RH3, average stomatal index of another value ..............................................................................29

29. Overall shape of the stomatal complex circular to elliptic, average stomatal index 0.16 ± 0.01................................. P. perseiphylla

– Overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular to rhombic, average stomatal index 0.08 ± 0.0015......................... P. ruizii

30. Stomatal ledge lip- to butterfly-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular to rhombic, stomatal surface type LP1 or NCP4 , average stomatal index 0.18 ± 0.03 ........................................................................................................ P. willdenovii

– Stomatal ledge strictly lip- or lip- to bat-shaped, average stomatal index different.........................................................................31

31. Overall shape of the stomatal complex strictly elliptic, stomatal surface type AF or NCP4 , average stomatal index 0.21 ± 0.0075. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... P. pedunculosa

– Overall shape of the stomatal complex circular to broadly circular to elliptic, stomatal surface type AF, BCP3 or NCP4 , average stomatal index different ....................................................................................................................................................................32

32. Overall shape of the stomatal complex circular to elliptic, stomatal surface type AF or NCP4 , average stomatal index 0.16 ± 0.01 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... P. chamissonis

– Overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular, stomatal surface type AF and/or BCP3 , average stomatal index different. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................33

33. Stomatal surface type BCP3 , average stomatal index 0.14 ± 0.01....................................................................................... P. humilis

– Stomatal surface type AF to BCP3 , average stomatal index 0.10 ± 0.01............................................................................... P. lingue

34. Surface of epidermal periclinal walls papillose................................................................................................................................35

– Surface of epidermal periclinal walls non papillose.........................................................................................................................38

35. Anticlinal walls curved to undulate adaxially, curved abaxially......................................................................................... P. croizatii

– Anticlinal walls strictly straight or straight to slightly curved adaxially, straight to slightly curved abaxially (when visible) .......36

36. Stomatal ledge lip-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex elliptic................................................................... P. microneura

– Stomatal ledge bat-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular.......................................................................37

37. Stomatal surface type NCP4 , average stomatal index 0.06 ± 0.02........................................................................... P. areolatocostae

– Stomatal surface type BCP3 , average stomatal index unknown (cells not counted) .................................................. P. chrysophylla

38. Surface of epidermal periclinal walls flat.........................................................................................................................................39

– Surface of epidermal periclinal walls flat, protruding or papillose..................................................................................................40

39. Anticlinal walls straight adaxially, stomatal ledge bat-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular, stomatal surface type BCP3 or NCP4 , average stomatal index 0.17 ± 0.01......................................................................................... P. albida

– Anticlinal walls curved to undulate adaxially, stomatal ledge lip-shaped to bat-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex elliptic, stomatal surface type AF or NCP4 , average stomatal index 0.20 ± 0.02............................................................ P. buchtienii

40. Epidermal non-specialised cells larger adaxially .............................................................................................................................41

– Epidermal non-specialised cells equal size on both surfaces or almost equal to larger adaxially ...................................................45

41. Anticlinal walls strictly undulate adaxially ........................................................................................................................ P. palustris

– Anticlinal walls straight to slightly curved to undulate adaxially ....................................................................................................42

42. Anticlinal walls straight to undulate adaxially, curved abaxially, average stomatal index 0.27 ± 0.02 ......................... P. schiedeana

– Anticlinal walls strictly straight or straight to curved on both surfaces, average stomatal index different .....................................43

43. Stomatal ledge butterfly-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex circular to elliptic, stomatal surface type NCP4 , average stomatal index 0.17 ± 0.02 ........................................................................................................................................ P. veraguasensis

– Stomatal ledge lip-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular to rhombic, stomatal surface type BCP3 , NCP4 or RH3, average stomatal index same or different ...........................................................................................................................44

44. Overall shape of the stomatal complex strictly broadly circular, stomatal surface type BCP3 or NCP4 , average stomatal index 0.17 ± 0.02.............................................................................................................................................................................. P. haenkeana

– Overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular to rhombic, stomatal surface type BCP3 or RH3, average stomatal index 0.19 ± 0.02................................................................................................................................................................ P. donnell-smithii

45. Surface of epidermal periclinal walls strictly protruding upward ....................................................................................................46

– Surface of epidermal periclinal walls flat to protruding or protruding to papillose.........................................................................49

46. Stomatal ledge bat-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular to elliptic, stomatal surface type BCP3 or NCP4 , average stomatal index 0.13 ± 0.02 ................................................................................................................................. P. liebmannii

– Stomatal ledge strictly lip-shaped or lip-shaped to butterfly-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex strictly elliptic or circular to elliptic, stomatal surface appearance type NCP4 , average stomatal index different ......................................................47

47. Stomatal ledge lip- to butterfly-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex circular to elliptic, average stomatal index 0.16 ± 0.02 ................................................................................................................................................................................... P. peruviana

– Stomatal ledge strictly lip-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex strictly elliptic, average stomatal index different........48

48. Anticlinal walls strictly straight adaxially, average stomatal index 0.21 ± 0.01 .......................................................... P. oblongifolia

– Anticlinal walls straight to curved adaxially, average stomatal index 0.21 ± 0.03 .................................................... P. psammophila

49. Surface of epidermal periclinal walls flat to protruding...................................................................................................................50

– Surface of epidermal periclinal walls protruding to papillose..........................................................................................................56

50. Stomatal ledge bat-shaped................................................................................................................................................................51

– Stomatal ledge various .....................................................................................................................................................................52

51. Anticlinal walls straight adaxially, average stomatal index 0.26 ± 0.03 ......................................................................... P. americana

– Anticlinal walls straight to curved on both surfaces, average stomatal index 0.20 ± 0.01 ................................................. P. julianae

52. Stomatal ledge strictly lip-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular to rhombic, average stomatal index 0.17 ± 0.02.................................................................................................................................................................................. P. punctata

– Stomatal ledge lip-shaped to butterfly-shaped or bat-shaped...........................................................................................................53

53. Overall shape of the stomatal complex elliptic, average stomatal index 0.16 ± 0.03 ............................................................ P. caesia

– Overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular to elliptic, average stomatal index different ............................................54

54. Stomatal ledge butterfly-shaped to bat-shaped, average stomatal index 0.18 ± 0.03 ............................................................ P. rigida

– Stomatal ledge lip-shaped to bat-shaped, average stomatal index different.....................................................................................55

55. Overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular, stomatal surface type BCP3 , average stomatal index 0.21 ± 0.0044.......... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... P. hypoleuca

– Overall shape of the stomatal complex broadly circular to elliptic, stomatal surface type AF, BCP3 or NCP4 , average stomatal index 0.19 ± 0.03 ................................................................................................................................................................ P. meziana

56. Stomatal ledge lip-shaped to bat-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex elliptic, average stomatal index 0.18 ± 0.01 ......... ............................................................................................................................................................................................ P. caerulea

– Stomatal ledge lip-shaped, overall shape of the stomatal complex circular to broadly circular, average stomatal index 0.16 ± 0.03 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... P. fastigiata