Cyclostoma largillierti, (Pfeiffer, 1846)

Watters, G. Thomas, 2014, A revision of the Annulariidae of Central America (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea), Zootaxa 3878 (4), pp. 301-350 : 304-308

Choanopomops largillierti ( Pfeiffer, 1846)

Figures 1 A–X , 12 A

Type material. Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 : MNHN (3), syntypes [ Chevallier, 1965: 29, lists three specimens; only one referenced in database: MNHN-IM-5447, which is not the figured specimen] (figs. 1 W, X). Cistula grateloupi Pfeiffer, 1852 : figured type, JDC, fide Chevallier, 1965: 29, but not in MNHN database; NHMUK unnumbered (3), specimens from Cuming collection bearing Pfeiffer’s handwriting may be syntypes, but none closely match figure in Pfeiffer (1854a). Cyclostoma grateloupi var. minor Pfeiffer, 1853 : ZMB 65668,? one syntype.

Type locality. Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 : “ in Yucatan.” Cistula grateloupi Pfeiffer, 1852 : “ Yucatan.” Cyclostoma grateloupi var. minor Pfeiffer, 1853 : “in Indiâ occidentali.”

Type figured. Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 : Pfeiffer, 1847b: pl. 14, figs. 26, 27. Cistula grateloupi Pfeiffer, 1852 : Pfeiffer, 1854a: pl. 40, figs. 28, 29. Cyclostoma grateloupi var. minor Pfeiffer, 1853 : unfigured.

Chresonymy.

Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846: 46 ; Pfeiffer, 1847a: 105; Pfeiffer, 1847b: pl. 14, figs. 26, 27; Pfeiffer, 1848: 121 –122; Petit de la Saussaye, 1850: 46; Pfeiffer, 1850: 89; Baker, 1924a: 91; Watters, 2006: 326 –327.

Choanopoma largillierti ( Pfeiffer, 1846) . Gray, 1850: 51; Bequaert & Clench, 1933: 526, 540; Richards, 1937: 257; Bequaert & Clench, 1938: 259; Harry, 1950: 26 –28, fig. 3 right; Branson & McCoy, 1963: 101 –108; Thompson, 1966: 27, 28; Thompson, 1967: 224 –225.

Cistula grateloupi Pfeiffer, 1851: 171 [nomen nudum].

Cistula grateloupi Pfeiffer, 1852a: 272 ; Pfeiffer, 1853a: 191 –192; Adams & Adams, 1856: 294; Pfeiffer, 1858: 134; Pfeiffer, 1865: 143; Bland, 1866: 61; Strebel, 1873: 10 –11, pl. 1, fig. 4; Pfeiffer, 1876: 189; Martens, 1890: 19 [in synonymy of Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 ]; Chevallier, 1965: 29 [in synonymy of Cistula sargi Crosse & Fischer, 1883 ]; Martens, 1890: 19 [in synonymy of Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 ]; Bequaert & Clench, 1933: 540 [in synonymy of Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 ]; Bequaert & Clench, 1936: 71 [in synonymy of Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 ]; Solem, 1961: 200 –202, pl. 10, fig. 12 [in synonymy of Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 ]; Watters, 2006: 279 –280; Thompson, 2011: 46 [in synonymy of Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 ].

Cistula largillierti ( Pfeiffer, 1846) . Pfeiffer, 1851: 171; Pfeiffer, 1852a: 273; Pfeiffer, 1853a: 192; Pfeiffer, 1858: 134; Pfeiffer, 1865: 143; Bland, 1866: 61; Pfeiffer, 1876: 189; Chevallier, 1965: 29 [in synonymy of Cistula sargi Crosse & Fischer, 1883 ].

Cistula grateloupi var. β Pfeiffer, 1852a: 272.

Cyclostomus grateloupi (Pfeiffer, 1852) . Pfeiffer, 1852d: 67 –68.

Cyclostoma grateloupi (Pfeiffer, 1852) . Pfeiffer, 1853b: 246 –247; Pfeiffer, 1854a: 306 –307, pl. 40, figs. 28, 29; Solem, 1961: 200 –202, pl. 10, fig. 12 [in synonymy of Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 ].

Cyclostoma grateloupi var. minor Pfeiffer, 1853b: 247 ; Watters, 2006: 280 [in synonymy of Cistula grateloupi Pfeiffer, 1852 ].

Cyclostoma grateloupi var. Pfeiffer, 1854a: 306 –307, pl. 40, figs. 30, 31.

Cistula largillierti “Phil. ” Adams & Adams, 1856: 294.

Chondropoma grateloupi (Pfeiffer, 1852) . Reeve, 1863b: pl. 11, fig. 84; Martens, 1890: 19 [in synonymy of Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 ].

Chondropoma largillierti ( Pfeiffer, 1846) . Reeve, 1863b: pl. 11, fig. 86; Martens, 1890: 19.

Ctenopoma largillierti ( Pfeiffer, 1846) . Fischer & Crosse, 1890: 188, 196–197, 199, pl. 42, figs. 10, 10a, 10b.

Ctenopoma grateloupi (Pfeiffer, 1852) . Fischer & Crosse, 1890: 188, 197, 199–200, pl. 42, figs. 8, 8a, 8b.

Annularia (Annularia) largillierti ( Pfeiffer, 1846) . Henderson & Bartsch, 1921: 73.

Licina (Choanopomops) largillierti ( Pfeiffer, 1846) . Baker, 1928: 46 –49, pl. 2, fig. vi–35 [radula]; Wenz, 1939: 552, fig. 1478.

Licina (Choanopomops) grateloupi (Pfeiffer, 1852) . Baker, 1928: 48 –49, pl. 2, fig. vi–36 [radula].

Tudora (Tudora) [as tribe] Choanopomops largillierti ( Pfeiffer, 1846) . Thiele, 1929: 134.

Choanopoma (Chondropomops) largillierti ( Pfeiffer, 1846) . Bequaert & Clench, 1936: 71 –72; Haas & Solem, 1960: 130; Solem, 1961: 195, 197, 200–202, 211F, pl. 10, figs. 11–12, pl. 12, figs. 24j, k, map 1; Thompson, 2011: 46, 278, 284, 291.

Choanopoma grateloupi (Pfeiffer, 1852) . Branson & McCoy, 1963: 104 –105 [in synonymy of Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 ]; Thompson, 1967: 225 [in synonymy of Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 ].

Annularia sp. Simone, 2004: 420 –422, figs. 49, 55–56, 113–114, 147–149 [radula], 330–347; Simone, 2011: 168, 267, 274, 281, 288, 295, 302.

Choanopomops grateloupi (Pfeiffer, 1852) . Watters, 2006: 58, 279–280.

Choanopomops largillierti ( Pfeiffer, 1846) . Watters, 2006: 58, 326–327.

Distribution and habitat. Yucatán Peninsula of Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatán states in México and in the northern half of Belize. Snails occur on lowland limestone outcrops and in cenotes throughout the karst landscape. Often encountered at the Mayan ruins of Chichén-Itzá, Chetumal, Kohunlich, and others. Specimens have been collected under limestone boulders in humus in rain forests as well as under rocks in cenotes; also among vegetation on the beach. Baker (1928) observed that this species aestivates “under slabs of rock, but rapidly climbing up on the brush under the impetus of even a short shower.”

Conservation. A significant portion of the range occurs in reserves, parks, and archeological sites in both Belize and México.

Other material (specimens examined: 1,309). México. Campeche State: GTW 7242a (1), 50.0 road km W of Xpujil; UF 19125 (1), 6.4 km E of Xpujil; UF 19114 (26), 5.8 km S of Hopelchén; UF 19110 (10), UF 19122 (1), 16.4 km E of Escárcega; UF 19098 (47), 3.5 km S of San Pablo Pixtún; UF 19111 (25), UF 19126 (2), 11.6 km S of San Pablo Pixtún; UF 19117 (8), 27.0 km S of Tenabó; UF 19109 (29), UF 19123 (1), 9.2 km E of Campeche; UF 19097 (73), hill 11.4 km SW of Campeche; UF 19105 (17), 8.2 km NNW of Dzibalchén; UF 19116 (3), 10.0 km N of Dzibalchén; UF 19119 (5), Edzna; UF 19106 (20), UF 19124 (1), 13.5 km W of Ich-Ek; UF 19095 (65), UF 213715 (26), 5.5 km S of Cayal; UF 155823 (13), Becán; UF 19113 (29), 10.0 km NE of Puerto de Seybaplaya; UF 19099 (51), 9.8 km SW of Puerto de Seybaplaya; UF 19102 (14), 1.4 km SW of Champotón; UF 19108 (12), 6.9 km N of Tenabó. Quintana Roo State: GTW 7242c (22), Tulum ruins; GTW 13614d (1), GTW 13614d (1), Grego coll. (3), UF 155827 (8), Kohunlich ruins; UF 19101 (15), 3.7 km SSE of Polyuc; UF 19103 (11), 11.4 km NNW of Polyuc; UF 133601 (22), 30.0 km S of Felipe Carrillo Puerto; UF 216378 (1), Chetumal; GTW 13614a (1), Playa del Carmen; UF 38903 (5), Cobá. Yucatán State: UF 445040 (18), cenote 19.3 km from San Antonio Mulix, near Cenote X’batan; UF 19120 (5), UF 216377 (16), UF 467562 (17), Uxmal ruins; UF 216372 (11), Cenote de Progresso; UF 19115 (4), 5.1 km S of Progresso; UF 19118 (6), 30.7 km SSE of Uman; UF 19100 (46), 11.2 km SSE of Uman; UF 213713 (85), Kabah ruins; UF 19121 (6), 1.6 km SSE of Puerto Telchac; UF 34931 (17), 8.2 km S of Puerto Telchac; UF 77148 (4), Cenote Rancho Los Pinos 7 km S of San Buenaventura; UF 19107 (15), UF 213714 (19), 1.3 km NE of Becanchén; UF 19112 (13), 16.0 km NE of Becanchén; GTW 7328a (1), GTW 13615b (1), GTW 13614c (1), GTW 13614e (5), Grego coll. (5), UF 119197 (3), UF 119118 (6), UF 119199 (9), UF 119200 (15), UF 158958 (2), UF 216374 (3), UF 216373 (2), UF 216376 (4), UF 275359 (109), UF 467530 (1), UF 467539 (1), UF 457541 (6), Chichén-Itzá ruins; UF 38913 (10), between Chichén-Itzá and Kantunil; UF 34912 (7), La Gruta de Xpukil 1.7 km S of Calcehtok; UF 216375 (1), Actún Xpukil 3.0 km S of Calcehtok; UF 19104 (13), Mérida. Belize. Belize District: GTW 7242b (4), UF 134987 (3), Altun Ha ruins. Corozal District: UF 135147 (11), mogote just S of San Joaquin; UF 80934 (69), Laguna Seca ruins. Orange Walk District: UF 135206 (8), Cedar Crossing on Rio Bravo; UF 207210 (3), Rio Bravo Research Station, 100 m; UF 207254 (82), 4 km WSW of Rio Bravo Research Station, 150 m; UF 207228 (33), 16.0 km S of Rio Bravo Research Station, 150 m; UF 135153 (17), 4.4 km. E of San Victor; UF 198420 (4), UF 207137 (147), UF 207163 (10), 1.0 km E of Neuendorf, 100 m; UF 207181 (14), 5.4 km W of Neuendorf, 100 m; UF 135170 (12), turnoff to Victoria Falls, 27.4 km. S of Linda Vista.

Description. Shell oval, short-spired, compact, solid. Smallest adult specimen seen 9.9 mm in length, largest 19.4 mm, average 13.2 mm (decollate). Protoconch very rarely retained in adult, 1.5 small, rounded, smooth whorls, tan. Teleoconch of 2.75–3.75 gently rounded whorls. Umbilicus narrow, largely occluded by outer lip. Spiral sculpture of 20–45 crowded, weak cords, somewhat stronger in the umbilicus. Axial sculpture of 90–180 erect, crowded, rounded ribs or threads. In the form largillierti the sculpture forms minute beads at the intersections, the spaces between form minute fenstrations or pits. In the form grateloupi the axial sculpture is much stronger than the spiral sculpture, which may be evident only between the axial ribs, and may be minutely beaded. These two forms are extremes and intermediates between them are fairly common. In both forms groups of 2–5 axial ribs or threads enlarge and fuse to form large, solid sutural tufts; the tufts are appressed to the previous whorl. Suture deeply incised and mostly occluded by the sutural tufts. Aperture oval. Inner lip smooth, prominent, erect. Outer lip lamellate, reflected rather widely perpendicular to whorl, more or less evenly expanded, somewhat narrower facing umbilicus, auriculate posteriorly, usually adnate (attached) to previous whorl but narrowly solute (separated) in some populations. The outer lip may be concave in some specimens or show weak fimbriations on the umbilical side. Base color white, tan, or orange; spire usually darker than final whorls. Specimens marked with 5–7 broken, brown, smudged spiral bands, often reduced to spots; this pattern may be absent on the final whorl but is always present on the spire. Most specimens have a polished or glassy aspect. Lip white with brown bands continuous over adapertural face of peristome; pattern visible inside aperture. Operculum paucispiral with a calcareous lamella reflected into a perpendicular plate separated by a sulcus. Simone (2004) gave an exhaustive description of the morphology of this species (as Annularia sp.).

Variation in specimens. There is great variation in the strength of sculpture and the number of axial and spiral threads and cords. Specimens vary from nearly uniformly white to boldly patterned.

Comparison with other species. No other Central American species has fused tufts.

Remarks. Most authors have considered Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 , and Cistula grateloupi Pfeiffer, 1852 , as variations of the same species while at the same time suggesting they may be distinct. Cyclostoma largillierti was applied to the smooth form whereas C. grateloupi was used for the coarsely sculptured form. Baker (1928) considered the two species distinct noting that his C. grateloupi were consistently larger than his C. largillierti . In the randomly selected subset measured here (n=100) there was no significant difference between the average lengths of the two forms. However, there were differences among populations. For example, specimens from Cobá averaged 14.0 mm in length, from Chichén-Itzá averaged 12.0 mm, from San Joaquin averaged 14.7 mm, from San Antonio Mulix averaged 12.5 mm, and from Uxmal averaged 13.0 mm.

Although the two forms are considered the same species by Solem (1961), Thompson (2011), and here, they rarely are found together. The great majority of populations consist of one form or the other. The ecological factors, if any, driving these variations are unknown. Plotting the distributions of the two forms does not reveal any discernable zoogeographic pattern as well. Mixed and intermediate populations occur at Chichén-Itzá, Tenabó, and a few other sites. It is these intermediates that suggest more than anything else that the two forms are one species (although hybridization is not out of the question).

Original description (translated here from Latin). Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 . “Shell perforated, oblong, apex decollated, rather thin, crowded ribs, distinctly elevated, sculptured longitudinally, linear spiral spaces more or less decussate, yellowish, colored with brown spots in obsolete series; suture deep, denticulate; 4 convex whorls, front of last briefly solute; aperture oblique suboval; peristome double, inner simple, outer briefly expanded, upper margin angled at juncture; operculum shelly, paucispiral, with whorl margins lamellate.” 12.5 mm.

Original description (translated here from Latin). Cistula grateloupi Pfeiffer, 1852 . “Shell perforate, oblong, pupa-shaped, truncate, a little thin, sculpture of crowded spiral sulcae and longitudinal costae, crowded, not interrupted, diaphanous, a little shiny, corneous-white, colored with bands of interrupted brown streaks; top of spire a little attenuated, widely truncate; suture even, crenulated: upper crenulations minute, crowded, last whorl with dilated tufts, obtuse; four remaining whorls a little convex, forward of last shortly solute, base rounded; aperture vertical, oval; peristome double: inner briefly expanded, adnate, outer openly bell-shaped, red radiating marks, outer lip elevated, then emarginate and penultimate whorl adnate.—Operculum normal.” 16 mm.

Etymology. Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1846 : Louis Largilliert (1798–1855), French naturalist and banker, collector of the type. Cistula grateloupi Pfeiffer, 1852 : Jean-Pierre Sylvestre de Grateloup (1782–1861), French physician, geologist, conchologist. Cyclostoma grateloupi var. minor Pfeiffer, 1853 : L. minor, smaller [than the nominate subspecies].

Figures

FIGURE 1 A – X. Choanopomops largillierti (Pfeiffer, 1846). A – B. Cyclostoma largillierti Pfeiffer, 1847 b: pl. 14, figs. 26, 27. C. GTW 13614 a, 12.4 mm. D. UF 19104, 14.3 mm. E. UF 445040, 11.7 mm. F. UF 467562, 12.5 mm. G. UF 38903, 15.6 mm. H. UF 135147, 12.8 mm. I. UF 135153, 15.7 mm. J – K. Grego coll., Chichén-Itzá ruins, 14.2 mm. L. GTW 13614 d, 14.4 mm. M. UF 19107, 12.9 mm. N. Grego coll., Chichén-Itzá ruins, 8.8 mm. O. UF 445040, 13.1 mm. P. GTW 13614 e, 12.4 mm. Q. GTW 13614 e, 12.9 mm. R. UF 34912, 11.8 mm. S. UF 275359, 14.4 mm. T. UF 275359, 13.3 mm. U. UF 275359, 12.6 mm. V. UF 275359, 13.6 mm. W – X. Cistula grateloupi Pfeiffer, 1851, MNHN-IM- 5447, syntype, length unknown, photo courtesy of MNHN.

FIGURE 12 A – D. Distribution maps. A. Choanopomops largillierti (Pfeiffer, 1846) (black); Parachondria rubicundus (Morelet, 1849) (red); Parachondria cordovanus Pfeiffer, 1857 (blue); Paridoxipoma enigmaticum new species (white). B. Halotudora sumichrasti (Crosse & Fischer, 1874) (blue); Halotudora gaigei (Bequaert & Clench, 1931) (black); Diplopoma osberti (Tristram, 1861) (red); Halotudora gruneri (Pfeiffer, 1846) (white). C. Gouldipoma chiapasense (Crosse & Fischer, 1877) (red); Diplopoma rigidulum (Morelet, 1851) (black); Tudorisca andrewsae (Ancey, 1886) (blue); Gouldipoma coltrorum new species (white); Gouldipoma thomasi (Solem, 1961) (purple). D. Gouldipoma trochlearis (Pfeiffer, 1852) (red); Halotudora kuesteri (Pfeiffer, 1852) (black); Gouldipoma terecostatum (Thompson, 1966) (blue); Gouldipoma chrysostiria new species (purple); Gouldipoma callipeplum (Solem, 1961) (white).