Hemirrhagus, SIMON, 1903

Mendoza Marroquín, Jorge I., 2014, Taxonomic revision of Hemirrhagus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae), with description of five new species from Mexico, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 170 (4), pp. 634-689 : 636-642

HEMIRRHAGUS SIMON, 1903 ( FIGS 1–49 )

Hemirrhagus Simon, 1903 ; 926; Strand, 1907: 16; 1912: 175; Petrunkevitch, 1911: 71; 1928: 78; Roewer, 1942: 231; Raven, 1985: 116; Schmidt, 1993: 59; Smith, 1995: 185; Pérez-Miles, 1998: 121; Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003: 366.

Spelopelma Gertsch, 1982: 87 ; Smith, 1995: 32; Schmidt, 1997: 2. Junior synonymy.

Emended diagnosis: Hemirrhagus differs from all other theraphosine genera by retrolateral projections (heels) on ventral face of coxae on all legs. It also differs by possessing type VI urticating setae ( Pérez-Miles, 1998) arranged in one dorsomedian patch, two dorsal paramedian patches, or two lateral patches in most of the species, with the exception of troglobites ( H. grieta , H. mitchelli , H. puebla , H. reddelli and H. stygius ), which lack urticating setae. Urticating setae are yellowish-orange, platinum, black, or brown in colour depending on the species. Differs from most theraphosine genera in the male palpal bulb with a slender embolus (except Hemirrhagus embolulatus sp. nov.). The SA is large and extends posteriorly on retrolateral face of embolus. The posterior curvature of SA occurs at the embolus base (except H. stygius ). The transition of tegulum to embolus forms a ventral groove. The embolus is curved retrolaterally (best seen in dorsal view). Spermathecae paired, unilobular, which can be completely separated (most of the troglobitic species) or fused at their base (epigean species).

Type species: Cratorrhagus cervinus Simon, 1891 , by original designation.

Species included: Hemirrhagus benzaa sp. nov., Hemirrhagus cervinus ( Simon, 1891) , Hemirrhagus chilango Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003 , Hemirrhagus coztic Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003 , Hemirrhagus elliotti ( Gertsch, 1973) , Hemirrhagus embolulatus sp. nov., Hemirrhagus eros Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003 , Hemirrhagus franckei sp. nov., Hemirrhagus gertschi Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003 , Hemirrhagus grieta ( Gertsch, 1982) , Hemirrhagus guichi sp. nov., Hemirrhagus mitchelli ( Gertsch, 1982) , Hemirrhagus nahuanus ( Gertsch, 1982) , Hemirrhagus ocellatus Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003 , Hemirrhagus papalotl Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003 , Hemirrhagus perezmilesi García-Villafuerte & Locht, 2010 , Hemirrhagus pernix ( Ausserer, 1875) , Hemirrhagus puebla ( Gertsch, 1982) , Hemirrhagus reddelli ( Gertsch, 1973) , Hemirrhagus stygius ( Gertsch, 1971) , Hemirrhagus valdezi sp. nov.

Distribution: The genus is endemic to Mexico and is mostly distributed from Tamaulipas in the north to Chiapas in the south, primarily in the mountainous regions of Sierra Madre Oriental, Eje Volcánico Transversal, Sierra Norte de Oaxaca, Sierra Madre Sur, and Sierra Madre de Chiapas. The troglobitic species are found primarily in the cave systems of Xilitla in San Luis Potosí, Cuetzalan in Puebla, Cacahuamilpa in Guerrero, Huautla, and Acatlán in Oaxaca.

Natural history: The genus Hemirrhagus has a natural distribution in cold climate zones and can be found mainly in pine, oak, or pine-oak forest ( Fig. 2E–G, I, K ). Some species, such as H. embolulatus sp. nov., were collected in tropical forest-pine forest ecotone ( Fig. 2J ). Most of the species (epigean) are located between 1500–3100 m a.s.l., although most of the troglobitic species are found in cave systems between 100–1900 m a.s.l. The troglobitic species inhabit the caves between 50–600 m below the entrance ( Fig. 2D, H ).

The Hemirrhagus species collected during fieldwork were found amongst fallen logs or under rocks; they do not make burrows like other theraphosid spiders do, but live on superficial canals without spider-webs. No species has been seen throwing their urticating hairs as a defence mechanism, but, when disturbed, their first reaction is to run away very quickly. In karstic and pseudokarstic formations these tarantulas are found inside the caves, walking on walls or hiding amongst the rocks and cracks. As some species are specially adapted to life in caves, they are considered to be troglobitic species, but some others only present conspicuous troglomorphic adaptaptions and so are considered to be troglophiles.

HEMIRRHAGUS CERVINUS ( SIMON, 1891)

Cratorrhagus cervinus Simon, 1891: 330 (D ♀); F.O.P.- Cambridge, 1899: 41, pl. 2, fig. 1.

Hemirrhagus cervinus Simon, 1903: 926 , fig. 1077; Strand, 1907: 16; 1912: 175; Petrunkevitch, 1911: 71; 1928: 78; Roewer, 1942: 231; Raven, 1985: 116; Smith, 1995: 185, figs 1032, 1033; Pérez-Miles, 1998: 121, figs 1–6; Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003: 367.

Type material: Holotype ♀ MNHP #756 , MEXICO: Without further information, not examined. Male unknown.

Diagnosis: The following character combination, modified from Pérez-Miles, 1998; Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, is diagnostic for H. cervinus . Theraphosine spider with an ocular tubercle and eyes normally developed. Periocular pigmentation absent. Tarsi I– IV scopulate, all divided. With rounded dorsomedian patch of urticating setae, grey-brown in colour. Spermathecae paired, slightly fused, broad at base, tapering distally, strongly bent laterally from their base. Hemirrhagus cervinus differs from all other species of Hemirrhagus by the ocular tubercle and eyes being normally developed but lacking periocular pig- mentation. It also differs by having all tarsal scopula divided and the strong curvature of the spermathecae.

Distribution and natural history: Mexico, without locality, known only from the holotype.

Note: Despite multiple efforts to obtain the type specimen, the authors received no response to loan the type from MNHNP curator Dr C. Rollard. Thus, all diagnostic features and comparisons were made based on the characteristics mentioned in Pérez- Miles, 1998; Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003 .

Figures

Figure 1. A–H, J–L, Hemirrhagus spp. habitus; I, Hemirrhagus papalotl egg-sac. A, Hemirrhagus chilango, male CNAN 4253, in life; B, C, Hemirrhagus eros, B, female, C, male; D, E, Hemirrhagus ocellatus, D, male CNAN 4457, in life, E, female; F, Hemirrhagus benzaa sp. nov., female; G–I, H. papalotl, G, male CNAN 4461, in life, H, female CNAN 4461, in life, I, female CNAN 4459 with fixed hammock egg-sac, in life; J, K, Hemirrhagus stygius, J, male CNAN 4462, in life, K, female CNAN 4462, in life; L, Hemirrhagus franckei sp. nov., holotype male CNAN-T0776, in life. Photos: A, C, D, E, G–K: J. Mendoza; B, F, L: E. Goyer.

Figure 2. A–C, Hemirrhagus spp. habitus; D–K, habitat. A, B, Hemirrhagus embolulatus sp. nov., A, holotype male CNAN-T0774, in life, B, paratype female CNAN-T0775, in life; C, Hemirrhagus valdezi sp. nov., paratype female CNAN-T0780, in life; D, Cueva de la Peña Blanca entrance, type locality of Hemirrhagus ocellatus; E, 4 km west of Puerto de la Soledad, pine forest, type locality of Hemirrhagus franckei sp. nov.; F, Bosque del ajusco, pine forest, locality of Hemirrhagus chilango; G, Valle de los fantasmas, oak forest on the road to Cueva de la Laguna, type locality of Hemirrhagus elliotti; H, Cueva de los Potrerillos entrance, type locality of Hemirrhagus stygius; I, Paradero Puerta del Sol, pine forest, locality of Hemirrhagus benzaa sp. nov.; J, Omiltemi, tropical forest-pine forest ecotone, type locality of H. embolulatus sp. nov.; K, El punto, type locality of Hemirrhagus eros. Photos: A: M. Gamache; B, E, I, K: E. Goyer; C: L. Vazquez; D, F, J: J. Mendoza; G, H: J. Cruz.

Figure 3. Hemirrhagus chilango Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, male CNAN 3470. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, opisthosoma, dorsal view. D, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. E, labial and maxillary cuspules. F, opisthosoma, lateral view showing urticating setae patch. G, tibial apophyses, prolateral view. H, metatarsus I, prolateral view. I, tibial apophyses, ventral view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A–C, F), 1 mm (E, G–I), 0.5 mm (D).

Figure 4. Hemirrhagus chilango Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, male CNAN 3470, left palpal bulb. A, retrolateral view. B, prolateral view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. Abbreviations: SA, subapical keel; VG, ventral groove. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 5. Hemirrhagus coztic Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, holotype female LAAH. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, opisthosoma, dorsal view. D, cheliceral teeth, ventral view. E, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. F, labial and maxillary cuspules. G, spermathecae, ventral view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A–C), 1 mm (E, F), 0.5 mm (D, G).

Figure 6. A–G, Hemirrhagus elliotti (Gertsch, 1973), holotype female AMNH; H, female AMNH. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, opisthosoma, dorsal view. D, opisthosoma, ventral view. E, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. F, labial and maxillary cuspules. G, holotype spermathecae, dorsal view. H, spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bars = 4 mm (D), 2 mm (A–C), 1 mm (E, F), 0.5 mm (G, H).

Figure 7. Hemirrhagus eros Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, male holotype AMNH. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, opisthosoma, dorsal view. D, labial and maxillary cuspules. E, metatarsus I, prolateral view. F, tibial apophyses, prolateral view. G, tibial apophyses, ventral view. Scale bars = 4 mm (A), 2 mm (B–D), 1 mm (E–G).

Figure 8. Hemirrhagus eros Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, male holotype AMNH, right palpal bulb: A, prolateral view. B, retrolateral view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. Abbreviations: SA, subapical keel; VG, ventral groove. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 9. A–D, Hemirrhagus eros Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, paratype A female AMNH; E, paratype B female AMNH. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, opisthosoma, dorsal view. C, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D, spermathecae, dorsal view. E, spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bars = 4 mm (A, B), 1 mm (C–E).

Figure 10. Hemirrhagus gertschi Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, holotype male LAAH. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, opisthosoma, dorsal view. D, metatarsus I, prolateral view. E, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. F, labial and maxillary cuspules. G, tibial apophyses, prolateral view. H, tibial apophyses, ventral view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A–D), 1 mm (E–H).

Figure 11. Hemirrhagus gertschi Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, holotype male LAAH, left palpal bulb. A, retrolateral view. B, prolateral view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. Abbreviations: SA, subapical keel; VG, ventral groove. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 12. Hemirrhagus gertschi Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, paratype female LAAH. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, opisthosoma, dorsal view. D, trochanter I lateral scopular setae (LSC), ventral view. E, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. F, spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bars = 4 mm (A, C), 2 mm (B), 1 mm (D–F).

Figure 13. Hemirrhagus grieta (Gertsch, 1982), holotype female AMNH. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, opisthosoma, dorsal view. C, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). D, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. E, labial and maxillary cuspules. F, spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bars = 2 mm (B), 1 mm (A, C, E), 0.5 mm (D, F).

Figure 14. Hemirrhagus mitchelli (Gertsch, 1982), holotype female AMNH. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma and opisthosoma, ventral view. C, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D, labial and maxillary cuspules. E, sternum [arrow shows the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxa of first leg]. F, spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bars = 3 mm (B), 2 mm (A), 1 mm (D, E), 0.5 mm (C, F).

Figure 15. Hemirrhagus nahuanus (Gertsch, 1982), holotype male AMNH. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of second and third legs). C, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D, labial and maxillary cuspules. E, opisthosoma, right side. F, trochanter I plumose setae (PL), ventral view. G, palp trochanter spiniform setae (SP), retrolateral view. H, cheliceral teeth, ventral view. I, trochanter I PL and femur I lateral scopular setae (LSC), ventral view. J, tibial apophyses, prolateral view. K, metatarsus I, prolateral view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A, B, E, K), 1 mm (D, F, I, J), 0.5 mm (C, G, H).

Figure 16. Hemirrhagus nahuanus (Gertsch, 1982), holotype male AMNH, right palpal bulb: A, retrolateral view. B, prolateral view. Abbreviations: SA, subapical keel; VG, ventral groove. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 17. Hemirrhagus ocellatus Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, male CNAN 4457. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, opisthosoma, dorsal view. D, opisthosoma, ventral view. E, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. F, sternum. G, tibial apophyses, ventral view. H, tibial apophyses, prolateral view. I, labial and maxillary cuspules. J, metatarsus I, prolateral view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A–C), 1 mm (F–J), 0.5 mm (D, E).

Figure 18. Hemirrhagus ocellatus Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, male CNAN 4457, left palpal bulb: A, retrolateral view. B, prolateral view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. Abbreviations: SA, subapical keel; VG, ventral groove. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 19. Hemirrhagus ocellatus Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, holotype female LAAH. A, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). B, opisthosoma, dorsal view. C, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D, spermathecae, ventral view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A, B), 1 mm (D), 0.5 mm (C).

Figure 20. Hemirrhagus papalotl Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, male CNAN 4460. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, opisthosoma, dorsal view. D, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. E, labial and maxillary cuspules. F, sternum. G, cheliceral teeth, ventral view. H, tibial apophyses, ventral view. I, metatarsus I, prolateral view. J, tibial apophyses, prolateral view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A–C, F, H, I), 1 mm (E, G, J), 0.5 mm (D).

Figure 21. Hemirrhagus papalotl Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, male CNAN 4460, left palpal bulb. A, ventral view. B, dorsal view. C, retrolateral view. D, prolateral view. Abbreviations: SA, subapical keel; VG, ventral groove. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 22. A–C, Hemirrhagus papalotl Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, holotype female LAAH; D, female CNAN 4459. A, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. B, opisthosoma, dorsal view. C, spermathecae, ventral view. D, spermathecae, ventral view. Scale bars = 2 mm (B), 1 mm (D), 0.5 mm (A, C).

Figure 23. Hemirrhagus perezmilesi García-Villafuerte & Locht, 2010, holotype male CNAN-T0395. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, opisthosoma, lateral view. C, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D, metatarsus I, prolateral view. E, tibia I, ventral view. F, palp trochanter claviform parallel setae (CLP), retrolateral view. G, trochanter I spiniform setae (SP), prolateral view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A, B), 1 mm (D–G), 0.5 mm (C).

Figure 24. Hemirrhagus perezmilesi García-Villafuerte & Locht, 2010, holotype male CNAN-T0395, left palpal bulb: A, retrolateral view. B, prolateral view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. Abbreviations: SA, subapical keel; VG, ventral groove. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 25. Hemirrhagus perezmilesi García-Villafuerte & Locht, 2010, paratype female CNAN-T0396. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, opisthosoma, dorsal view. C, palp trochanter claviform parallel setae (CLP), retrolateral view. D, palp trochanter CLP and trochanter I spiniform setae (SP), ventral view. E, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. F, spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A, B), 1 mm (C, D), 0.5 mm (E), 0.4 mm (F).

Figure 26. Hemirrhagus pernix (Ausserer, 1875), holotype male BMNH 351. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D, labial cuspules. E, sternum. F, trochanter I plumose setae (PL), prolateral view. G, palp trochanter spiniform setae (SP), retrolateral view. H, tibial apophyses, ventral view. I, tibial apophyses, ventral view. J, metatarsus and tarsus I, retrolateral view. K, habitus. Scale bars = 10 mm (K), 4 mm (J), 2 mm (A, B, E, H, I), 1 mm (C, D, F), 0.5 mm (G).

Figure 27. Hemirrhagus pernix (Ausserer, 1875), holotype male BMNH 351, right palpal bulb: A, prolateral view. B, retrolateral view. C, ventral view. Abbreviations: SA, subapical keel; VG, ventral groove. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 28. Hemirrhagus puebla (Gertsch, 1982), holotype female AMNH. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D, labial and maxillary cuspules. E, opisthosoma, dorsal view. F, spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A, B, E), 1 mm (C, D), 0.2 mm (F).

Figure 29. A–J, Hemirrhagus reddelli (Gertsch, 1973), holotype female AMNH; K, female AMNH. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D, labial and maxillary cuspules. E, sternum. F, palp trochanter plumose setae (PL) and femur hard setae (FHS), retrolateral view. G, trochanter I spiniform setae (SP) distally, ventral view. H, palp trochanter PL and femur FHS, dorsal view. I, cheliceral teeth, ventral view. J, spermathecae, dorsal view. K, spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A, B, E), 1 mm (C, D, F, H, I), 0.5 mm (G, J, K).

Figure 30. Hemirrhagus stygius (Gertsch, 1971), female CNAN 4462. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D, labial and maxillary cuspules. E, opisthosoma, dorsal view. F, sternum. G, cheliceral teeth, ventral view. H, spermathecae, ventral view. Scale bars = 4 mm (B), 2 mm (A, D, E), 1 mm (C, G, F), 0.5 mm (H).

Figure 31. Hemirrhagus stygius (Gertsch, 1971), male CNAN 4462. A, body, dorsal view. B, carapace, dorsal view. C, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). D, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. E, labial and maxillary cuspules. F, sternum. G, tibial apophyses, ventral view. H, tibial apophyses, prolateral view. I, metatarsus I, prolateral view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A–C), 1 mm (E, F), 0.8 mm (G, H, I), 0.2 mm (D).

Figure 32. Hemirrhagus stygius (Gertsch, 1971), male CNAN 4462, left palpal bulb: A, ventral view. B, dorsal view. C, retrolateral view. D, prolateral view. Abbreviations: SA, subapical keel; VG, ventral groove. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 33. Hemirrhagus benzaa sp. nov., male holotype AMNH. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D, labial and maxillary cuspules. E, opisthosoma, dorsa view. F, cheliceral teeth, ventral view. G, tibial apophyses, prolateral view. H, tibial apophyses, ventral view. I, metatarsus I, prolateral view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A, B, E, I), 1 mm (C, D, F–H).

Figure 34. Hemirrhagus benzaa sp. nov., male holotype AMNH, right palpal bulb: A, prolateral view. B, retrolateral view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. Abbreviations: SA, subapical keel; VG, ventral groove. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 35. Hemirrhagus benzaa sp. nov., female paratype AMNH. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, opisthosoma, dorsal view. D, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. E, labial and maxillary cuspules. F, spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A–C), 1 mm (D–F).

Figure 36. Hemirrhagus embolulatus sp. nov., male holotype CNAN-T0774. A, carapace, prolateral view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, opisthosoma, dorsal. D, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. E, labial and maxillary cuspules. F, cheliceral teeth, ventral view. G, metatarsus I, prolateral view. H, tibial apophyses, ventral view. I, tibial apophyses, prolateral view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A–C, G), 1 mm (D–F, H, I).

Figure 37. Hemirrhagus embolulatus sp. nov., male holotype CNAN-T0774, left palpal bulb: A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, prolateral view. D, retrolateral view. E, embolus, dorsal view, showing keels. Abbreviations: PI, prolateral inferior keel; PS, prolateral superior keel; R, retrolateral keel; SA, subapical keel; VG, ventral groove. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–D), 0.5 mm (E).

Figure 38. Hemirrhagus embolulatus sp. nov., female paratype CNAN-T0775. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D, labial and maxillary cuspules. E, sternum. F, metatarsus IV, ventral, showing spinose setae distally. G, spermathecae, ventral view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A, B, E), 1 mm (C, D, F), 0.5 mm (G).

Figure 39. Hemirrhagus franckei sp. nov., male holotype CNAN-T0776. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D, labial and maxillary cuspules. E, opisthosoma, dorsal view. F, cheliceral teeth, ventral view. G, sternum. H, tibial apophyses, prolateral view. I, tibial apophyses, ventral view. J, metatarsus I, prolateral view. K, palp trochanter spiniform setae (SP), retrolateral view. L, trochanter I plumose setae (PL), ventral view. Scale bars = 2 mm (A, B, E, G, J), 1 mm (C, D, F, H, I), 0.5 mm (K, L).

Figure 40. Hemirrhagus franckei sp. nov., male holotype CNAN-T0776. Left palpal bulb. A, retrolateral view. B, prolateral view. C, ventral view. D, dorsal view. Abbreviations: SA, subapical keel; VG, ventral groove. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 41. Hemirrhagus franckei sp. nov., female paratype CNAN-T0777. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, opisthosoma, dorsal view. D, cheliceral teeth, ventral view. E, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. F, labial cuspules. G, trochanter I plumose setae (PL), ventral view. H, palp trochanter spiniform setae (SP), retrolateral view. I, spermathecae, ventral view. Scale bars = 4 mm (C), 2 mm (A, B), 1 mm (D–H), 0.5 mm (I).

Figure 42. Hemirrhagus guichi sp. nov., male holotype AMNH. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D, labial and maxillary cuspules. E, opisthosoma, dorsal view. F, metatarsus I, prolateral view. G, tibial apophyses, ventral view. H, tibial apophyses, prolateral view. Scale bars = 4 mm (A, B, E, F), 2 mm (D, G, H), 1 mm (C).

Figure 43. Hemirrhagus guichi sp. nov., male holotype AMNH, right palpal bulb: A, prolateral view. B, retrolateral view. C, ventral view. D, dorsal view. Abbreviations: SA, subapical keel; VG, ventral groove. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 44. Hemirrhagus guichi sp. nov., female paratype AMNH. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, opisthosoma, dorsal view. D, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. E, labial and maxillary cuspules. F, spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bars = 4 mm (A–C), 2 mm (E), 1 mm (D, F).

Figure 45. Hemirrhagus valdezi sp. nov., male holotype CNAN-T0779. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma, ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D, labial and maxillary cuspules. E, opisthosoma, dorsal view. F, tibial apophyses, prolateral view. G, tibial apophyses, ventral view. H, metatarsus I, prolateral view. I, opisthosoma, lateral view. J, palp trochanter and trochanter I lateral scopular setae (LSC), ventral view. Scale bars = 4 mm (B, E, I), 2 mm (A, H, J), 1 mm (C, D, F, G).

Figure 46. Hemirrhagus valdezi sp. nov., male holotype CNAN-T0779, left palpal bulb: A, retrolateral view. B, prolateral view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. Abbreviations: SA, subapical keel; VG, ventral groove. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 47. Hemirrhagus valdezi sp. nov., female paratype CNAN-T0780. A, carapace, dorsal view. B, prosoma ventral view showing the retrolateral projection of the coxa (RP) on coxae of all legs (arrows show this feature only on coxa of third and fourth legs). C, opisthosoma, dorsal view. D, ocular tubercle, dorsal view. E, labial and maxillary cuspules. F, spermathecae, ventral view. G, palp trochanter and trochanter I lateral scopular setae (LSC), ventral view. Scale bars = 4 mm (C), 2 mm (A, B), 1 mm (D, E, G), 0.5 mm (F).

Figure 48. Known distribution of Hemirrhagus stygius (Gertsch, 1971), Hemirrhagus elliotti (Gertsch, 1973), Hemirrhagus embolulatus sp. nov., Hemirrhagus eros Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, Hemirrhagus chilango Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, Hemirrhagus nahuanus (Gertsch, 1982), Hemirrhagus papalotl Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, Hemirrhagus grieta (Gertsch, 1982), Hemirrhagus coztic Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, and Hemirrhagus perezmilesi García-Villafuerte & Locht, 2010.

Figure 49. Known distribution of Hemirrhagus mitchelli (Gertsch, 1982), Hemirrhagus puebla (Gertsch, 1982), Hemirrhagus ocellatus Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, Hemirrhagus gertschi Pérez-Miles & Locht, 2003, Hemirrhagus valdezi sp. nov., Hemirrhagus pernix (Ausserer, 1875), Hemirrhagus franckei sp. nov., Hemirrhagus reddelli (Gertsch, 1973), Hemirrhagus benzaa sp. nov., and Hemirrhagus guichi sp. nov.