Symmachia divisora Dolibaina & Leite, 2012

Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2020, Taxonomic review of the “ Probetoriformes ” species group of Symmachia Hübner [1819] (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), with the description of two new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, Zootaxa 4780 (3), pp. 471-507 : 500-502

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.3.3
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CA5DA614-D448-4D95-B271-DDC8D56A37F60
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3857490
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DD0A61-FFEE-FFE7-AD94-B001FA80FCBF
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Symmachia divisora Dolibaina & Leite, 2012
status

Treatment

( Figs 27–30 View FIGURES 21–38 , 46 View FIGURES 39–47 , 55 View FIGURES 48–56 , 64 View FIGURES 57–66 , 73 View FIGURES 67–75 , 82 View FIGURES 76–84 , 99–100 View FIGURES 95–102 , 117–118 View FIGURES 113–122 , 130 View FIGURES 128–132 , 145 View FIGURES 138–146 , 153 View FIGURE 153 , 156 View FIGURES 154–156 )

Symmachia praxila [misidentification]; Seitz, 1913. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, pl. 128g [2] (female dorsal)— Seitz, 1917. Gross- Schmett. Erde 5, p. 682. - Stichel, 1930. Lep. Cat. 40, p. 508 [in part].

Symmachia ? sp.; D’Abrera, 1994. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. IV. Riod., p. 1045, fig. [12] (female dorsal).

Symmachia divisora Dolibaina & Leite, 2012 , in Dolibaina et al. Insecta Mundi View in CoL 249, p. 1; figs 3-4 (holotype male dorsal and ventral), figs 5-6 (paratype male dorsal and ventral), fig. 41 (paratype male genitalia)—Palo Jr., 2017. Borb. Bras. 1, p. 715.

Diagnosis. Symmachia divisora is sympatric with S. probetor , S. estellina and S. falcistriga ( Figs 151–153 View FIGURE 151 View FIGURE 152 View FIGURE 153 ). Males are most similar to S. praxila and S. uirassu ( Figs 27–28 View FIGURES 21–38 ), and females are somewhat similar to other species of the “Probetoriformes” species group ( Figs 29–30 View FIGURES 21–38 ). Males have head covered by compact black and reddish orange scales ( Figs 46 View FIGURES 39–47 , 55 View FIGURES 48–56 ); prothorax with reddish orange scales; meso and metathorax with lateral reddish orange spots; FW (average length: 1.28 cm; 1.2–1.35 cm; n=8); FW strongly bulged ( Figs 27 View FIGURES 21–38 , 64 View FIGURES 57–66 ); FWD black, with a dark green sheen on the discal and postdiscal areas, and light bluish green scaling on base of 1A ( Figs 27 View FIGURES 21–38 , 64 View FIGURES 57–66 ); FWD with a translucent white and creamy sickle-shaped spot between the discal cell and the costal margin, a small round whitish spots on the postdiscal area in R 2 –R 3, M 1 –M 2, M 2 –M 3 near the discal cell, in R 2 –R 3 and R 3 –R 4, near the apex ( Figs 27 View FIGURES 21–38 , 64 View FIGURES 57–66 ); FWD with two very faint whitish postdiscal spots, round and distally displaced in M 2 –M 3, narrow in M 3 –CuA 1 ( Figs 27 View FIGURES 21–38 , 64 View FIGURES 57–66 ); FWV whitish postdiscal spot, round and almost fused with the submarginal spot in M 2 –M 3, narrow in M 3 –CuA 1 ( Fig. 28 View FIGURES 21–38 ); FWV with submarginal small spots, dark distally and yellowish proximally, in the middle of the spaces of veins R 4 and 2A ( Fig. 28 View FIGURES 21–38 ); HWD black, with dark green sheen along the outer margin ( Fig. 28 View FIGURES 21–38 ); HWV whitish creamy checkered pattern well marked but spots smaller than in S. praxila and S. uirassu ; HWV with a distinctly large ocellus near the tornus, and inner margin with reddish orange diffuse marks ( Fig. 28 View FIGURES 21–38 ); abdomen with tergites 4–8 completely reddish orange, extending laterally in all segments, except the first ( Figs 99–100 View FIGURES 95–102 ); CAS area few pronounced beyond tergite limit, between 1/5 to 1/6 of tergite length, as large as half of tergite width, scales short and pale yellow ( Figs 117–118 View FIGURES 113–122 ); valva larger than in S. probetor ; aedeagus thin and long; vesica with two bands of cornuti ( Fig. 130 View FIGURES 128–132 ). Females thorax as in S. praxila ; FW (size: 1.25 cm; n=1) strongly bulged ( Figs 29 View FIGURES 21–38 , 73 View FIGURES 67–75 ); FWD and FWV submarginal reddish orange band on the submarginal area along the outer margin reaching the inner margin at the tornus, but broken beyond M 2 –M 3 ( Figs 29–30 View FIGURES 21–38 , 73 View FIGURES 67–75 ); FWD dark brown, with a translucent white and creamy sickle-shaped spot between the discal cell and the costal margin and speckled with faint whitish and reddish orange spots ( Figs 29 View FIGURES 21–38 , 73 View FIGURES 67–75 ); FWD with a whitish spot in M 2 –M 3 over the submarginal band, and a postdiscal whitish dash in M 3 –CuA 1 ( Figs 29 View FIGURES 21–38 , 73 View FIGURES 67–75 ); HWD submarginal band reddish orange and wavy ( Fig. 29 View FIGURES 21–38 ); FWV and HWV spots well developed ( Figs 30 View FIGURES 21–38 , 82 View FIGURES 76–84 ); HWV submarginal band wavy ( Figs 30 View FIGURES 21–38 , 82 View FIGURES 76–84 ); HWV marginal band faint, but outlining a distinctly large ocellus near the tornus ( Figs 30 View FIGURES 21–38 , 82 View FIGURES 76–84 ); sterigma triangular with a median indentation at the ostium; ductus bursae with a sclerotized ring near the ostium; bursa copulatrix rather stretched; signum small and rounded ( Fig. 145 View FIGURES 138–146 ).

Description. Female. Head: mostly covered by compact pale orange scales, gena yellowish; labial palpus yellow, shape and size as in male.

Thorax ( Figs 29–30 View FIGURES 21–38 ): patagium pale orange; dorsally black with three pairs of orange rounded spots, two on mesothorax, the one more elongated on metathorax; ventrally yellow; legs pale orange to yellow.

FW, size and shape ( Figs 19 View FIGURES 1–20 , 71 View FIGURES 67–75 ): 1.25 cm (n=1); similar to the male, but costal margin more bulged.

FWD ( Figs 29 View FIGURES 21–38 , 73 View FIGURES 67–75 ): mostly brown with white, yellowish and reddish orange spots; dark blue sheen on the costal margin bulge and on the basal area; proximal discal cell with a irregular and large reddish orange spot, and two small spots circular below discal cell; base of 2A covered by a whitish long and narrow spot; sickle-shaped yellowish spot formed by a triangular spot and as wide as discal cell, and a narrower spot between discal cell and costa; postdiscal area with six spots, three yellowish closer to discal cell end in R 2 –R 3, M 1 –M 2, and M 1 –M 3 (the larger) and three whitish in R 3 –R 4+5, R 4+5 –M 1 and M 3 –CuA 1 (the longer); five yellowish spots between CuA 2 and inner margin; submarginal reddish orange band along outer margin darker, large and continuous between R 4+5 –M 3, reaching a white circular spot in M 2 –M 3, then semicircular and discontinuous, larger and paler in CuA 2 –2A; fringe dark brown.

FWV ( Fig. 30 View FIGURES 21–38 ): mostly dark brown, whitish along 2A; spots as on upper side but larger and lighter.

HW, shape: as in male but longer.

HWD ( Fig. 29 View FIGURES 21–38 ): mostly dark brown with faint yellow to reddish spots; submarginal reddish orange band very thin, continuous and slightly wavy, from M 1 to tornus; fringe dark brown.

HWV ( Figs 30 View FIGURES 21–38 , 82 View FIGURES 76–84 ): dark brown with several somewhat rectangular yellowish cream spots in basal, discal and postdiscal areas; inner margin yellow; submarginal yellow band enclosing four dark brown ocelli (one by space between veins), the larger one in CuA 2 –2A; fringe dark brown.

Abdomen: dark brown with thin rings at the distal margin of each segment, upper half yellow, bottom half pale yellow.

Genitalia ( Fig. 145 View FIGURES 138–146 ): sterigma triangular, about 2.5 times as wide as long, poorly sclerotized, with a short central projection projected to ostium bursae; ductus bursae about 2/5 the length of bursa copulatrix, with a sclerotized ring at base and about 1/8 of the ductus length; corpus bursae large, membranous, with a dorsal, small and triangular signum at its first third; papilla analis near rectangular, wider than long, area with setae almost reaching the posterior half, and with a small rounded lateral projection on its upper portion.

Distribution. Restricted to Amazon basin forests in Ecuador (Sucumbíos), Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia) and Bolívia (Beni) ( Dolibaina et al. 2012; G. Siebel comm. pers.) ( Fig. 153 View FIGURE 153 ). It certainly also occurs in eastern Peru and may occur in other Brazilian states in the western Amazon basin (i.e. Mato Grosso), and in cis-Andean Colombia.

Comments. Symmachia divisora was described based on the holotype male and one paratype male from Acre, Brazil. A female collected in Cacaulândia, Rondônia, Brazil, was located at the MGCL and recognized as the female of S. divisora . The female was paired with male specimens by the corresponding distribution in western Amazon basin and the similarity of shape and pattern of the wings: both sexes uniquely have the FW strongly bulged costal margin; FWV with a spot over the submarginal band in M 2 –M 3; FWV with a more or less dashed spot in M 3 –CuA 1; and HWV ocellus near the tornus conspicuously larger than others ocelli. A female specimen illustrated by Seitz (1913: pl. 128g [2]), from an unspecified locality and identified as S. praxila , and another specimen illustrated by D’Abrera (1994: 1045 fig [12]), from Humaitá, Amazonas, Brazil, and identified as “ Symmachia sp.?” (wrongly considered related to S. punctata ) are also females of S. divisora . Recently a female was recorded in a lowland area of the Amazon in Ayopaya, Beni, Bolivia while flying about two meters from the ground (G. Siebel comm. pers.).

Dolibaina et al. (2012) report that males of S. divisora were collected around 10:30 h., resting with open wings on the underside of leaves, roughly three meters above the ground. Males interact with other males and are involved in territorial disputes with S. falcistriga at the type locality, flying in an ascending swooping flight to about five meters above the ground ( Dolibaina et al. 2012). In 2018, the species was also observed between 11:30–12:00 h (DRD, pers. obs.).

Type material. Holotype male with the following labels: / HOLOTYPUS / BRASIL, ACRE, MÂNCIO LIMA, P[ar]Q[ue]. NAC[ional]. [da] SERRA DO DIVISOR, PORÇÃO NORTE, 7º26’50”S 73º39’52”W 200–400m 10– 21.IX.2011 D. Dolibaina and D. Moura, leg./ DZ 23.294 GoogleMaps / HOLOTYPUS Symmachia divisora Dolibaina and Leite , det. 2012/. ( DZUP) .

Examined material. BRAZIL: Acre — Mâncio Lima (Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Porção Norte ), 2♂, 10–21.IX.2011, D. Dolibaina & D. Moura leg., DZ 21.406* (paratype), DZ 23.294 (holotype) ( DZUP) ; 1♂, 20–27. VI.2013, Mielke, Casagrande, Carneiro, Dias & Dolibaina leg., DZ 43.833 ( DZUP) ; 5 ♂, 23–30.VIII.2014, Mielke, Casagrande, Carneiro , Dias, Dolibaina, Siewert & Salik leg., DZ 43.479, DZ 43.828, DZ 43.829, DZ 43.830, DZ 43.832. ( DZUP) ; 1♂, 7-10,13. X.2018, Mielke, Casagrande, Dolibaina & Medeiros leg., DZ 40.820 ( DZUP) . Rondônia — Cacaulândia ( Fazenda Rancho Grande ), 1♀, 12.XI.1991, J. P. Brock leg. ( MGCL *) .