Megalopinus EICHELBAUM, 1915

Puthz, V., 2012, Über die neuweltlichen Megalopinus-Arten (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) (24. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Megalopsidiinen), Linzer biologische Beiträge 44 (1), pp. 613-834 : 620-629

Preliminary key to the neotropic Megalopinus EICHELBAUM

1 Sides of abdominal tergites coarsely and densely punctate (figs 8, 9), anterior margin of pronotum concave medially (fig. 63): araucanus -group.................................................2

- Sides of abdominal tergites impunctate or with few shallow punctures (figs 10-12), anterior margin of pronotum evenly convex.......................................................................4

2 Elytra black or dark brown. Pronotum (fig. 63). Abdomen (fig. 8). 2.3-3.4mm (FB 1.7- 2.0mm), Chile........................................................................ araucanus (COIFFAIT & SÁIZ)

- Elytra with a reddish/yellow pattern...................................................................................3

3 Sides of pronotum with mall obtuse denticles, anterior quarter reddish yellow (fig. 1). 4.4-5.0mm (FB 3.0mm). Argentina, Chile.................... sanguinitriguttatus (SCHEERPELTZ)

- Sides of pronotum with strong lateral spines (fig. 7), anterior quarter black.: E (fig. 199). 3.5-4.3mm (FB 2.1-2.6mm), Chile............................................... rugipennis nov.sp.

4 Head small, less broad than pronotum, eyes smaller (fig. 5)...................... peploides -group, see key in PUTHZ 1994b ( testaceus SAÍZ and the 3 nov. spp. missing there) angustus PUTHZ [1.9-2.5mm (FB 1.2-1.4mm), E (fig. 2, PUTHZ 1994b, Brazil] ashei PUTHZ [2.5-2.9mm (FB 1.6mm), E (fig. 5, PUTHZ l. c.), Mexico] brzoskai nov.sp. [2.3-2.6mm (FB 1.5-1.6mm), Peru] castaneus PUTHZ [2.6-2.9mm (FB 1.6mm), Costa Rica] fascifer nov.sp. [2.7-2.9mm (FB 1.8-1.9mm), elytra (fig. 106), Bolivia] inka PUTHZ [2.7-3.1mm (FB 1.8-1.9mm), E (fig. 4, PUTHZ l. c.), Peru, Ecuador] lescheni PUTHZ [2.2-2.5mm (FB 1.6mm), Peru] morator PUTHZ [1.9-2.2mm (FB 1. 35mm), Mexico, San Salvador, Costa Rica] ogloblini (BERNHAUER) [2.3-2.8mm (FB 1.6mm, Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru] paraguyanus PUTHZ [2.5-2.7mm (FB1.6mm), E, fig. 1, PUTHZ 1984), Paraguay] pecki PUTHZ [2.7-3.1mm (FB 1.8mm), Colombia] peploides (SHARP) [2.4-2.7mm (FB 1.7mm), habitus (fig. 1, PUTHZ 1994b), Panama, Costa Rica, Venezuela) puncticollis (L. BENICK) [2.2-2.5mm (FB 1.4mm, fig. 5), Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico,? Ecuador] pusillus PUTHZ [2.0-2.4mm (FB 1.4-1.5mm), Mexico] rufobrunneus nov.sp. [2.6mm (FB 1.6mm), elytra (fig. 107), Venezuela] sulcatus PUTHZ [2.3-2.7mm (FB 1.5-1.7mm), Costa Rica, Panama,? Venezuela] testaceus SAÍZ (2.8-3.0mm (FB 1.8-1.9mm), E (fig. 198), Chile]

- Head broader than pronotum, eyes large (e. g. fig. 34).......................................................5

5 Abdomen with variegate yellowish patterns. Tergite 7 ± largely yellowish laterally (if uncertain, tergite must be examined separately). E bilaterally symmetric ............................ ....................................... pulcher -subgroup of the caelatus -group (see separate key below)

- Abdomen black, paratergites reddish yellow, light brown or black. Tergite 7 black or brownish laterally (if uncertain, tergite must be examined separately)...............................6

6 Brachypterous, apical membranous fringe on tergite 7 completely absent or very narrow (reduced).................................................................................................................7

- Macropterous, apical membranous fringe on tergite 7 broad and distinct.........................10

7 Apical membranous fringe on tergite 7 completely absent.................................................8

- Apical membranous fringe on tergite 7 very narrow (reduced)...........................................9

8 Pronotum with a prominent spine anteriorly. FB 2.4-2.6mm. Ecuador, Colombia............... ................................................................................................................. bispinus PUTHZ

- Pronotum without a prominent spine. FB: 1.9-2.1mm. Bolivia............ monticola nov.sp.

9 Elytra reddish yellow. FB: 1.9-2.0mm. Bolivia......................... callicerus (BERNHAUER)

- Elytra black with a reddish yellow spot mediolaterally. FB: 1.9mm. Colombia................... ................................................................................................................. alticola nov.sp.

10 Pronotum with one sharp and deep latero-transverse furrow medially (fig. 78).: Aedoeagus asymmetrical, in most cases also with asymmetrical parameres ........................ ...................................................................... incisicollis -group (separate key see below) Note: M. nodicollis nov.sp. ( Ecuador) of the punctatus- group closely resembles species of the incisicollis -group, but has an impunctate pronotum (fig. 77) and a completely different aedeagus (fig. 254) see below again

- Pronotum with two ± deep, but not sharp latero-transverse furrows medially (e. g. figs 4, 29).................................................................................................................................11

11 Elytra impunctate, without or with 1(2) longitudinal sulci................................................12

- Elytra punctate, mostly with 2 variable longitudinal series of punctures (which may be reduced into different degrees)..........................................................................................13

12 Tarsal segment 4 narrowly lobe-like, nearly as long as the last segment and situated below that segment (fig. 25). E bilaterally symmetrical........................................................ .......................................................................... cephalotes -group (separate key see below) Note: M. nodicollis nov.sp. ( Ecuador) of the punctatus- group closely resembles species of the cephalotes -group, but has deep and very sharp latero-transverse medial furrow on the pronotum and an asymmetricalaedeagus (fig. 254), see below again

- Tarsal segment 4 simple and small. Edeagus slightly asymmetrical........... praeditus -group campbelli nov.sp. [3.3-3.8mm (FB 2.1mm), elytra (fig. 108), E (fig. 256), Colombia] obliquestriatus (BERNHAUER) [3.5-4.3mm (FB 2.3-2.5mm), elytra mainly reddish, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Paraguay] praeditus (SHARP) [elytra with a reddish spot lateromedially, 4.5mm (FB 2.4mm), E (about as in fig. 256), Panama, Costa Rica]

13 Paratergites yellowish to light brown. Elytra with two longitudinal series of punctures, without or with 2 and more punctures on declivous lateral portion. E bilaterally symmetrical without large strongly sclerotized internal sclerites: caelatus group s. str....14

- Paratergites dark brown to black. Elytra without or only with 1 puncture on declivous lateral portion. E bilaterally symmetrical with strong internal sclerites or strongly asymmetrical with strong internal sclerites.......................................................................54

14 Frons finely punctate anteriorly or only on antennal tubercles, coarsely on rest of surface...............................................................................................................................15

- Frons coarsely punctate, few small punctures may be present on antennal tubercles.......17

15 Metafemora blackish in about apical third (note: this character may be difficult to identify in immature specimens). E (fig. 196). 4.6-5.0mm (FB 2.5-2.8mm). Panama, Nicaragua...................................................................................................... momus nov.sp.

- Metafemora reddish yellow or reddish brown, whole anterior portion of frons finely punctuate...........................................................................................................................16

16 Elytra with a broad subhumeral reddish yellow band in anterior half, sternite 8 with a narrow reddish yellow spot laterally. 4.8-5.5mm (FB 2.5-2.9mm). Brazil, Ecuador............ ........................................................................................................................ batesi nov.sp.

- Elytra completely reddish with four small blackish spots, sternite 8 completely black. 4.6-5.0mm (FB 2.8-2.9mm). E (fig. 175). Paraguay............................. rufulipennis nov.sp.

17 Frons with conspicuous, very long setae (fig. 29). 3.2mm (FB 1.9mm). Costa Rica............ ................................................................................................................ pilosifrons nov.sp.

- Frons without conspicuous setae.......................................................................................18

18 Segment 11 of antennae (in both sexes) asymmetrical (fig. 18). 3.7-4.0mm (FB 2.2- 2.4mm). Paraguay................................................................................... antennatus nov.sp.

- Segment 11 of antennae symmetrical................................................................................19

19 Elytra with more than two punctures on declivous sides below humeral angle................20

- Elytra without or at most with one puncture on declivous sides below humeral angle...........40

20 With metallic luster. 3.0-3.3mm (FB 2.0mm). Guatemala........................ porcatus (SHARP)

- Without metallic luster......................................................................................................21

21 Smaller, <2.5mm (FB <1.55mm)......................................................................................22

- Larger,>3.5mm (FB> 1.55mm).......................................................................................24

22 Elytra reddish yellow at base and with some punctures in sutural third. 2.2-2.5mm (FB 1.4-1.5mm). French Guiana, Brazil........................................................... minutulus nov.sp.

- Elytra otherwise, no punctures in sutural third..................................................................23

23 Elytra with a broad reddish yellow spot mediolaterally. Antennal segment 11 symmetric. 2.1-2.4mm (FB 1.4mm). Ecuador.............................................. minutus nov.sp.

- Elytra with a reddish yellow subhumeral band in anterior half. Antennal segment 1 slightly asymmetrical (fig. 24). 1.7mm (FB 1.55mm). Panama............. minutatus nov.sp.

24 Elytra black.......................................................................................................................25

- Elytra with reddish yellow patterns...................................................................................27

25 Elytra with numerous punctures in sutural third. 3.0-3.8mm (FB 1.8-1.9mm). Guatemala.............................................................................................. densipennis nov.sp.

- Elytra without punctures in sutural third...........................................................................26 26 Elytra at most with 4 punctures in lateral third. 3.3-3.5mm (FB 1.9-2.0mm). Guyana......... ................................................................................................................. falinianus nov.sp.

- Elytra with more than 4 punctures in lateral third. 3.5mm (FB 2.0mm). Panama................. ............................................................................................................... vulneratus (SHARP)

27 Elytra as in fig. 1...............................................................................................................28

- Elytra otherwise................................................................................................................29

28 Punctation of pronotum less dense (fig. 64).: E without a small internal tooth. Elytra (fig. 1). 3.5-3.0mm (FB 1.8-2.0mm). Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Guyana, Ecuador........................................................................ adjectus (SHARP)

- Punctation of pronotum denser (fig. 65).: E with a small internal tooth. 3.2- 3,4mm (FB 1.8- 1,9mm). Ecuador, Bolivia.......................................................... adjecticius nov.sp.

29 Elytra about as in fig. 170.................................................................................................30

- Elytra otherwise................................................................................................................32

30 Sternite 7 with a yellowish spot laterally. E (fig. 193, 200). 3.2-4.3mm (FB 1.8- 2.3mm). Costa Rica, Panama................................................................ flavotogatus nov.sp.

- Sternite 7 brownish laterally.............................................................................................31

31 Frons denser punctate, elytra impunctate in sutural third. E (fig. 194). 4.0mm (FB 2.3mm). Brazil.............................................................................. flavovestitus nov.sp.

- Frons less densely punctate, elytra with 1-2 punctures in sutural third. E (fig. 192). 3.0- 3.4mm (FB 1.7-2.0mm). Costa Rica, Panama.......................................... flavivestis nov.sp.

32 Elytra each with a reddish yellow spot anteromedially (fig. 112) 4.2mm (FB 2.4mm). Brazil............................................................................................... centrimaculatus nov.sp.

- Elytra otherwise................................................................................................................33

33 Elytra blackish in posterior sutural half............................................................................34

- Elytra with a reddish yellow spot/area in posterior sutural third (may be small and sometimes slightly distinct)...............................................................................................35

34 The reddish yellow elytral band broader. E with two small fields of short strong teeth distally (figs 204, 205). Larger. 4.0-4.5mm (FB 2.1-2.3mm). Brazil, French Guiana........... ........................................................................................................... obscuriventris nov.sp.

- The reddish yellow elytral band narrower. E without two fields of short strong setae distally. Less large. 3.5-4.0mm (FB 2.0- 2,2mm). Guyana.......................... guyanus nov.sp.

35 Elytra in lateral two thirds densely, ± irregularly punctate (fig. 80). 4.2-4.6mm (FB 2.4-2.6mm). E (fig. 171). U. S. A................................................. caelatus (GRAVENHORST)

- Elytra with two regular series of punctures medially and some more punctures laterally (e. g. figs 1, 4, 92).............................................................................................................36

36 Posteromedian reddish yellow area of elytra broad, confluent with anterior spot (fig. 88); metafemora in apical third infuscate. 3.8-4.7mm (FB 2.3-2.7mm). Panama................. ................................................................................................................. amoenatus PUTHZ

- Posteromedian reddish area of elytra small, broadly separate from anterior spot.............37

37 Anterior reddish yellow spot of elytra broadly separate from lateral border of elytra (fig. 3, L. BENICK 1952). 4.4mm (FB. 2.4mm). Brazil..................... triseriatus (L. BENICK)

- Anterior reddish yellow spot of elytra extending to lateral border of elytra.....................38

38 Anterior reddish yellow spot of elytra laterally as broad as medially, epipleurae reddish yellow. 3.9mm (FB 2.3mm). E (fig. 187). Ecuador................................ tubericollis PUTHZ

- Anterior reddish yellow spot of elytra narrowed behind shoulders, epipleurae black.......39

39 Posteromedian spot of elytra more distinct, larger, longer than braod; elytra without punctures in sutural third (fig. 142). 4,4mm (FB 2.4mm). Brazil............. maculatus nov.sp.

- Posteromedian spot of elytra less distinct, smaller, about as long as broad, elytra with several punctures in sutural third. 3.5-4.0mm (FB 2.0- 2,2mm). Guyana.... guyanus nov.sp.

40 Elytra with few punctures in sutural third. 2.8mm (FB 1.6mm). Costa Rica........................ ....................................................................................................... nevermannianus nov.sp.

- Elytra without punctures in sutural third...........................................................................41

41 Metasternum reddish.........................................................................................................42

- Metasternum black............................................................................................................43

42 Elytra (fig. 129). 3.0-3.5mm (FB 1.7-2.0mm). Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil....... suavis nov.sp.

- Elytra otherwise: posterior fifth and a small spot near suture medially dark. 3.3-3.6mm (FB 2.0-2.2mm). Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia........................................ rufipectus nov.sp.

43 Frons with a broad impunctate median portion (fig. 30), metafemora (mostly) infuscate in apical half. 3.0-3.7mm (FB 1.8-2.0mm). Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia.......................... .............................................................................................................. speculifrons nov.sp.

- Median portion of frons punctate, metafemora not infuscate............................................44

44 Elytra black (humeral angle may be slightly lighter)........................................................45

- Elytra with various reddish yellow/black patterns............................................................46

45 Pronotum predominantly impunctate (fig. 67). 3.2-3.5mm (FB 1.8-2.0mm). Costa Rica, Panama, Nicaragua................................................................................... attenuatus nov.sp.

- Pronotum predominantly punctate (fig. 79). 3.0-3.2mm (FB 1.7-1.9mm) Ecuador, Peru..... ................................................................................................................. schlingeri nov.sp.

46 Abdominal segments 8-10 reddish. 3.7mm (FB 2.0mm). Argentina..... rubriventris nov.sp.

- Abdominal segments 8-10 black.......................................................................................47

47 Elytra longer (EW:EL = 1.12), elytra (fig. 110). 3.0mm (FB 1.0mm). Costa Rica............... ......................................................................................................... angustiguttatus nov.sp.

- Elytra shorter (EW:EL>1.17), elytral pattern otherwise..................................................48

48 Elytra (fig. 118). 3.5-3.7mm (FB 2.1mm). Brazil............................... rugosus (WENDELER)

- Elytra otherwise................................................................................................................49

49 Elytra with a small reddish yellow humeral spot (fig. 115)..............................................50

- Elytra broadly reddish yellow in anterior half (fig. 123)...................................................52

50 Pronotum in anterior middle coarsely and densely punctate (fig. 73). 3.0-3.5mm (FB 1.8-1.9mm). Ecuador, Bolivia....................................................... humerigemmatus nov.sp.

- Elevated transverse pronotral bulge behind anterior series of punctures completely impunctate, shiny ..............................................................................................................51

51 Humeral spot narrower, not extending posteriad. 2.8-3.5mm (FB 1.7-2.0mm). Brazil......... ........................................................................................................... humerigemma nov.sp.

- Humeral spot broader, somewhat extending posteriad. 3.2mm (FB 1.9mm). Ecuador......... ........................................................................................................... humeristigma nov.sp.

52 Larger, 3.9-4.4mm (FB 2.2-2.5mm), elytra (fig. 123). Brazil, Peru........ suavivestis nov.sp.

- Smaller: 2.6-3.3mm...........................................................................................................53

53 Smaller; elytra with fewer punctures. 2.6-3.0mm (FB 1.5-1.7mm). Panama, Costa Rica, Venezuela................................................................................................... suavidus nov.sp.

- Larger; elytra with more punctures. E (detail: fig. 203). 3.0-3.3mm (FB 1.9mm). Bolivia.................................................................................................. suavivestitus nov.sp.

54 Edeagus ± bilaterally symmetric.......................................................................................55

- Edeagus strongly asymmetrical.........................................................................................61

55 Smaller, FB 1.9mm........................................................................................................56

- Larger, FB 2.0mm..........................................................................................................57

56 Elytral spot smaller (fig. 125),: E (fig. 228). 2,9mm (FB 1.6mm). Costa Rica................. ................................................................................................................. tauripenis nov.sp.

- Elytral spot larger, elytra with a blackish area medially near suture.: E (fig. 229). 2.4-2.7mm (FB 1.6-1.7mm). Ecuador.................................................. juvencipenis nov.sp.

57: Frons with special sexual characters... mixed subgroup 7c partim (of the punctatus group)................................................................................................. see special key below

(bullifrons nov.sp., diversifrons nov.sp., fornicifrons nov.sp., punctulifrons nov.sp.)

-: Frons without special sexual characters.......................................................................58

58 Elytra with a reddish yellow lateromedial spot (about as in fig. 109).: Distal hooks of E curved outwards apically. 3,5mm (FB 2.0mm). Guatemala................ integer (SHARP)

- Elytra predominantly reddish yellow................................................................................59

59 Head broader (HW: EW 0. 90).: E (fig. 231). 3.8-4.4mm (FB 2.1-2.6mm). Colombia, Venezuela........................................................................................ rossi nov.sp.

- Head less broad (HW: EW 0. 88). E otherwise...............................................................60

60 Smaller: 3.0-3.5mm (FB 1.8-1.9mm), elytra without punctures.: E (fig. 230). Bolivia.... ..................................................................................................... laevipennis (BERNHAUER)

- Larger: 4.0-4.2mm (FB 2.5mm), elytra with some punctures.: E (fig. 235, 236). Ecuador.................................................................................................. quadruplex nov.sp.

61: Frons with special sexual characters mixed subgroup 7c (of the punctatus -group: "frons-complex") .............................................................................. see separate key below

-: Frons without special sexual characters.......................................................................62

62 Elytra blackish (black to dark brown)...............................................................................63

- Elytra otherwise, reddish or with variegate reddish-yellow/blackish patterns..................64

63 Pronotum impunctate, with a very deep and sharp latero-transverse medial furrow (fig. 77). 2.6-2.9mm (FB 1.5-1.6mm).: Pronotum with two anterolateral calli, E (fig. 254). Ecuador............................................................................................ nodicollis nov.sp.

- Pronotum punctate with two latero-transverse medial furrows.: Pronotum without anteriolateral calli. Species of about the same size mixed subgroup 7b of the punctatus group ("obscurus-complex")

A reliable key to the species cannot be given, dissection of the E is requested. alvarengai PUTHZ [3.5-4.0mm (FB 2.0mm), E (fig. 2, PUTHZ 1984), Brazil, Paraguay) breyeri (BERNHAUER) [3.0-3.5mm (FB 1.8-2.0mm), E (fig. 8, PUTHZ 1989), Brazil] brooksi PUTHZ [3.0-3.6mm (FB 2.0-2.1mm), E (fig. 50, PUTHZ 1994a), Costa Rica] brunneus nov.sp. [2.9mm (FB 1.6mm), E (fig. 237), Peru] fauveli PUTHZ [2.9-3.5mm (FB 1.9-2.0mm), E (fig. 10, PUTHZ 1984) Brazil] guatemalenus (SHARP) [3.3-3.7mm (FB 2.0-2.1mm), E (fig. 2, PUTHZ 1989), Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama] laeviventris (CAMERON) [3.5-4.0mm (FB 2.1mm), E (fig. 4, PUTHZ 1989), West Indies] nigellus nov.sp. [3.4mm (FB 1.9mm), E (fig. 238), Peru] niger PUTHZ [3,5-4.0mm (FB 1.9mm), E (fig. 9, PUTHZ 1989), Surinam] nigrescens nov.sp. [3.8mm (FB 1.9mm), E (fig. 239), Panama] nigricans PUTHZ [3.0-4.0MM (FB 1.9-2.1MM), E (figs 5, 6, PUTHZ 1989), Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia] nigricolor PUTHZ [3.5mm (FB 1.9mm), E (fig. 7, PUTHZ 1989), Brazil] nigrificatus PUTHZ [3.2-3.7mm (FB 2.0mm), E (fig. 3, PUTHZ 1989), Peru] nigrotogatus nov.sp. [3.5mm (FB 2.0mm), E (fig. 240), Bolivia] obscurus (SHARP) [3.3-3.8mm (F 2.0-2.1mm), E (fig. 1, PUTHZ 1989), Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico] oliveirai PUTHZ [3.2-3.8MM (FB 2.0mm), E (figs 4, 1, PUTHZ 1984), Brazil] panamensis (SHARP) [3.6mm (FB 2.0mm), E (fig. x), Panama;? Mexico] politus (SHARP) [3.2-3. 6 mm (FB 1.9-2.0mm), E (fig. 10), Panama, Costa Rica, Mexico, Ecuador,? Nicaragua] punctipennis (L. BENICK) [2.8-3.3mm (FB 1.8-1.9mm) E (fig. 5, PUTHZ 1984), Brazil, Trinidad] vatillipenis nov.sp. [3.2-3.8mm (FB 1.9-2.0mm), E (fig. 321), Nicaragua].

See also species of mixed subgroup 3 of the punctatus -group: bicavatifrons nov.sp., cornuatifrons nov.sp., mirifrons nov.sp.

- Elytra otherwise, reddish or with variegate reddish-yellow/blackish patterns..................64

64 Elytra with a sharp carina between humeri and oval impression medially (fig. 34, PUTHZ 1994a). 3.1- 3,8mm (FB 2.0-2.1mm). E: fig. 1, l. c.). Brazil.......... sulcipennis Puthz

- Elytra without a sharp median carina................................................................................65

65 Pronotum with a prominent lateral spine anteriorly. 3.9-4.6mm (FB 2.6-2.8mm). E: Median lobe with 4 long sclerites, one lateral hook-shaped apically. Ecuador, Colombia.................................................................................................. bispinus PUTHZ

- Pronotum without a prominent lateral spine anteriorly.....................................................66

66 Femora and tibiae brown. Elytra (fig. 95). E (fig. 257). 3.8mm (FB 2.1mm) Mexico.......... ................................................................................................................ thayerinae nov.sp.

- Femora and tibiae reddish/reddish-yellow........................................................................67

67 Elytra with a reddish/-yellow humeral or subhumeral spot: baranowskii nov.sp. [3.4mm (FB 2.0mm), E (fig. 271), Mexico] falcarius nov.sp. [[3.1-3.5mm (FB 2.0-2.1mm), elytra (fig. 113), E (fig. 273), Venezuela] falcifer nov.sp. [3.6mm (FB 2.1mm), elytra (fig. 114), E (fig. 272), Panama] huggerti nov.sp. [3.4mm (FB 2.0mm), E (fig. 260), Ecuador] humerigutta nov.sp. [3.0mm (FB 1.7mm), E (fig. 261), Guyana] humeriguttatus nov.sp. [3.2-3.5mm (FB 2.0-2.1mm), Colombia] humerinaevulus nov.sp. [3.2-3.5mm (FB 1.9-2.0mm), E (fig. 313, 314), Peru] libidinosus PUTHZ [3.2-3.9mm (FB 2.2mm), E (fig. 18, PUTHZ 1994a), Costa Rica, Panama, Nicaragua, Honduras, Mexico] peckorum nov.sp. [3.4mm (FB 1.9mm), E (fig. 262), Colombia)

- Elytra otherwise................................................................................................................68

68 Elytra with a posteromedial spot at suture (figs 5, 6, 7, 11, L. BENICK 1952): aspericollis PUTHZ [3.1-3. 77 (FB 1.9-2.1mm), E (fig. 7, PUTHZ 1994a), Mexico, Honduras] apicalis (L. BENICK) [2.9-3.5mm (FB 1.8-2.0mm), elytra (fig. 7, L. BENICK 1952), E (fig. 299), Brazil] apicisculptus PUTHZ [3.7-4.3mm (FB 2.1-2.3mm), Argentina] baudi nov.sp. [3.7-4.1mm (FB 2.2mm), E (fig. 263), Paraguay] breviculus PUTHZ [2.2-2.6mm (FB 1.5- 1,6mm), E (fig. 403), Brazil] bipustulatus (BERNHAUER) [4.0-4.4mm (FB 2.5mm), elytra (fig. 5, L. BENICK 1952), E (fig. 298), Brazil] bosqui (BERNHAUER) [3.7mm (FB 2.2mm), E (fig. 412), Brazil] falini nov.sp. [3.2-3.8mm (FB 1.9-2.1mm), E (fig. 264), Paraguay, Argentina] falsator nov.sp. [3.7mm (FB 2.2mm), E (fig. 267), Brazil] mrazi (L. BENICK) [3.7-4.1mm (FB 2.2mm), elytra (fig. 6, L. BENICK 1952), E (fig. 265), Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina] and most species of mixed subgroup 2 of the punctatus - group (see special key)

- Elytra otherwise................................................................................................................69

69 Elytra with a central reddish yellow spot (e. g. fig. 111)..................................................70

- Elytra otherwise................................................................................................................73

70 Elytra as in fig. 111, the spot broader than long.: Sternite 7 with an asymmetrical spine (fig. 154), E (fig. 388). 4.0mm (FB 2.3mm). Panama....................... armatus (SHARP)

- Elytral spot as long as broad or longer than broad.: Sternite 7 simple..........................71

71 Elytral spot longer than broad, extending posteriad (fig. 4, L. BENICK 1952) 3.5mm. (FB 2.2mm). E (fig. 410). Brazil................................................. pirimaculatus (L. BENICK)

- Elytral spot about as long as broad....................................................................................72

72 Elytral spot smaller, in the actual middle (fig. 8, L. BENICK 1952). 3.3-3.5mm (FB 2.2mm). Brazil.............................................................................. obenbergeri (L. BENICK)

- Elytral spot larger, predominantly in posterior half (fig. 9, L. BENICK 1952). 3.3- 3.5mm (FB 2.0-2.1mm). E with a strong bicuspid apical spine. E (fig. 411). Brazil........... - ............................................................................................................... soror (L. BENICK)

73 Elytra with 6 separate reddish yellow spots (fig. 143). 4.0-4.2mm (FB 2.3-2.6mm. E (fig. 348). Peru, Ecuador................................................................................ schuhi nov.sp.

- Elytra otherwise................................................................................................................74

74 Elytra with a reddish yellow mediolateral spot, distinctly separate from the suture (figs 33, 35, 36, 38, PUTHZ 1994a): alticola nov.sp. [3.5mm (FB 2,0mm), E (fig. 259), Colombia] armativestis nov.sp. (?) [3.2-3.7mm (FB 2.0-2.2mm), E (fig. 276), Panama] cognatoides PUTHZ [3.6-4.1mm (FB 2.3mm), elytra (fig. 35, PUTHZ 1994a), E (fig. 9, PUTHZ, l. c.), Colombia] cognatus (SHARP) [3.7-4.2mm (FB 2.3mm), elytra (fig. 33, PUTHZ 1994a), E (?), Panama] cognitor PUTHZ [3.8-4.2mm (FB 2.4-2.5mm), elytra (fig. 38, PUTHZ 1994a), E (fig. 6, l.c.), Costa Rica] cognitorius PUTHZ [3.4-3.9mm (FB 2.3-2.4mm), elytra (about as in cognitor), Costa Rica] incognatus PUTHZ [4.0-4.5mm (FB 2.7mm), elytra (fig. 36, PUTHZ 1994a), E (fig. 4, PUTHZ, lc.), Costa Rica, Panama] lateraligemma nov.sp. [3.6mm (FB 2.1mm), E (fig. 268), Panama] lateraligutta nov.sp. [2.8-3.4mm (FB 1.7-2.0mm), E (fig. 271), Panama] libertador nov.sp. [3.7-4.5mm (FB 2.4-2.6mm), E (fig. 269), Venezuela] miriceps nov.sp. [3.9-4.2mm (FB 2.4mm), E (as in fig. 388, Panama] serratipenis nov.sp. [3.7mm (FB 2.2mm), E (fig. 275), Peru] stupendiceps nov.sp. [4.1mm (FB 2.4mm), E (fig. 270), Panama]

Elytra otherwise................................................................................................................75

75 Elytra with 2 separate reddish yellow spots (figs x, y, z): alces PUTHZ [3.5mm (FB 1.8-2.9mm), elytra (fig. 12, PUTHZ 1989), E (fig. 22, l.c.), Trinidad, Tobago] bierigi nov.sp. [3.2-3.5mm (FB 2.1mm), E (fig. 323), Costa Rica] callosipennis nov.sp. [4.0mm (FB 2.2mm), E (fig. 277), Venezuela] confusus nov.sp. [3.0-3.5mm (FB 2.0mm), E (fig. 334), Colombia, Trinidad, Suriname, Brazil] hanleyi nov.sp. [3.6mm (FB 2.2mm), E (fig. 324), Venezuela] ( mrazi (L. BENICK) [specimens with 4 spots, see column 68]) morosus (SHARP) [3.3-3.8mm (FB 2.0-2.1mm), E (fig. 325), Guatemala, El Salvador, Panama, Venezuela] muelleri PUTHZ [3.0-3.6mm (FB 1.8-2.0mm), E (fig. 27, PUTHZ 1994a), Colombia] punctatus (ERICHSON) [3.5-3.7mm (FB 2.0-2.3mm), elytra (fig. 96), E (fig. 302, 326), Colombia,? U. S. A: Georgia] quadrigemma nov.sp. [3.1mm (FB 1.7mm), E (fig. 338), Guyana] quadrigemmatus nov.sp. [3.5mm (FB 2.0mm), E (fig. 342), Colombia] quadrigemmosus nov.sp. [2.7-3.8mm (Fb 1.6-2.1mm), E (fig. 328), Honduras, Nicaragua] quadrigutta nov.sp. [3.3-3.7mm (FB 1.0-2.0mm), E (fig. 341), Peru] quadriguttatus nov.sp. [3.2-4.0mm (FB 1.8-2.0mm), elytra (fig. 98), E (fig. 336), Costa Rica, Panama, Honduras, Mexico] quadrimaculatus (BERNHAUER) [3.5-3.7mm (FB 2.0-2.3mm), elytra (fig. 99), E (fig. 327), Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Mexico] quadrimaculosus nov.sp. [3.0mm (FB 1.8mm), E (fig. 340), Bolivia] quadrinotatus PUTHZ [3.0-3.8mm (FB 3.3-3.8mm), elytra (fig. 13, PUTHZ 1994a), E (fig. 23, l.c.), Trinidad, Suriname, Colombia, Ecuador] quadriplagiatus nov.sp. [3.5-3.8mm (FB 1.8-2.0mm), E (fig. 335), Venezuela] rufipes (LECONTE) [3.0-3.5mm (FB 2.0-2.2mm), elytra (fig. 97x), E (fig. 337), U. S. A.]

- Elytra otherwise................................................................................................................76

76 Elytra with an oblique reddish yellow spot in about anterior half (e. g. fig. 132): aculeiventris nov.sp. [4.3-4.6mm (FB 2.4mm), E (figs 281, 294), Costa Rica] armativestis nov.sp. (?) [3.2-3.7mm (FB 2.0-2.2mm), E (fig. 276), Panama] armiventris nov.sp. [4.2mm (FB 2.3mm), E (fig. 288), Panama] callosipennis nov.sp. [4.0mm (FB 2.2mm), E (fig. 277), Venezuela] exiliventris nov.sp. [4.0-5.0mm (FB 2.2-2.7mm), E (fig. 278), Panama] flavocingulatus nov.sp. [3.0-4.0mm (1.8-2.3mm), E (fig. 344), Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador] mexicanus (SHARP) [4.0-5.0mm (FB 2.2-2.7mm), E (figs 290, 292), Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama] nudiventris nov.sp. [4.0-4.4mm (FB 2.4-2.5mm), E (fig. 289), Guyana] simpliciventris nov.sp. [4.2-5.2mm (FB 2.6-2.8mm), elytra (fig. 132), E (fig. 282, 283), Panama, Costa Rica] simplicativentris nov.sp. [4.3-4.7mm (FB 2.4-2.5mm), E (fig. 284), Panama] spiculiger nov.sp. [3.5-4.2mm (FB 2.0-2.2mm), E (fig. 279), Panama] tenuiventris nov.sp. [4.0-4.7mm (FB 2.3-2.5mm), E (fig. 285), Costa Rica, Panama] tuberiventris nov.sp. [4.1-4.9mm (FB 2.5-2.7mm), E (fig. 286, 291, 293), Nicaragua, Guatemala]

- Elytra otherwise................................................................................................................76

77 Elytra with one large reddish yellow spot. Note: In some cases it may be difficult to decide whether there is one large spot on the elytron, or whether the elytron is predominantly / completely reddish-yellow owing to the variability. aculeiferoides nov.sp. [3.2-3.8mm (FB 2.1-2.3mm), elytra (fig. 120), E (fig. 329), Venezuela] alcipenis nov.sp. [4.0-4.5mm (FB 2.4mm), E (fig. 407), Ecuador] ancoralis nov.sp. [4.2-4.5mm (FB 2.6mm), E (fig. 396), Colombia] armator nov.sp. [4.3-4.7mm (FB 2.4mm), E (fig. 389), Ecuador] armiger nov.sp. [4.3-4.7mm (FB 2.5mm), E (fig. 390), Bolivia] baranowskii nov.sp. [3.4mm (FB 2.0mm), E (fig. 274), Mexico] bartolozzii nov.sp. [4.8-5.3mm (FB 2.7-3.0mm), E (fig. 378), Ecuador] bolivari nov.sp. [3.3-4.0mm (FB 2.0-2.3mm), E (fig. 339), Venezuela] bolivianus (BERNHAUER) [3.8-4.2mm (FB 2.2-2.4mm), E (fig. 343), Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia] caracasanus PUTHZ [4.0mm (FB 2.3mm), E (fig. 20, PUTHZ 1994a), Venezuela] cervus nov.sp. [4.5mm (FB 2.7mm), E (fig. 361), Bolivia] corniculifer nov.sp. [3.6mm (FB 2.0mm), E (fig. 360), Venezuela] corniculipenis nov.sp. [3.5-3.7mm (FB 2.0-2.2mm), Bolivia] cornifer nov.sp. [4.7mm (FB 2.6mm), E (fig. 331), Bolivia] falcipenis nov.sp. [3.4-3.8mm (FB 2.0-2.2mm), E (fig. 408), Ecuador] flavipennis (L. BENICK) [3.6-4.0mm (FB 2.3mm), E (about as in fig. 343), Colombia, Bolivia] fulvivestis nov.sp. [3.8-4.2mm (FB 2.2-2.6mm), E (fig. 354), Venezuela] fulvocinctus nov.sp. [3.3-3.8mm (FB 2.1-2.3mm), E (fig. 350), Venezuela] fulvofasciatus (L. BENICK) [2.8-3.0mm (FB 1.8-2.0mm), E (fig. 354), Venezuela] fulvomaculatus nov.sp. [3.1-3.4mm (FB 1.8-1.9mm), E (fig. 347), Venezuela] fulvotogatus nov.sp. [3.2-3.5mm (FB 1.9-2.0mm), E (fig. 346), Venezuela] fulvovestitus nov.sp. [3.4-4.5mm (FB 2.3-2.6mm), E (fig. 352), Venezuela] gestroi (FAUVEL) [4.0-4.2mm (FB 2.2-2.5mm), E (fig. 409), Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Brazil] harpaginiventris nov.sp. [3.8-4.1mm (FB 2.4mm), E (fig. 383), Peru] incommodus nov.sp. [3.9-4.5mm (FB 2.3-2.7mm), E (fig. 392), Bolivia] intricatipenis nov.sp. [3.2-3.7mm (FB 2.0, 2.1mm), elytra (fig. 116), E (fig. 311), Panama] longicornis nov.sp. [3.5-4.0mm (FB 2.1-2.2mm), E (fig. 317, 370), Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru] luteofasciatus nov.sp. [3.8-4.5mm (FB 2.3-2.6mm), E (fig. 387), Venezuela] pectinifer nov.sp. [3.3mm (FB 1.8mm), elytra (fig. 117), E (fig. 367), Bolivia] peruanus nov.sp. [3.4-3.6mm (FB 2.0-2.1mm), E (fig. 312), Peru] quadrispinus nov.sp. [4.0-4.5mm (FB 2.1-2.4mm), E (fig. 386), Ecuador] quadruplex nov.sp. [4.0-4.2mm (FB 2.5mm), E (figs 235, 236), Ecuador] robustus (MOTSCHULSKY) [5.0-6.0mm (FB 3.2-3.5mm), E (fig. 318), Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru] rufomaculatus nov.sp. [3.6mm (FB 2.0mm), E (fig. 385), Bolivia] schmidli nov.sp. [3.5-4.3mm (2.2-2.3mm), E (fig. 332), Ecuador] spiniventris (L. BENICK) [3.5-3.8mm (FB 2.1-2.5mm), E (fig. 364), Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia] spinulifer nov.sp. [3.4-3.8mm (FB 2.1-2.2mm), E (fig. 363), Bolivia] spinuliferoides nov.sp. [3.6-4.2mm (FB 2.2-2.4mm), E (fig. 365), Bolivia] tuberativentris nov.sp. [4.5mm (FB 2.5mm), elytra (fig. 138), E (fig. 295), Panama] validus nov.sp. [5.4-6.0mm (FB 3.0-3.4mm), E (fig. 380), Ecuador] villac nov.sp. [3.6mm (FB 2.2mm), E (fig. 406), Bolivia]

- Elytra otherwise................................................................................................................78

78 Elytra predominantly reddish yellow (see note at column 77): callicerus (BERNHAUER) [3.5-3.8mm (FB 2.0-2.2mm), E (fig. 297), Bolivia] cornifer nov.sp. [4.7mm (FB 2.6mm), E (fig. 331), Bolivia] cornutipenis nov.sp. [3.7-4.2mm (FB 2.3-2.7mm), E (fig. 355), Ecuador] curvaticornis nov.sp. [6.0mm (FB 3.2mm), E (fig. 397), Ecuador] curvivornis nov.sp. [5,2mm (FB 3.1mm), E (fig. 398), Ecuador] erichsoni (L. BENICK) [5.0-6.0mm (FB3.1-3.3mm), E (fig. 308), Bolivia, Ecuador] excisiventris PUTHZ [4.6-5.3mm (FB2.9mm),: Sternite 8 (fig. 13, PUTHZ 1977), E (fig. 10, l. c.), Colombia] fulvoornatus nov.sp. [5.2mm (FB 3.2mm), E (fig. 352), Bolivia] fungivagus nov.sp. [2.9-3.5mm (FB 1.7-1.9mm), E (fig. 280), Venezuela] humeralis (CAMERON) [3.8mm (FB 1.9mm), West Indies: St. Vincent] inamatus nov.sp. [4.0mm (FB 2.3mm), E (fig. 395), Ecuador] ingratus nov.sp. [4.5mm (FB 2.7mm), E (fig. 399), Bolivia] insperatus nov.sp. [3.8mm (FB 2.8mm), E (fig. 379), Bolivia] magnus PUTHZ [5.7-6.3mm (FB 3.1mm),: Sternite 8 (fig. 12, PUTHZ 1977), E (fig. 9, l.c.), Colombia] mucroniventris nov.sp. [3.7-4.3mm (FB 2.3-2.6mm), E (fig. 362), Bolivia] pectinatipenis nov.sp. [4.5mm (FB 2.8mm), E (fig. 366), Bolivia] pectinipenis nov.sp. [4.1-4.5mm (FB 2.5-2.6mm), E (fig. 368), Bolivia] rufipennis nov.sp. [5.5mm (FB 3.1mm), E (fig. 394), Bolivia] validus nov.sp. [5.4-6.0mm (FB 3.0-3.4mm), E (fig. 380), Ecuador] variatus nov.sp. [3.3-3.8mm (FB 1.9mm), E (fig. 371), Brazil, Colombia,? Paraguay] verticillaris (BERNHAUER) [4.3-5.0mm (FB 2.8mm), E (fig. 353), Bolivia, Colombia] see also 4 species of the " frons -complex": bullifrons nov.sp., diversifrons nov.sp., fornicifrons nov.sp., punctulifrons nov.sp.

- Elytra with various reddish-yellow patterns: aculeifer nov.sp. [3.0-3.5mm (FB 1.7-1.9mm), elytra (fig. 130), E (fig. 333), Venezuela] acutiventris nov.sp. [2.9mm (FB 1. 75mm), elytra (fig. 122), E (fig. 381), Costa Rica] aimara PUTHZ [3.5-4.2mm (FB 2.3-2.4mm), elytra (fig. 44, PUTHZ 1994a), E (fig. 5, l.c.), Peru, Ecuador] biacuminiventris nov.sp. [4.2mm (FB 2-3- 2,5mm), E (fig. 356), Venezuela] bicuspidiventris nov.sp. [4.0-4.8mm (FB 2.3-2.4mm), elytra (fig. 135), E (fig. 358), Peru, Ecuador] bispiniventris nov.sp. [4.0mm (FB 2.1mm), E (fig. 359), Panama] bruchi (BERNHAUER) [3.2mm (FB 2.0mm), E (fig. 300), Argentina] cruciger (SHARP) [3.2-4.2mm (FB 2.0-2.6mm), E (fig. 349), Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, West Indies, Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil,? Paraguay] cuspidiger nov.sp. [3.0-3.7mm (FB 1.9-2.1mm), elytra (fig. 127), E (fig. 303-305, 373), Panama] cuspidiventris nov.sp. [3.0-3.5mm (FB 1.9-2.0mm), elytra (fig. 126), E (fig. 306, 373), Panama] cuspiduliger nov.sp. [3.0-3.5mm (FB 1.8-1.9mm), elytra (fig. 128), E (fig. 315, 374), Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Rica] deceptivus nov.sp. [3.5mm (FB 2.1mm), elytra (fig. 133), E (fig. 384), Guatemala] discolor nov.sp. [3.0-4.1mm (FB 2.0-2.1mm), elytra (fig. 119), E (fig. 391), French Guiana] franiai nov.sp. [6.0mm (FB 3.3mm), elytra (fig. 136), E (fig. 319), Ecuador] furculifer nov.sp. [4.5mm (FB 2.7mm), elytra (fig. 139), E (fig. 369), Ecuador] gallinipenis nov.sp. [3.8-5.0mm (FB 2.0-3.0mm), E (fig. 310), Venezuela] grandipunctus nov.sp. [3.6-4.0mm (FB 2.2-2.4mm), elytra (fig. 137), E (fig. 387), Ecuador] hibbsi nov.sp. [3.8-4.3mm (FB 2.2-2.3mm), elytra (fig. 141), E (fig. 309, Ecuador] ineptus (SHARP) p. p. [3.5-4.0mm (2.2- 2-3mm), E (figs 22, 23, 32, PUTHZ 1994a, parameres denticulate), Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama irrisor nov.sp. [3.8mm (FB 2.1mm), E (fig. 357), Panama] magnatus nov.sp. [5.8mm (FB 3.1mm), E (fig. 377), Ecuador] nusta nov.sp. [3.2-3.8mm (FB 2.1mm), elytra (fig. 145), Ecuador] ornatus (SHARP) [5.5mm (FB 2.9mm), E (fig. 21, PUTHZ 1989), Peru] quinquemaculatus (BERNHAUER) [4.5-5.5mm (FB 2.9-3.0mm), Venezuela] schuhi nov.sp. [4.0-4.2mm (FB 2.3-2.6mm), elytra (fig. 143), E (fig. 348), Peru] sexgemmatus nov.sp. [4.0mm (FB 2.4mm), E (fig. 401), Venezuela] sexguttatus nov.sp. [3.0-4.1mm (FB 1.9-2.1mm), elytra (fig. 144), E (fig. 400), Paraguay] variatus nov.sp. [3.3-3.8mm (FB 1.9mm), E (fig. 371), Brazil]