Philates, SIMON, 1900

Benjamin, Suresh P., 2004, Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142 (1), pp. 1-82 : 32-34

PHILATES SIMON, 1900

Philates Simon 1900: 402 .

Marengo Wanless, 1978: 259 .

Type species: Philates grammicus Simon, 1900 , by original designation; lectotype designation by Wanless (1978).

Monophyly and phylogenetic placement: Probably polyphyletic; monophyly remains to be tested with rigorous sampling and phylogenetic methods.

Diagnosis: Distinguished from Leikung , Indomarengo and Afromarengo by the presence of pp (28) in these genera ( Figs 4D , 48D , 49D , 38C , 42D ; Wanless (1978: fig. 1d). Distinguished from Ballus , Baviola , Colaxes , Cynapes and Sadies by the presence of lts (33; Fig. 37A–C ) and from Sadies by the presence of pp ( Fig. 45D ; Wanless, 1984a: figs 2d, 4d) and cag (17) situated at the opening of the copulatory atrium in Sadies ( Figs 45C , 46A, B ). P. grammicus can be separated from all other Ballinae by the presence of a sclerotized projection on the epigynal septum (12; Fig. 32A–C ). P. zschokkei can be separated from all other Ballinae (except for Ballus segmentatus ) by the presence of a pseudo-conductor (7; Fig. 36C, D ).

Description: See description of type species below, Simon (1900) and Wanless (1978).

Composition: Ten species: P. chelifer ( Simon, 1900) comb. nov., P. courti comb. nov., P. grammicus, Simon, 1900 , P. platnicki comb. nov., P. proszynskii comb. nov., P. rafalskii comb. nov., P. szutsi sp. nov., P. thaleri sp. nov., P. variratea comb. nov., and P. zschokkei sp. nov. (all new combinations are from Marengo ).

Remarks: The Papuan Philates have been well described by Zabka (1999) and are not treated further here. The characters shared by P. zschokkei and the Papuan species are the transverse white band, massive leg I of the male (much larger than that of, for example, M. crassipes ) and the presence of cag. The preferred hypothesis of relationships among the Ballinae suggests that the Papuan species are best placed between nodes 5 and 8 ( Fig. 1 ). Therefore, based on the current state of knowledge, they are placed in Philates . Alternatively, one could define a genus exclusively for the Papuan species + P. zschokkei . However, there are no unambiguous character state changes that would support such a genus.

Distribution: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Philippines.

PHILATES GRAMMICUS SIMON, 1900

( FIGS 31A, B , 32A- D )

Philates grammicus Simon, 1900: 402 , fig. 580 (♂ lectotype and ♀ paralectotype from Philippines, Manila, Quingua , Antipolo in MNHN 20563 /1: 3 and 2: 3, examined).

Philates grammicus Simon, 1901: 493 , figs 580-581.

Marengo grammica Wanless, 1978: 272–275 , fig. 10a–h.

Diagnosis: Distinguished from P. zschokkei by the presence of a sclerotized projection on the female epigynum ( Fig. 32C ). The male may be distinguished by the relatively rounded subtegulum ( Fig. 31A, B ).

Lectotype: ♂ from Philippines, Manila, Antipolo ( MNHN 20563 /1: 3), total length 3.8; prosoma length 1.8, width 1.4. Leg I: femur 1.0 patella 0.4, tibia 0.7, metatarsus 0.5, tarsus 0.3. Prosoma dark darkbrown, sides darker, with dark patches; venter, uniformly yellow. Opisthosoma longer than wide, light yellow to light brown, dorsally with inconspicuous dark spots; venter, uniformly light yellow. Legs I –IV laterally with dark markings. Eyes surrounded by dark rings. Chelicera, labium and dorsal parts lighter in colour. Leg formula 1432. Tibia I with 2/2/0/2 spines, metatarsus I with three spines. Palp: tibia short, rta broad-based, thin, pointed upward ( Fig. 31A, B ; Wanless, 1978: fig. 10c, j). Apex of cymbium with chemo-sensitive hairs. embolus short, coils 1.5 times ( Fig. 31A ).

Paralectotype: One ♀ from the type locality. Description as in male. Epigynum and vulva as in Figure 32A- D and Wanless (1978: fig. 10d, g, h).

Distribution: Philippines and Indonesia.

Other material examined: None.

PHILATES CHELIFER ( SIMON, 1900) COMB. NOV.

( FIGS 25A- G , 26A- C , 27A- I , 28A- D , 31C, D )

Marengo chelifer Simon, 1900: 400 (1♂ lectotype from Java, Buitenzorg, in MNHN B 2305); examined. Marengo chelifer Simon, 1901: 488 , fig. 577.

Marengo chelifer Wanless, 1978: 272 , fig. 9a–f.

Etymology: The specific epithet might be substantive (hence invariable) or an adjective, meaning either ‘chela-carrier’ or ‘chela-carrying’. If Simon (1900) had used it as an adjective, he would have named the species M. chelifera instead of M. chelifer .

Diagnosis: Philates chelifer is distinguished from all Ballinae , except M. striatipes , by the absence of an enlarged femur (30; Fig. 25C, G ). M. striatipes is known only from India and Sri Lanka (see later). The female of P. chelifer can be distinguished by the reduced translucent septum (19; Fig. 26A–C ). Except for Ballus sp. ( Fig. 24G, H ), males of P. chelifer and P. zschokkei ( Fig. 36C, D ) may be distinguished from those of other Ballinae by the presence of a pseudoconductor. P. chelifer can be distinguished from P. szutsi and P. thaleri by the shape of the rta and the presence of white patches on the sides of the opisthosoma. The females of P. szutsi and P. thaleri are unknown.

Lectotype: ♂ from Java, Buitenzorg. Total length 3.2; prosoma length 1.4, width 0.8. Leg I: femur 1.0 patella 0.4, tibia 1.0 metatarsus 0.6, tarsus 0.2. Markings as in Figure 25D, F . Prosoma dark brown, anterior parts much darker with two black patches. Opisthosoma oval, yellow-brown, shining, with two white patches (wp in Fig. 25D ). Venter uniformly yellow, some specimens brighter than the others. Femur I not enlarged ( Fig. 25C, G ). Legs I–IV laterally with dark markings. Eyes surrounded by dark rings. Chelicera, labium dark brown, without marking. Leg formula 1432. Tibia I with 2/2/0/2 long thin spines, metatarsus I with 2/2 spines. Palp: cymbium oval ( Figs 25A, B , 28A , 31C, D ). Retrolateral tibial apophysis thin and long, projecting upwards. Tegulum bilobed, path of sperm duct as in Figures 25A , 31C, D ; embolus broad-based, tapering, thin, short, coils once ( Figs 25A , 28A–C , 31C, D ).

Female: Malaysia, North Borneo, Kinabalu. Total length 2.9; prosoma length 1.4, width 0.7. Leg I: femur 0.6, patella 0.3, tibia 0.7, metatarsus 0.4, tarsus 0.2. Markings as in Figure 25E . Prosoma dark brown, without prominent markings. No prominent setae as in male. Opisthosoma lighter, darker than in the male. Legs laterally with dark markings. Eyes surrounded by dark rings. Chelicerae with no marking but with three small teeth on retromargin. Labium light yellow. Leg formula 1423. Epigynum and vulva as in Figure 26A- C .

Figures

Figure 1. Preferred most parsimonious tree of Ballinae genera based on successive character weighting (length = 34 steps, CI = 0.84, RI = 0.90). Character state changes are mapped using Farris optimization. Bold numbers indicate unambiguous character changes.

Figure 4. Photographs of live Ballinae species. A, Ballus chalybeius (Barbara Knoflach). B, Indomarengo sarawakensis sp. nov. (Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold). C, Afromarengo coriacea (John Murphy). D, Leikung porosa from Malaysia, Gunung Trus Madi (Peter Koomen).

Figure 24. SEM, Ballus segmentatus (MHNG). A-F, female from Horton Plains, Sri Lanka. A, prosoma. B, ordinary setae. C, ps. D-F, tibia I. G-I, male from Agrapatana, Sri Lanka. Retrolateral views of: G, right male palp. H, ec and embolus. I, setae on apex of cy. Scale bars = 3 Mm (F); 10 Mm (B, C, H, I); 30 Mm (E, G); 100 Mm (A, D).

Figure 25. Philates chelifer. A-E, male and female from North Borneo, Malaysia (RMNH). A, male palp, retrolateral view. B, same, ectal view. C, right leg I, lateral view. D, male habitus, dorsal view. E, female prosoma, dorsal view. F, G, male lectotype from Java, Indonesia (MNHM B 2305). F, prosoma, dorsal view. G, right leg I, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (A, B); 1.0 mm (E-G); 2.0 mm (C, D).

Figure 26. Female genitalia of Philates chelifer from North Borneo, Malaysia (RMNH). A, epigynum, ventral view. B, vulva, ventral view. C, same, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

Figure 27. SEM, Philates chelifer, female from North Borneo, Malaysia (RMNH). A, leg I. B, lts. C, detail of B. D, prosoma, dorsal view, front section. E, F, details of D. G, prosoma, dorsal view, back section. H, I, details of G. Scale bars = 5 Mm (C); 10 Mm (E, H); 30 Mm (B, F, I); 100 Mm (A, D, G).

Figure 28. SEM, Philates chelifer, male from North Borneo, Malaysia (RMNH). A, right male palp,, ventral view. B, C, Details of A. D, rta, ventral view. Scale bars = 10 Mm (C); 30 Mm (B, D); 100 Mm (A).

Figure 31. A, B, Philates grammicus (MNHN 20563/1: 3). A, male palp, ventral view. B same, retrolateral view. C, D, Philates chelifer, male lectotype from Java, Indonesia (MNHM B 2305). C, male palp, ventral view; D, same, retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Figure 32. Philates grammicus (MNHN 205563/2: 3). Female genitalia. A–C, ventral view. D, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Figure 36. SEM, Philates zschokkei sp. nov. (RMNH). A, male palp, retrolateral view. B, detail of the rta, retrolateral view. C, ec and embolus, retrolateral view. D, pseudo-conductor. E, setae on the apex of cy, retrolateral view. F, detail of E. Scale bars = 5 Mm (F); 10 Mm (D); 30 Mm (B, C, E); 100 Mm (A).

Figure 37. SEM, Philates zschokkei sp. nov. (RMNH). A, right tibia I, lateral view. B, lts details. C, inferior spines on lts, orientated in a distal direction. D, tip of leg I showing tarsal claw and claw tuft. Scale bars = 5 Mm (C); 30 Mm (B, D); 100 Mm (A).

Figure 38. Indomarengo sarawakensis sp. nov., male from Sarawak, Malaysia (RMNH). A, habitus, ventral view. B, left leg I, lateral view. C, prosoma, lateral view. D, male palp, retrolateral view. E, same, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (D, E); 2.0 mm (A–C).

Figure 42. Indomarengo chandra sp. nov. (RMNH). A, male palp, ventral view. B, same, retrolateral view. C, left leg I, lateral view. D, prosoma, lateral view. E, habitus, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (A, B); 2.0 mm (D, E); 4.0 mm (C).

Figure 45. Sadies spp. A-F, S. fulgida from Mahe, Seychelles (male: MRAC 159.955; female: MRAC 143.086). A, left male palp, ventral view. B, same, retrolateral view. C, epigynum, ventral view. D, habitus, lateral view. E, leg I, lateral view. F, habitus, ventral view. G, S. trifasciata, retrolateral view of left male palp. H, S. seychellensis, retrolateral view of left male palp. Scale bars = 0.1 mm (C); 0.2 mm (A, B, G, H); 2.0 mm (D-F).

Figure 46. Female genitalia of Sadies fulgida from Mahe, Seychelles (MRAC 143.086). A, ventral view. B dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figure 48. Leikung porosa from Kerinci, Sumatra, Indonesia (RMNH). A-D, male. A, male palp, ventral view. B, same, retrolateral view. C, habitus, ventral view. D, same, lateral view. E, female genitalia, epigynum, ventral view. Note the raised ple; arrow indicates the transverse white line. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (A, B, E); 2.0 mm (C, D).

Figure 49. Leikung porosa from Bohorok, North Sumatra, Indonesia (RMNH). A, male palp, ventral view. B, same, retrolateral view. C, habitus, ventral view. D, habitus, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (A, B); 2.0 mm (C, D).