Diahogna martensii ( Karsch, 1878 )
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00222930600661953 |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D4717328-2E26-49FE-9E44-DBA30F4E6C77 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87C9-5053-B354-878B-3306FD38FD49 |
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Carolina |
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scientific name |
Diahogna martensii ( Karsch, 1878 ) |
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Diahogna martensii ( Karsch, 1878)
( Figures 1A View Figure 1 , 2E, F View Figure 2 , 3A, B View Figure 3 , 4 View Figure 4 )
Lycosa martensii Karsch, 1878, p 812 –813; Moritz 1992, p 319.
Lycosa martensi Karsch : Bonnet 1957, p 2652.
Diahogna martensii (Karsch) : Roewer 1955, p 239; Roewer 1960, p 745.
Trochosa martensii (Karsch) : McKay 1973, p 381; McKay 1979, p 290–293, Figure 4 View Figure 4 a–c; McKay 1985, p 83.
Trochosa martensi (Karsch) : Platnick 1989, p 391.
Material examined
Holotype: penultimate female, Alexandra (37 ° 119S, 145 ° 429E, Victoria, Australia), E. von Martens, found in a parcel with conchylid shells ( ZMB 756 View Materials ).
Other material examined. Australia: New South Wales: one male, Wahronga Fraser Reserve , 33 ° 439S, 151 ° 089E, 22 November 1993, J. Noble, slides reference 9/10 ( AM KS57289 ) ; one female, same data, slides reference 11/12 ( AM KS57288 ) ; one female, same data, slides reference 13/14 ( AM KS57287 ) . South Australia: one female, Beachport , 37 ° 299S, 140 ° 009E, January 1906, J. C. Verou ( SAM NN13350 View Materials ) ; one female, Bool Lagoon Conservation Reserve , 37 ° 079S, 140 ° 419E, D. Lee, lagoon dry for 3 years ( SAM NN16873 View Materials ) ; one male, two juveniles, Cortina Lakes, SE, 36 ° 179S, 139 ° 559E, August 1992, T. and J. White ( SAM NN16891 View Materials ) ; one male, Wandilo, NE of, 37 ° 449S, 140 ° 419E, 23 September 1978, J. Aslin, under wood on floor of a swamp, J.E.A. 2:238 ( SAM NN22392 View Materials ) . Tasmania: one female, two juveniles, Tasmania (no exact location), 14 February 1986, L.C. ( AM KS28281 ) ; one female, three juveniles, Blackmans Lagoon , 40 ° 549S, 147 ° 359E, 21 January 1992, T. J. Kingston, L. F. McGowan, plank bridge, EQ 498 703 ( QVMAG 13 :42205) ; four females, one juvenile, same data, except: 9 October 1991, Horwitz site, EQ 497 707 ( QVMAG 13 :42214) ; two females, five juveniles, Bowlers Lagoon , 40 ° 519S, 147 ° 559E, 23 September 1991, T. J. Kingston, L. F. McGowan, site 3, EQ 787 757 ( QVMAG 13 :42223) ; one female, six juveniles, same data, except: 6 November 1991, site 2, sample 1, EQ 787 758 ( QVMAG 13 :42215) ; Cape Naturaliste , 40 ° 509S, 148 ° 139E, 8 October 1991, T. J. Kingston, L. F. McGowan, 773 m, site 2b, FQ 21 ( QVMAG 13 :42218) ; one female with eggsac, Cascades, Hobart , 42 ° 539S, 147 ° 179E, 23 October 1937, D. Turner ( TMAG J3497 View Materials ) ; one female, Georgetown , 41 ° 069S, 146 ° 499E, August 1993, L. Bebbington ( SAM NN16874 View Materials ) ; one female, Lake Tiberias , 42 ° 259S, 147 ° 219E, December 1938, J. W. Evans ( TMAG J3498 View Materials ) ; one male, Little Waterhouse Lake , 40 ° 529S, 147 ° 369E, 15 August 1991, T. J. Kingston, L. F. McGowan, EQ 516 751 ( QVMAG 13 :42204) . Victoria: one female with eggsac, Alexandra , 37 ° 119S, 145 ° 429E, 7 December 1954, A. Neboiss ( MV K7811 ) ; two females with eggsac, same location, 7 November 1927 ( MV K7812 ) ; one female, Churchill , 38 ° 199S, 146 ° 269E, 23 May 1990, R. de Souza-Daw ( SAM NN16875 View Materials ) ; one male, one female, three juveniles, same data, 16 October 1992, marsh ( SAM NN16876–7 View Materials ) ; one male, four juveniles, same data, 14 February 1993, farm dam, at night, ‘‘apparently under water’’ ( SAM NN16879 View Materials ) ; one male, nine juveniles, same data, 3 March 1993, dam ( SAM NN16878 View Materials ) ; one male, 13 juveniles, same data, 30 July 1993, farm dam ( SAM NN16890 View Materials ) ; one male, three females, three females with eggsac, same data, edge of dam ( SAM NN16880–5 View Materials ) ; one male, Errinundra Plateau, Delegate River and Gunmark Road , 37 ° 049S, 148 ° 409E, 6 December 1994, pan, D. Bickel, 900 m, sphagnum bog ( AM KS44427 ) ; one female, one juvenile, Lakes Entrance , beachside, 37 ° 539S, 148 ° 009E, 28 March 1972, D. Hoese, ‘‘in water on algae in brackish pool in shore dunes’’ ( AM KS84117 ) ; one female, La Trobe River survey, St. 20, B. L. Outfall, 16 February 1973 ( MV K9329 ) ; one male, Preston , 37 ° 449S, 145 ° 009E, July 1922, S. Butler ( MV K8138 ) ; one male, Wilsons Promontory National Park , 38 ° 579’S, 146 ° 159E, 18 August 1987, A. Neboiss, K. Walker ( MV K9328 ) .
Diagnosis
Males of D. martensii differ from D. exculta and D. hildegardae in a variety of structures in the male pedipalp, in particular the shape of the tegular apophysis, which is much smaller. The sperm duct, which is visible through the tegulum, has an S-shaped curve but it is straight in D. hildegardae . They can be easily distinguished from D. pisauroides by the carapace coloration as the latter is the only species with submarginal instead of marginal light bands ( Figure 1A, D View Figure 1 ). The female epigyne of D. martensii with its single posterior opening is unique within the genus.
Description
Male. Based on QVMAG 13:42218.
Carapace: brown; indistinct dark radial pattern; light brown median band narrowing from behind PLE to just behind fovea; darker coloration centrally in median band results in a Y-shaped pattern of the median band; distinct light marginal bands through dense cover of white setae; otherwise brown setae; dark brown macrosetae in cephalic area and medially between PLE and fovea.
Eyes ( Figure 2A, C View Figure 2 ): row of AE slightly procurved and wider than row of PME.
Sternum: orange-brown; brown setae which are denser and longer towards margins.
Labium: light brown, basally darker; front end truncated and white.
Chelicerae: dark orange-brown; covered with light grey setae and brown macrosetae; three promarginal teeth, the median largest; three retromarginal teeth of similar size.
Pedipalp ( Figure 2 View Figure 2 D–F): sperm duct strongly S-curved in prolateral part of tegulum ( Figure 2E View Figure 2 ); tegular apophysis widening apically; embolus long and slender, terminal apophysis bent slightly basally ( Figure 2D View Figure 2 ).
Abdomen: dark olive-grey; dense white setae form a lanceolate heart mark in anterior half; lateral light stripes reach along the whole abdomen; four pairs of small, widely separated light spots in posterior half; otherwise brown setae and dark brown macrosetae. Venter orange-brown; covered with light brown setae. Spinnerets light brown.
Legs: leg formula VI.I.II.III; brown, with the distal segments darker. Spination of leg I: femur: three (right leg: two) dorsal, one apicoprolateral, one retrolateral (left leg only); tibia: three ventral pairs; metatarsus: three ventral pairs, one apicoventral.
Female. Based on QVMAG 13:42205.
Carapace, eye, and labium: as male.
Sternum: orange-brown. Setae as male.
Chelicerae: dark reddish brown; setae and dentition as male.
Abdomen: as male, but lanceolate heart mark very indistinct and no lateral stripes ( Figure 1A View Figure 1 ). Venter brown, setae as male. Spinnerets: light brown.
Epigyne, ventral view ( Figure 3A View Figure 3 ): simple sclerotised plate with a posterior opening that is much wider than long.
Epigyne, dorsal view ( Figure 3B View Figure 3 ): spermathecae round-ovoid; copulatory ducts straight, connecting posteriorly to spermathecae.
Legs: leg formula IV.I.II.III; coloration as male. Spination of leg I: femur: three dorsal, one apicoprolateral; tibia: three ventral pairs; metatarsus: three ventral pairs, one apicoventral.
Measurements. Male QVMAG 13:42218 (female QVMAG 13:42205): TL 9.76 (11.73), CL 5.31 (6.55), CW 4.20 (5.06). Eyes: AME 0.20 (0.28), ALE 0.19 (0.24), PME 0.28 (0.32), PLE 0.24 (0.26). Row of eyes: AE 1.13 (1.33), PME 0.89 (0.97), PLE 1.48 (1.70). Sternum (length/width) 2.10/1.91 (2.47/2.35). Labium (length/width) 0.80/0.78 (1.11/ 0.87). AL 4.32 (6.18), AW 3.71 (4.32). Legs: lengths of segments (femur+patella/ tibia+metatarsus+tarsus5total length): pedipalp 2.22+2.10+2+1.7256.04, I 3.21+4.20+ 2.77+1.48511.66, II 3.21+3.95+2.77+1.36511.29, III 2.96+3.58+2.96+1.36510.86, IV 3.95+5.06+4.08+1.73514.82 (pedipalp 2.22+2.47+2+1.7356.42, I 3.95+5.06+2.77+ 1.61513.39, II 3.95+4.82+2.77+1.48513.02, III 3.58+4.45+2.84+1.48512.35, IV 4.82+6.05+4.82+2.10517.79).
Variation. Males (females) (range, mean¡SD): TL 7.50–9.45, 8.45¡0.98; CL 4.35–5.25, 4.80¡0.45; CW 3.45–4.05, 3.75¡0.30; n 53 (TL 9.30–13.80, 11.63¡1.32; CL 4.80– 6.45, 5.70¡0.53; CW 3.45–5.10, 4.52¡0.54; n 58).
Distribution
South-eastern Australia, including New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, and Victoria ( Figure 4 View Figure 4 ) .
Life history and habitat preferences
Diahogna martensii is the most commonly encountered of the four species within the genus. Mature males and females have been found nearly all year round, with females peaking in October and November. The species appears to prefer moist conditions, such as swamps and marshes, and can also be found in the vicinity of rivers, lakes, and dams. References such as ‘‘in water’’ or ‘‘apparently under water’’ suggest that this species heavily utilises water sources, for example to hide from predators (such as collecting arachnologists).
Remarks
Although the holotype female of D. martensii is an immature specimen, somatic characters, in particular the distinct Y-shaped pattern on the carapace, allow an accurate identification of this species (see also McKay 1979).
The original specific epithet of this species was martensii (Karsch 1978) . Bonnet (1957) amended this name to martensi (ending with only one - i), and as such this species is currently listed ( Platnick 2006; personal communication). However, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature undoubtedly clarifies the case of alternative genitive endings of species-group names and ruled to follow the original spelling of the specific epithet ( International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999, Article 33.4).
Diahogna exculta (L. Koch, 1876) View in CoL , n. comb.
( Figures 1B View Figure 1 , 4 View Figure 4 , 5 View Figure 5 A–D)
Lycosa exculta L. Koch, 1876, p 881 –883, Plate 76, Figures 1 View Figure 1 , 5 View Figure 5 a–c; Rainbow 1911, p 267;
Berland 1924, p 163; Bonnet 1957, p 2640. Allohogna exculta (L. Koch) : Roewer 1955, p 212; Rack 1961, p 37. Trochosa exculta (L. Koch) : McKay 1973, p 381; McKay 1979, p 293, Figure 4d View Figure 4 ; McKay
1985, p 86; Platnick 1989, p 390.
Material examined
Lectotype (designated by McKay 1979): female, Sydney (33 ° 539S, 151 ° 139E, New South Wales, Australia), L. Koch collection (BMNH 1919.9.18.333). Paralectotypes: one female, most likely Sydney (33 ° 539S, 151 ° 139E, New South Wales, Australia), Rack (1961) catalogue 452 (ZMH); one penultimate male, most likely Gayndah (25 ° 379S, 151 ° 369E, Queensland), Rack (1961) catalogue 452 (ZMH).
Other material examined. Australia: New South Wales: one female, Gerringong, Mayflower Retirement Village , 34 ° 449S, 150 ° 509E, 21 March 1991, G. Wishart ( AM KS91403 ) ; one female, O’Brians Gap, Wollongong , 34 ° 269’S, 150 ° 539E, 9 July 1966 ( AM KS85056 ) ; one female, Sydney , 33 ° 529S, 151 ° 129E ( SMF 5293 About SMF ) . New Caledonia: two males, one female with eggsac, seven juveniles, Noumea, 22 ° 169S, 166 ° 269E ( MHNP 3877 View Materials ) .
Diagnosis
The distinctly two-lobed tegular apophysis that points apically in the male pedipalp of D. exculta is unique within the genus. Females of this species can easily be distinguished from D. martensii and D. hildegardae by the shape of their epigyne that has distinct sclerotised edges medially from the copulatory openings.
Description
Male. Based on MHNP 3877.
Carapace: brown, indistinct light Y-shaped pattern medially; indistinct dark radial pattern; distinct light marginal bands; brown setae, white setae in marginal bands; dark brown macrosetae around eyes.
Eyes: row of AE slightly procurved and wider than row of PME.
Sternum: orange-brown; brown setae which are longer and denser towards margins.
Labium: brown, basally darker.
Chelicerae: brown, dense brown setae, longer anteromedially; three promarginal teeth, the median largest; three retromarginal teeth of similar size.
Pedipalp ( Figure 5 View Figure 5 A–C): tegular apophysis two-lobed ( Figure 5A View Figure 5 ); embolus straight apically, terminal apophysis with narrow, ventrally bent tip and a ventrally bulging base ( Figure 5C View Figure 5 ).
Abdomen: brown; indistinct darker lanceolate heart-mark in anterior half; white lines laterally that end above spinnerets; brown setae, white setae in lateral bands. Venter orange-brown with brown setae. Spinnerets brown.
Legs: leg formula VI.III.I.II; brown, distal. Spination of leg I: femur: three dorsal, one apicoprolateral, one apicoretrolateral; tibia: two ventral pairs; metatarsus: three ventral pairs, one apicoventral.
Female. Based on AM KS85056.
Carapace ( Figure 1B View Figure 1 ), sternum, labium and chelicerae: as male.
Eyes: row of AE straight and wider than row of PME.
Abdomen: uniformly olive-brown without a distinct pattern ( Figure 1B View Figure 1 ); covered with brown setae. Venter orange-brown with brown setae. Spinnerets light brown.
Epigyne, ventral view ( Figure 5D View Figure 5 ): heavily sclerotised plate with two lateral copulatory openings.
Epigyne, dorsal view ( Figure 5E View Figure 5 ): spermathecae round, copulatory ducts narrow and connect postero-medially to spermathecae.
Legs: leg formula IV.I.II5III; uniformly orange-brown. Spination of leg I: femur: three dorsal, one apicoprolateral, one apicoretrolateral (only left leg); tibia: two ventral pairs (one pair on right leg, basal pair reduced to single prolateral); metatarsus: three ventral pairs, one apicoventral.
Measurements. Male, MHNP 3877 (female, AM KS85056): TL 10.25 (12.35), CL 5.56 (6.67), CW 4.32 (5.43). Eyes: AME 0.19 (0.20), ALE 0.15 (0.17), PME 0.24 (0.35), PLE 0.22 (0.33). Row of eyes: AE 1.06 (1.35), PME 0.72 (1.15), PLE 1.17 (1.76). Sternum (length/width) 2.22/2.10 (2.77/2.35). Labium (length/width) 0.85/0.74 (0.93/1.02). AL 4.57 (6.55), AW 3.71 (5.31). Legs: lengths of segments (femur+patella/tibia+ metatarsus+tarsus5total length): pedipalp 2.22+2.10+2+1.6355.95, I 3.46+4.32+ 2.96+1.48512.22, II 3.46+4.20+2.84+1.48511.98, III 3.58+4.20+3.21+1.48512.47, IV 4.32+5.06+4.20+1.73515.31 (pedipalp 2.47+2.35+2+1.7356.55, I 4.08+5.31+3.09+ 1.61514.09, II 3.95+5.06+3.09+1.61513.71, III 3.95+4.69+3.46+1.61513.71, IV 4.94+6.05+5.31+2.22518.52).
Variation. Two other females (AM KS91403: TL 12.97, CL 6.67, CW 5.43; MHNP TL 12.60, CL 6.79, CW 5.56) and the second male (MHNP TL 9.63, CL 5.56, CW 4.32) are of very similar size and colouration in comparison to the specimens described above.
Distribution
Diahogna exculta View in CoL has so far only been recorded reliably from the vicinity of Sydney, New South Wales ( Australia) and Noumea ( New Caledonia) ( Figure 4 View Figure 4 ). The record of the penultimate male paralectotype from Gayndah (Queensland) ( Koch 1876; Rack 1961) must be treated cautiously since an accurate species identification of juveniles is not possible. Therefore, I omitted the record from Gayndah from the distribution map ( Figure 4 View Figure 4 ).
Life history and habitat preferences
Collection dates (March and July) are only available for two females from Sydney, suggesting that this species may be autumn and/or winter active.
The collector of the type material, Mr Daemel, called this species ‘‘water spider’’ as he only found it in the proximity of water and apparently able to walk on the water surface ( Koch 1876).
Remarks
Ludwig Koch (1876) described D. exculta from females from Sydney (New South Wales) and a juvenile male from Gayndah (Queensland). The female lectotype in the BMNH is labelled ‘‘Sydney’’, but the female and penultimate male specimens in the ZMH have no locality data. Taking L. Koch’s (1876) original information into consideration, the specimens in the ZMH must be assumed from Sydney (female) and Gayndah (penultimate male).
Both male and female of D. exculta match closely the new generic diagnosis of Diahogna in somatic and genitalic characters. Consequently, this species is here transferred from the genus Trochosa .
Due to the fragile and bleached condition of the type material, the female of D. exculta is redescribed from a more recently collected specimen.
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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Diahogna martensii ( Karsch, 1878 )
| Framenau, Volker W. 2006 |
Diahogna exculta (L. Koch, 1876 )
| Framenau 2006 |
Diahogna exculta
| Framenau 2006 |
Lycosa martensii Karsch, 1878 , p 812
| , Karsch 1878: 812 |
Lycosa exculta
| L. Koch 1876: 881 |