Catherinum, ZEVINA, 1978

Gale, Andrew Scott, 2016, Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2), pp. 266-304 : 300-301

GENUS CATHERINUM ZEVINA, 1978 B

FIGURES 3A–C , 7K–T , 8C, G, K , 12I–P , 19A–V

Type species

Scalpellum recurvitergum Gruvel, 1900 (see redescription in Young, 1998).

Diagnosis

Inframedian latus waisted, hourglass-shaped, umbo central to nearly basal. Well-defined margins contact the scutum and upper latus. Contact between carinolatera usually flat, symmetrical. Rostrum tiny, oval, or rarely absent. Apex of scutum, acuminate, incurved. Upper latus overlaps scutum, fitting into notch in scutum. Scutum trapezoidal, basal–occludent angle about 80°, tergal–upper latus angle 100–115°.

Synonym

Verum Zevina, 1978b .

Included species

Scalpellum australicum Hoek, 1883 , Scalpellum novaezelandiae Hoek, 1883 , Scalpellum recurvitergum Gruvel, 1900 , Scalpellum striolatum G.O. Sars, 1877 , Scalpellum hispidum G.O. Sars, 1890 , Catherinum anglicum sp. nov. (Campanian, Cretaceous, UK), and Arcoscalpellum singletoni Withers, 1953 (Miocene, Balcombe Bay, Australia).

Remarks

As redefined here, Catherinum includes many of the species included in Verum by Zevina (1981). As noted by Young (2007), Catherinum fall into several distinct morphological groups. Although not dealt with here, many of the taxa assigned to Annandaleum (e.g. with strikingly reduced plates, such as Annandaleum japonicum Hoek, 1883 ), have an hourglass-shaped inferior median latus, at least in the juvenile stages, and are likely to be derived from species of Catherinum by plate reduction. Planoscalpellum Zevina, 1978b is a Catherinum- like form in which the upper latus umbo is unusually low on the scutum.

Figures

Figure 3. Lateral aspects of Amigdoscalpellinae: A, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); B, Catherinum recurvitergum (Gruvel, 1900); C, Catherinum novaezelandiae (Hoek, 1883). D, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); E, Amigdaloscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); F, Amigdaloscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); G, Amigdaloscalpellum sculptum (Hoek, 1907) H, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859). See Table 1 for localities. Scale bars: 5 mm.

Figure 7. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859); F–J, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); K–O, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); P–T, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); U–Y, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W); dorsal (carinal) view of basal capitulum (D, I, N, S, X); enlarged lateral view of basal capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). Note the changes in the nature of the articulation between the carinolatera of a pair (interpenetrant, X; opposed double articulation, D, I, N, S) and those in the shape of the inframedian latus (triangular, W; waisted hourglass, M, R; pentagonal, C, H). See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: A–C, F–H, M, P-R, U–V, 0.5 mm; D, E, I, J, N, O, S, T, X, Y, 1 mm.

Figure 8. Scalpellid scuta and terga. Scuta: A, E, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); B, F, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); C, G, Catherinum hispidum (G.O. Sars, 1890); D, H, Weltnerium stroemii M. Sars, 1859). Terga: I, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); J, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum; K, Catherinum hispidum; L, Weltnerium stroemii. See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the overall progression of morphological change from left to right in the shape of the scutum, with the basal–occludent angle becoming more acute, and the basal–upper latus angle more obtuse, leading to a more trapezoidal outline. Additionally, a small tergal surface develops, and the umbo becomes incurved, and the dwarf male receptacles become larger and better defined. The terga change from an oval– rhombic outline (I) to a right triangular one (J–L), the ventral margin has developed a narrow supracarinal surface (scs), with an inflexion where the tip of the carina rests against the carinal margin. See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: K, 2 mm; A, E, F, J, M, N, 1 mm; B–I, L, 0.5 mm.

Figure 12. Evolution of rostra and rostrolatera plate morphology, ventral side: A–D, Weltnerium stroemii (G.O. Sars, 1859); E–H, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); I–L, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); M–P, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); Q–T, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898), rostrum in ventral rostral aspect (A, E, I, M, Q); rostrolatus in external (B, F, J, N, R) and internal (C, G, K, O, S) views. Basal capitulum in ventral (rostral) aspect (D, H, L, P, T). The rostrum is tiny, with only a small external face (I, M, Q) in more basal taxa. In the most derived taxa, the central ridge has an external surface over the height of the plate (A, B). Scale bars: A–D, F–H, J–L, N–P, R–T, 0.5 mm; E, I, M, Q, 0.2 mm.

Figure 19. Fossil and recent Catherinum. C–K, N–Q, T, V, Catherinum anglicum sp. nov., Upper Campanian, Belemnitella mucronata zone, Keswick, Norwich, UK; (O) is the holotype, the other specimens are paratypes. C, D, F, G, carinolatera in external (C, D, F) and internal (G, H) aspects (C, NHMUK IC 1203; D, 1204; F–G, 1206; H, 1208). E, transverse section of carina (NHMUK IC 1205); I, T, dorsal view of carinae (NHMUK IC 1209, 1216); P, lateral view of carina (NHMUK IC 1214); V, internal view of base of carina (NHMUK IC 1217); J, K, O, internal views of scuta, to show large pit for dwarf males (NHMUK IC 1210, 1211, 1213); N, external view of scutum (NHMUK IC 1212); Q, external view of tergum (NHMUK IC 1215). A, B, L, M, R, S, U, Catherinum hispidum (G.O. Sars, 1890). Recent, Norwegian Sea. A, B, carinolatus in external and internal views. L, M, external and internal views of scutum. R, external view of tergum. S, U, dorsal and internal views of carina. Scale bars: S, U, V, 1 mm; A–D, F, G, K–O, Q, R, T, 0.5 mm; E, H, P, 0.2 mm.