Centropomus undecimalis ( Bloch, 1792 )

Figueiredo-Filho, Jessé Miranda De, Marceniuk, Alexandre P., Feijó, Anderson, Siccha-Ramirez, Raquel, Ribeiro, Giovana S., Oliveira, Claudio & Rosa, Ricardo S., 2021, Taxonomy of Centropomus Lacépède, 1802 (Perciformes: Centropomidae), with focus on the Atlantic species of the genus, Zootaxa 4942 (3), pp. 301-338 : 318-320

Centropomus undecimalis ( Bloch, 1792)

( Figures 10 and 11 )

Sciaena undecimalis Bloch, 1792: 60 (original description; Jamaica)

Centropomus undecimradiatus Lacépède, 1802: 248 (= Sciaena undecimalis Bloch, 1792 )

Perca loubina Lacépède, 1802: 397

Sphyraena aureoviridis Lacépède, 1803: 325

Centropomus appendiculatus Poey, 1860: 119

Centropomus argenteus Regan, 1904: 260

Type. ZMB 38, 160 mm SL ( Fig. 10 ), loc.: West Indies ; ex coll.: Bloch.

Diagnosis. Centropomus undecimalis can be recognized and distinguished from other species by the following characters:

Western Atlantic: from C. irae , by having 61–79 (usually 66–75) scales on lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs 79–96), and 8–11 gill rakers on first arch (vs 7–8); from C. parallelus , by having 61–79 (usually 66–75) scales on lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs 64–70), 8–11 lower limb gill rakers on first arch (vs 10–13), 11–14 gill rakers on first arch (vs 13–18), longest anal-fin spine, when close to body (adpressed), not reaching caudal-fin base (vs longest anal-fin spine usually reaching caudal-fin base), pelvic fin not reaching anus (vs pelvic fin reaching anus), and a more elongate and lower body (vs less elongate and higher body); from C. ensiferus , by having 61–79 (usually 66– 75) scales on lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs 48–58), 8–11 lower limb gill rakers on first arch (vs 10–15), 11–14 gill rakers on first arch (vs 15–20), longest anal-fin spine, when close to body (adpressed) not reaching caudal-fin base (vs longest anal-fin spine reaching caudal-fin base), and a more elongate and lower body (vs less elongate and higher body); from C. pectinatus , by having 61–79 (usually 66–75) scales on lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs 47–52), 8–11 lower limb gill rakers on first arch (vs 14–16), 11–14 gill rakers on first arch (vs 20–23), longest analfin spine, when close to body (adpressed) not reaching caudal-fin base (vs longest anal-fin spine usually reaching caudal-fin base), pelvic fin not reaching anus (vs pelvic fin reaching anus), a more elongate and lower body, with a mean body height of 22.9% SL (vs less elongate and higher body, with a mean body height of 26.6% SL), and anal fin with III,7 (vs III,8); from C. poeyi , by having 61–79 (usually 66–75) scales on lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs 69–74), 8–11 lower limb gill rakers on first arch (vs 9–12), 11–14 gill rakers on first arch (vs 15–18), and second dorsal fin with I,11 (rarely I,10) (vs I,9).

Eastern Pacific: from C. nigrescens , by having 61–79 (usually 66–75) scales on lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs 68–76, usually 71–74), and 8–11 lower limb gill rakers on first arch (vs 8–9); from C.viridis , by having 11–14 gill rakers on first arch (vs 14–15), second dorsal fin with I,11 (rarely I,10) (vs I,9); from C. armatus , by having 61–79 (usually 66–75) scales on lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs 47–59), 8–11 lower limb gill rakers on first arch (vs 11–12), 11–14 gill rakers on first arch (vs 15–17), and longest anal-fin spine, when close to body (adpressed) not reaching caudal-fin base (vs longest anal-fin spine reaching caudal-fin base); from C. robalito , by having 61–79 (usually 66–75) scales on lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs 47–59), 8–11 lower limb gill rakers on first arch (vs 14– 17), 11–14 gill rakers on first arch (vs 21–25), longest anal-fin spine, when close to body (adpressed) not reaching caudal-fin base (vs longest spine of anal fin reaching caudal-fin base); from C. unionensis , by having 61–79 (usually 66–75) scales on lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs 46–52), 8–11 lower limb gill rakers on first arch (vs 10–14), 11–14 gill rakers on first arch (vs 15–20), and second dorsal fin with I,11 (rarely I,10) (vs I,9); from C. medius , by having 61–79 (usually 66–75) scales on lateral line to caudal-fin base (vs 53–65), 8–11 lower limb gill rakers on first arch (vs 14–16), 11–14 gill rakers on first arch (vs 18–23), and anal fin with III,7 (vs III,8).

Molecular data. According to the COI sequences analysis, C. undecimalis forms a distinct cluster, with 99% bootstrap value ( Figure 8 ). The genetic distance between this species and other species of Centropomus ranged from 0.064 to 0.201 ( Table 7). C. undecimalis is genetically the sister group of C. irae .

Description. Morphometrics and meristics data are summarized in Tables 8, 9 and 10 on the basis of 113 specimens, 77–755 mm TL (233.4 mm average). Body elongate, head moderately compressed, head height 20.4% SL (17.1%–28.7%); body relatively low, deepest body depth 22.9% SL (17.5%–30.0%); largest specimen measured 628 mm SL. Lower jaw protractile, longer than upper jaw, extending beyond tip of snout. Snout narrow and long comprising in average 11.8% (9.7%–14.4%) of SL; eye relatively small, preoperculum margin heavily serrated in adults; operculum margin smooth, without spines, bordered by a membrane that extends beyond origin of pectoral fin. 2–6 small spines in dorsal part of operculum.

Dorsal fins separated by a small gap, not connected by membrane, first dorsal fin VII–VIII, second dorsal fin I,10–I,11. Pectoral fin with 14–16 rays, longest ray 18.3% SL (13.4%–25.4%), extending beyond origin of pelvic fin. Pelvic fin I,5, longest pelvic ray not reaching anus. Anal fin III,7 (rarely III,6 or III,8), longest spine, when adpressed, not reaching caudal-fin base. Caudal fin deeply forked; lateral line dark with ctenoid scales extending onto caudal fin. Lateral line with 61–79 scales to caudal-fin base, usually 66–75; 70–85 scales extending onto end of caudal fin. Scale rows between lateral line and origin of second dorsal fin 6–12, usually 9–11; scale rows between lateral line and origin of anal fin 8–15, usually 10–13. 7–14 (usually 8–11) lower limb gill rakers on first arch; 10–19 (usually 11–14) gill rakers on first arch, excluding rudiments; 11–20 (usually 17–19) gill rakers on second arch, including rudiments.

Distribution. Centropomus undecimalis is the most widely distributed Atlantic species of the genus, occurring from North Carolina, USA, the Gulf of Mexico and Antilles, to Santa Catarina, occasionally reaching Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This distribution is in accordance with most previous studies ( Meek & Hildebrand 1925; Cervigón 1966; Hoese & Moore 1977; Figueiredo & Menezes 1980; Guitart 1985; Rivas 1986; Carvalho-Filho 1999).

Remarks. The characters presented in the original description ( Bloch, 1792) are not diagnostic. However, the diagnostic traits defined herein are supported by detailed descriptions of the holotype in Cuvier & Valenciennes (1828), Chávez (1961), and Rivas (1986).

Figures

FIGURE 8. Best maximum likelihood tree of Centropomus species elaborated with partial COI sequences. Numbers in the branches represent the percentage of occurrence of each group in 1000 pseudoreplicates by bootstrap. Values lower than 50% are not showed. Log likelihood = -3507.12.

FIGURE 10. Holotype of Sciaena undecimalis Bloch, 1792 (= Centropomus undecimalis Bloch, 1792), ZMB 38, 160 mm SL. Photo: Adda Abel, ZMB.

FIGURE 11. Original painting of Sciaena undecimalis: “La Sciene à onze raijons” from Bloch, 1792.