Leikung, Benjamin, 2004

Benjamin, Suresh P., 2004, Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142 (1), pp. 1-82 : 49-63

LEIKUNG GEN. NOV.

Type species: Marengo porosa Wanless, 1978 .

Remarks: Leikung porosa was provisionally placed in Marengo by Wanless (1978), who argued that the position of the eyes and the presence of scattered papillae might justify the proposal of a new genus. He went on to say that a better understanding of Ballinae phylogeny would be required before such a proposal could be justified, mentioning the taxonomic irresponsibility of proposing genera based on a single species ( Platnick, 1976; Wanless, 1978). As the most preferred hypothesis of Ballinae generic relationships suggests ( Fig. 1 ), he was in fact correct in postulating a new genus to accommodate Leikung porosa .

Etymology: In Chinese mythology, Lei-Kung is the god of thunder. His skin, like that of Leikung spp , is believed to be perforated.

Monophyly and phylogenetic placement: Details of the female genitalia and somatic morphology are autapomorphic for this interesting genus: the presence of a tooth (to) at the anterior epigynal border (14-1), raised ple (29-1), eight spines on tibia I (35-2) and pits with sensory setae (38). Synapomorphies uniting Leikung and the African genus Afromarengo are the long embolus (5-2), absence of an epigynal septum (10-0), copulatory openings connected to each other by posterior epigynal border (13-1) and the presence of scattered papillae (39-1).

Diagnosis: Leikung is distinguished from all other Ballinae by the presence of a tooth on the anterior epigynal border ( Figs 48E , 50A–C ), raised ple ( Figs 48D , 49D , 52G , 53A ), eight spines on tibia I ( Figs 49D , 53E , 55C ) and pits with sensory setae ( Fig. 53B ).

Description: See the description of the type species below and Wanless (1978).

Composition: Two species: Leikung porosa ( Wanless, 1978) and L. kinabaluensis .

Distribution: Indonesia and Malaysia.

LEIKUNG POROSA ( WANLESS, 1978) COMB. NOV.

( FIGS 4D , 48A- E , 49A- D , 51A- F , 52A- I , 53A- F , 54A- D )

Marengo porosa Wanless, 1978: 268–270 , fig. 7a–g. ♀ holotype (vial 21D), 7.9.1973, BMNH, reg. no. 1977.4.29.8, from Malaysia, Frasers hill, Jeriav waterfall area and 1♀ paratype (vial 18 B), 6.9.1973, from the same locality, both specimens leg. A. D. Blest. Not examined.

Etymology: Refers to the porous-like structures of the prosoma ( Wanless, 1978).

Diagnosis: Distinguished from L. kinabaluensis by details of the rta; short, sickle-shaped or bent towards the tegulum at the centre ( Figs 48B , 49B , 52E, F , 54A–D ).

Remarks: Material grouped here as L. porosa might not be conspecific. Nevertheless, the limited number of available specimens only enables the diagnosis of a single species. The recognition of populations described here as species might require additional material and probably the analysis of genetic distance.

Male: Total length 4.6; prosoma length 2.5, width 1.5. Leg I: femur 2.4, patella 1.0 tibia 1.7, metatarsus 1.3, tarsus 0.6. Markings as in Figures 48C, D , 49C, D . Prosoma oval, longer than wide, red brown, without prominent markings except for dark rings surrounding eyes. Long setae ( Figs 52G , 53A ). Opisthosoma round to oval, dark brown, shining, with a folium and black dots, while some specimens have a transverse whitish band ( Figs 48C , 49C ). Venter uniformly yellow to white, some specimens more whitish than others. Legs I–IV laterally with dark markings. Eyes in three rows (note: considered to represent four rows by Wanless (1978), first recurved, second and third straight and surrounded by dark rings. Chelicerae and labium dark brown, without marking. Leg formula 1432. Tibia I with 2/2/2/2 long thin spines, metatarsus I with 2/2 spines. Venter uniformly yellow. Long setae on prosoma and opisthosoma ( Figs 52G, H , 53A ). Porouslike structures on prosoma ( Figs 52G , 53A, B ). Palp: cymbium oval. Retrolateral tibial apophysis sickleshaped, tapering to a pointed end. Tegulum bilobed, projecting outwards, anterior end gradually tapering to a pointed end, path of sperm duct as in Figures 48A, B , 49A, B ; embolus thin, long, spirals more than three times ( Figs 48A, B , 49A, B , 52A, B ).

Female: Total length 3.7; prosoma length 2.0, width 1.1. Leg I: femur 1.1 patella 0.4, tibia 0.8, metatarsus 0.7, tarsus 0.5. Prosoma oval, longer than wide, red brown, venter lighter, without prominent markings, no prominent setae as in male. Opisthosoma lighter than in male, two prominent yellow patches on the anterior half (absent in some specimens). Legs laterally with dark markings. Eyes surrounded by dark rings. Leg formula 1432. Tibia I with 2/2/2/2 spines, metatarsus I with 2/2 thin, long spines. Epigynum and vulva as in Figures 48E , 50A–C , 51A–F . See also the detailed description of the type in Wanless (1978).

Variation: Specimens from North Sumatra, Bohorok. Male: total length 4.0; prosoma length 2.0 width 1.3. Leg I: femur 1.5, patella 0.6, tibia 1.3, metatarsus 0.6, tarsus 0.4. Female: total length 4.0; prosoma length 2.0 width 1.4. Leg I: femur 0.5, patella 0.4, tibia 1.0 metatarsus 0.6, tarsus 0.4. Lighter in colour than the other specimens. Anterior parts of tegulum sharply tapering, end pointed. Palpal tibia relatively shorter (cf. Fig. 54A–D ), rta bent towards the tegulum at the centre ( Fig. 54D ), not sickle-shaped as in non-Bohorok specimens.

Distribution: Malaysia and Indonesia.

Other material examined: MALAYSIA: peninsular Malaysia, Genting highlands, on leaves; 1♀, 29.7.1980 leg. CL and PR Deeleman, RMNH ; Templers Park ; 1♂, 1.12.1990 leg. CL and PR Deeleman, RMNH ; Borneo, Danum valley field sta- tion, pitfall trap, logged forest, 1♂ 1♀, 1991?, leg. T Borghouts?, RMNH ; Gunung Trus Madi , 1440 m altitude, secondary forest, 5∞34.989¢N, 116∞29.714¢E, hand catch; 1♂, 28.10.2001 leg. M. Schilthuizen & P. Koomen, Trus Madi expedition 2001 University Malaysia Sabah, BORN . INDONE- SIA: Sumatra, Kerinci, Seblat National Park , 800 m, near river, on leaves, 3♂ 3♀, 21– 30.8.1988, leg. Suharto Djojosudharmo, RMNH ; North Sumatra, Bohorok, Gunung Leuser National Park ; 1♀, 11.6.1983, leg. CL and PR Deeleman, RMNH ; North Sumatra, Bohorok , along the river, from leaves; 1♂, 14.12.1983, leg.?, RMNH ; North Sumatra, Bohorok , river side; 1♂ 15.12.1983, leg.?, RMNH ; North Sumatra, Bohorok, bambu nr. Center , 3.1.1984, under ‘tent’ rear?, 1♂ 1♀, hole in leaf, leg. ‘ Not given in the label’, deposited in RMNH ; West Sumatra, Anai, Mt. Singalang , 400– 520 m, on leaves, 1♂ 1♀, 10– 22.6.1994, leg. Suharto Djojosudharmo, RMNH .

LEIKUNG KINABALUENSIS SP. NOV.

( FIGS 55A- G , 56A- F )

Holotype: ♂ from Malaysia: North Borneo, Kinabalu National Park , 1600 m, beating shrub, leg. P.L. Deeleman & G. Perrault, 26.6.1979, deposited in RMNH.

Etymology: Named after the type locality.

Diagnosis: Distinguished from L. porosa by details of the rta, which is long, wider and bent towards the tegulum at its base ( Fig. 55A, G ). The opisthosoma may

TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY OF BALLINAE 61

be longer and tibia of leg I may not possess lts in some specimens of L. kinabaluensis ( Fig. 55C ).

Male: Total length 4.5; prosoma length 2.2, width 1.5. Leg I: femur 1.2, patella 0.4, tibia 1.3, metatarsus 0.7, tarsus 0.5. Markings as in Figure 55D, E . Prosoma raised, broad, dark brown, without prominent markings except for dark rings surrounding eyes; setae as in Figure 55D . Opisthosoma oval, elongated, shining, yellow brown, with dark marking. Transverse whitish band. Venter uniformly grey to yellow. Legs I–IV laterally without dark markings. Eyes surrounded by dark rings. Chelicera, labium dark brown, without marking. Leg formula 1423. Tibia I with 2/2/2/2 long thin spines, metatarsus I with 2/2 spines. Palp: cymbium oval, longer than wide. Retrolateral tibial apophysis large, longer than in L. porosa , tapering to a pointed end. Tegulum bilobed, projecting outwards, anterior end gradually tapering to a pointed end, path of sperm duct as in Figure 55A, B ; embolus thin, long, coils more than four times.

Female: Total length 3.7; prosoma length 1.8, width 1.2. Leg I: femur 1.3, patella 0.5, tibia 1.1 metatarsus 0.7, tarsus 0.2. Prosoma oval, longer than wide, red brown, venter lighter, without prominent markings, no prominent setae as in male. Legs laterally with dark markings. Eyes surrounded by dark rings. Leg formula 1432. Tibia I with 2/2/2/2 spines, metatarsus I with 2/2 thin, long spines. Epigynum and vulva as in Figures 55F , 56A–F .

Variation: Specimens from East Malaysia, Kimanis road. Male: total length 3.8; prosoma length 2.0 width 1.1. Leg I: femur 1.1 patella 0.4, tibia 0.8, metatarsus 0.7, tarsus 0.5. lts absent in the holotype. Opisthosoma oval, black brown, shining, a prominent transverse whitish band present. Palp relatively smaller ( Fig. 55G ).

Distribution: Malaysia, Borneo.

Other material examined: MALAYSIA: East Malaysia , Kimanis road, 16 miles from Keningau, Heliplatz, 1380–1400 2♂ 1♀, 12.6.1982, leg. D. Burckhardt, MHNG .

Figures

Figure 1. Preferred most parsimonious tree of Ballinae genera based on successive character weighting (length = 34 steps, CI = 0.84, RI = 0.90). Character state changes are mapped using Farris optimization. Bold numbers indicate unambiguous character changes.

Figure 4. Photographs of live Ballinae species. A, Ballus chalybeius (Barbara Knoflach). B, Indomarengo sarawakensis sp. nov. (Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold). C, Afromarengo coriacea (John Murphy). D, Leikung porosa from Malaysia, Gunung Trus Madi (Peter Koomen).

Figure 48. Leikung porosa from Kerinci, Sumatra, Indonesia (RMNH). A-D, male. A, male palp, ventral view. B, same, retrolateral view. C, habitus, ventral view. D, same, lateral view. E, female genitalia, epigynum, ventral view. Note the raised ple; arrow indicates the transverse white line. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (A, B, E); 2.0 mm (C, D).

Figure 49. Leikung porosa from Bohorok, North Sumatra, Indonesia (RMNH). A, male palp, ventral view. B, same, retrolateral view. C, habitus, ventral view. D, habitus, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (A, B); 2.0 mm (C, D).

Figure 50. Leikung porosa from Bohorok, North Sumatra, Indonesia (RMNH). Female genitalia. A, epigynum, ventral view. B, vulva, ventral view. C, vulva, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

Figure 51. Leikung porosa (RMNH). Female genitalia. A-C, Bohorok, North Sumatra, Indonesia. D-F, Kerinci, Sumatra, Indonesia. A–D, ventral view. E, F, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figure 52. SEM, Leikung porosa (RMNH). A–E, Bohorok, North Sumatra, Indonesia. F-I, Kerinci, Sumatra, Indonesia. A right palp, retrolateral view. B, st, ec and embolus, retrolateral view. C, same, retrolateral view of embolus tip. D, same, retrolateral view of ec. E, rta. F, rta. G, dorsolateral view of prosoma. H, prosomal setae. I, sp. Scale bars = 5 Mm (C, I); 10 Mm (H); 30 Mm (D, E, F); 50 Mm (B); 100 Mm (A, G).

Figure 53. SEM, Leikung porosa (RMNH). A–D, Kerinci, Sumatra, Indonesia. E, F, Bohorok, North Sumatra, Indonesia. A, prosoma, dorsolateral view. B, prosomal pits with sensory setae, lateral view. C, tibia I, lateral view. D, lts details. E, tibia with lts. F, lts details. Scale bars = 10 Mm (B, F); 50 Mm (D); 100 Mm (A); 300 Mm (C, E).

Figure 54. Leikung porosa (RMNH), male rta. A, Mt. Singalang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. B, C, Kerinci, Sumatra, Indonesia. D, Bohorok, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

Figure 55. Leikung kinabaluensis (RMNH). A, male palp, ventral view. B, same, retrolateral view. C, left leg I, lateral view. D, prosoma, dorsal view. E, opisthosoma, dorsal view. F, G. East Malaysia, Kimanis road (MHNG). F, epigynum, ventral view. G, male palp, retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (A, B, F, G); 2.0 mm (C–E).

Figure 56. Leikung kinabaluensis, female genitalia. East Malaysia, Kimanis road (MHNG). A–D, ventral view. E, F, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.05 (C, D, F); 0.1 mm (A, B, E, F).