Calophyllum brasiliense Cambessèdes (1825: 320)

Cabral, Fernanda Nunes, Bittrich, Volker & Hopkins, Michael John Gilbert, 2017, Clusiaceae s. l. (Calophyllaceae, Clusiaceae s. s. and Hypericaceae) in the Viruá National Park, Roraima, Brazil, Phytotaxa 329 (1), pp. 1-27 : 5

1.1 Calophyllum brasiliense Cambessèdes (1825: 320) ( Fig. 2A–C )

Type: — BRAZIL. Espírito Santo, s.d., fl., Saint-Hilaire 330 (holotype: P, barcode 00761176).

= Calophyllum angulare A.C.Sm (1933: 379)

= Calophyllum ellipticum Rusby (1927: 303) .

= Calophyllum lucidum Bentham (1843: 370) .

= Calophyllum mariae Planch. & Triana (1861: 251) .

= Calophyllum piaroanum An. Castilho & C. Gil (1991: 41) .

Trees or small trees up to 25 m. Exudate yellow, cream or white. Leaf blade 4.2–17.7 × 2.2–6.8 cm, coriaceous to subcoriaceous, elliptical, oblong–elliptic to oboval, apex obtuse, rounded to retuse, cuneate, base acute; exudate channels inconspicuous; secondary veins 20–36 veins/cm, conspicuous on both surfaces; petiole 4.8–17.2 mm long. Inflorescence 3–5-flowered. Flowers bisexual, ca. 10 mm long, pedicel 2–10 mm long. Outer tepals 2.7–4.3 × 1.7–2.6 mm. Inner tepals 2–4(–5), 4–6.3 × 1.8–4.3 mm, recurved. Stamens 11–28 × 2.3–3.6 mm long. Ovary ca. 4 mm across, style ca. 2 mm long, stigma 0.5–2 mm wide, peltate. Fruit 0.9–2.5 × 0.6–2.1 cm, ellipsoid or ovoid, apex obtuse. Seeds 1.1–1.5 × 1.1–1.3 cm, ellipsoid or ovoid.

Phenology:—Flowering September to November; fruiting October to January.

Distribution and habitat:— Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. In Brazil, it occurs in the north region (states of Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia and Roraima), in the northeast (states of Bahia, Maranhão and Pernambuco), in the central-west region (Distrito Federal, states of Goiás, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul), in the southeast region (states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo), and in the south region (states of Paraná and Santa Catarina). In VNP, in white-sand vegetation and flooded areas.

Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Roraima: Caracaraí, Viruá National Park , elevation 62 m, 1º28’06’’N, 61º00’32’’W, 24 November 2009, fl., Cabral et al. 269 ( INPA) ; Ibid , 20 January 2011, fr., Cabral et al. 362 ( INPA) .

Additional specimens: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Diamantina, Biri-Biri, 25 February 1975, fl., Hatschbach et al. 36489 ( INPA). Amazonas : Manaus-Itacoatiara , Reserva Florestal Ducke , km 26, 02º53’S, 59º58’W, 04 December 1993, fr., Vicentini et al. 381 ( INPA) ; Ibid., 15 August 1997, fl., Hopkins et al. 1632 ( INPA) .

Taxonomic notes:— Calophyllum is easily recognizable by its decussate leaves and parallel and extremely dense secondary veins in combination with the presence of exudate ( Díaz 2013). However, species delimitation is difficult because of infraspecific variation, such as the number of tepals which can vary widely. The specimens we collected fit the description and the taxonomic key prepared by Díaz (2013).

2 Caraipa Aublet (1775: 561) .

Type: Caraipa parvifolia Aublet (1775: 561) .

Trees, shrubs or small trees; exudate present, scarce, resiniferous and viscose. Leaves alternate, distichous or spiral; secondary veins conspicuous. Panicules, racemes or rarely cymes. Flowers bisexual, fragrant, bracts and bracteoles persistent or deciduous; sepals 5, greenish, petals 5, yellow to whitish, contorted.Stamens numerous, with a conspicuous cup-shaped oil-gland on the connective that secretes a fragrant oil. Ovary 3-locular, 2–3 ovules per locule, style 1, 3- lobed at apex, stigmas expanded. Capsules, woody, dehiscence septifragal, exocarp may separate from the endocarp. Seeds 1–3, winged.

Neotropics; with ca. 35 species ( Cabral et al. 2016a, 2016b, Kubitzki 1978, Kubitzki & Holst 1998) and 24 species in Brazil ( BFG 2015).

Figures

FIGURE 2. Calophyllum brasiliense (A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Fruit), Caraipa caespitosa (D. Habit; E. Flower; F. Fruit) and Caraipa savannarum (G. Flower; H. Fruit).