Salina brasiliana, Oliveira¹ & Cipola² & Almeida¹, 2020

Oliveira, Fábio G. L., Cipola, Nikolas G. & Almeida, Eduardo A. B., 2020, Systematics and biogeography of Salina MacGillivray (Collembola: Entomobryoidea), with emphasis on the species groups in the New World, Insect Systematics & Evolution 51, pp. 81-138 : 95-104

Salina brasiliana sp.n. Oliveira & Cipola

Figures 9A , 10A , 11A , 12A , 13A , 14A and D , 15A , 16A , 17 A-B, 19C-D

ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/ 59302B93-840D-486D-AC8C-4A0670BE519B

Diagnosis

Body and legs with blue spots; Ant I with 4 mac; cephalic groove with 2 serrated mic, without smooth chaetae; Th II–Abd I with 1, 2, 2 central mac, respectively; Abd III with 6 lateral mac (a7, am6, pm6, p6, p7i and one unnamed); Abd IV with 10 central mac (A3–5 absent), and 10 lateral mac; collophore with 10 anterior, 3 posterior and 11 lateral flap chaetae; trochanteral organ with 12 spine-like chaetae; manubrial plate with 3 chaetae.

Type material

Holotype ♀ on slide (COLLE 042/INPA): Brazil, Tocantins, Palmas municipality, Taquaruçu district, ecological farm of “Taquaruçu”, 10°15’S, 48°08’W, Cerrado biome, 650 m, 13-20.v.2013, Pitfall-trap, AS Lopes coll. Paratypes on slides (COLLE 042A- F/INPA): 4 ♂ and 2 ♀, same data as holotype .

Additional examined material

2 ♂ on slides and 3 specimens in alcohol (INPA): Brazil, Amapá, Oiapoque municipality, margin of stream next to the airport, 03°52’13”N, 51°47’30”W, Amazon forest , 22 m, 08-09.viii.2013, Pitfall-trap, JMC Nascimento & N Hamada coll. 1 ♂ on slide and 1 specimen in alcohol (INPA): Roraima, Caracaraí, National Park of “Mocidade”, 01°36’N, 61°54’W, Amazon forest , 600 m, 15-26.i.2016, Malaise-trap, R Boldrini & P Barroso coll. 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ on slide and 5 specimens in alcohol (INPA): National Park of “Viruá”, grid L2-2500, 01°28’39”N, 61°01’29”W, Amazon forest , 73 m, 21-29.v.2015, Malaise-trap, SS Gadelha coll. 1 ♀ on slide (INPA), Caroebe municipality, margin of stream “Caroebe”, 00°54’48.5”N, 59°34’20”W, Amazon forest , 156 m, 19.iii.2013, Manual, JMC Nascimento coll. 2 ♀ on slide and 7 specimens in alcohol (INPA), Acre, Rio Branco municipality, Zoobotanical Park of Universidade Federal do Acre, 09°57’23”S, 67°52’16”W, Amazon forest , 170m, 14-19.xii.2012, Malaise-trap, SS Gadelha coll. 1 ♂ on slide and 2 specimens in alcohol (INPA): Senador Guiomard municipality, “São Francisco” farm, BR 317, km 14, 10°05’41”S, 67°38’17”W, Amazon forest , 211m, 13-27.vii.2014, Malaise-trap, DRR Fernandes & DF Nogueira coll. 1 ♀ on slide and 1 specimen in alcohol (INPA): Manoel Urbano municipality, State Park “Chandless”, grid T1-500-1500, 09°23’52”S, 69°54’58”W, Amazon forest, 215m, 09°23’52”S, 69°54’58”W, Pitfall-trap , IPS Santos coll. 1 ♂ and 2 ♀ on slide (INPA): Alagoas, Maceió municipality, Parque Municipal de Maceió, 09°36’S, 35°45’W, Atlantic forest , 32m, xi.2010, Pitfall-trap, IPS Santos coll. 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ on slide and 7 specimens in alcohol (INPA): Amazonas, Manaus , INPA, Campus II, 03°05’49”S, 59°59’19”W, urban forest, 70 m, 01-03.vi.2013, Malaisetrap, GC Tavares coll. 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ on slides (INPA): “Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental”, 02°53’42.18”S, 59°59’10.58”W, cultivation of organic guaraná, 97m, 23.ix.2012, Moerick-trap, K Schoeninger coll. 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ on slides (INPA): Reserva Ducke, sede, 02°55’S, 59°58”W, Amazon forest , 83m, 30.iv.2013, yellow plate trap, NG Cipola coll. 2 ♂ and 2 ♀ on slides and 3 specimens in alcohol (INPA): Experimental farm of the Universidade Federal do Amazonas, grid L1-4500, 02°39’11”S, 60°06’08”W, Amazon forest , 71m, 06-18.viii.2010, Pitfall-trap, C Brito & JLP Souza coll. 2 ♀ on slide and 11 specimens in alcohol (INPA): Reserve of Biological Dynamics Project of Forest fragments (PDBFF), road AM-174, km 41, 02°38’S, 60°11’W, Amazon forest , 87m, 12-13.vii.2004, suspended trap, R Querino coll. 1 ♀ on slide (INPA): Reserve “ZF2”, path of the observation tower, 02°35’21”S, 60°06’55”W, Amazon forest , 122m, 12-13.vii.2004, sweeping, JT Câmara & JA Rafael coll. 1 ♂, 1 ♀ and juvenile on slide (INPA): Presidente Figueiredo municipality, Waterfall of “Maroca”, road AM-270, km 18, 02°00’08”S, 59°52’04”W, Amazon forest , 152m, 30.viii.2014, entomological aspirator, NG Cipola & FGL Oliveira coll. 2 ♀ on slide and 1 specimen in alcohol (INPA): Cave Trail of “Maroaga”, road AM-270, km 06, 02°03’S, 59°58’W, Amazon forest , 140m, 31.viii.2014, entomological aspirador, FGL Oliveira coll. 1 ♂ on slide (INPA): path of “Castanhal”, stream “Canoas”, 01°49’51”S, 60°04’15”W, Amazon forest , 124 m, 12.viii.2014, sheet trap, AMO Pes coll. 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ on slide and 1 specimen in alcohol (INPA), Novo Airão municipality, Mato Grosso stream, 02°49’00”S, 60°55’08”W, Amazon forest , 36 m, 28-31.iii.2013, dish trap, JT Câmara & AC Maldaner coll. 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ on slide and 28 specimens in alcohol (INPA): Rio Preto da Eva municipality, farm “Aprisco Pásargada”, forest margin, 02°42’26.6”S, 59°42’53.2”W, Amazon forest , 49m, 13.ix.2013, suspended trap, BG Oliveira coll. 1 ♂ on slide (INPA), Barcelos municipality, sanctuary “Santo Alberto de Trapani”, between “Negro” river and “Caures” stream, 01°19’38.5”S, 62°06’52.2”W, Amazon forest , 13m, 13.xii.2012, Pitfall-trap, JMC Nascimento coll. 2 ♂, 1 ♀ and 1 juvenile on slide (INPA): Altazes municipality, farm next “Madeira” river, 03°40’33.9”S, 59°06’10.7”W, Amazon forest , 24m, 25.xii.2011, Malaise-trap, GPS Dantas coll. 2 ♂ and 2 ♀ on slide and 16 specimens in alcohol (INPA), Tapauá municipality, Porto Cotinha in stream “Ipixuna”, 03°26’53”S, 64°40’57”W, Amazon forest , 73m, 08- 13.x.2013, Malaise-trap, DMM Mendes coll. 2 ♀ on slide and 85 specimens in alcohol (INPA): Canutama municipality, Extractive Reserve “Canutama”, “Purus” river, 06°32’S, 64°22’W, Amazon forest , 52m, 01-10.iv.2013, Malaise-trap, A Somavilla & M Oliveira coll. 1 ♀ on slide (INPA), idem, except 27-30.iv.2013, yellow plate trap . 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ on slide and 21 specimens in alcohol (INPA): Maués municipality, farm “ Santa Helena ”, near guaraná cultivation, 03°27’13”S, 57°39’01”W, Amazon forest , 23m, 25-28.iv.2017, Malaise-trap, A Somavilla coll. 1 ♂ on slide (INPA): Rondônia, Porto Velho municipality, Instituto de Pesquisas em Patologias Tropicais - IPEPATRO, road BR-364, 08°46’45”S, 63°51’57”W, urban area, 87 m, 03-04.i.2014, Pitfall-trap, AM Pereira Jr coll. 2 ♀ on slide and 11 specimens in alcohol (INPA): Cacaulândia municipality, waterfall trail “Jamari”, 10°13’26.8”S, 63°13’49”W, Amazon forest , 120m, 10.ii-20.v.2012, Malaise-trap, S Nihei & team coll . 1 ♂ and 2 ♀ on slides (MNRJ): Pernambuco, São Lourenço da Mata municipality, “Pau Ferro”, 07°58’S, 34°58’W, Atlantic forest , 107m, 27.iii.1978, aspirator, MC Mendonça coll. 1 ♀ on slide (INPA): Minas Gerais, São Roque de Minas municipality, National Park Serra da Canastra , 20°09’S, 46°39’W, Cerrado biome, 1.250 m, xi.2011, Malaise-trap . 1 ♂ and 2 ♀ on slide (MNRJ): Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, Colubandê, 22°50’S, 43°00’W, Atlantic forest , in grass and plants, 30m, 14.iv.1957, R Arlé coll. 5 ♂ and 3 juveniles on slide (INPA): Paraná, Cornélio Procópio municipality, State Park “Mata São Francisco”, 23°09’20”S, 50°34’20”W, Atlantic forest , 531m, 19.ix.2009 - 18.iii.2010, Pitfall-trap, NG Cipola coll. 4 ♀ on slide and 19 specimen in alcohol (INPA): Santa Catarina, Orleans municipality, margin of “Mirador” stream, 28°10’43”S, 49°24’34”W, Atlantic forest , 420m, 15.ii-19.viii.2013, Malaise-trap, LC Pinho, AL Schlindwein & AP Amaral coll. 1 ♀ on slide (INPA): Grão Pará municipality, State Park “Serra Furada”, 28°07’48”S, 49°25’25”W, Atlantic forest , 678m, 7.v-9.vi.2013, Malaise-trap, LC Pinho, AP Amaral, MO Bessel & AM Will coll. 2 ♂ and 6 ♀ on slide (MZUSP): São Francisco do Sul municipality, villa of “Glória”, 26°13’S, 48°40’W, Atlantic forest , 7m, 14-20.x.2001, Malaise-trap . 2 ♂, 4 ♀ and 1 juvenile on slides and 22 specimens in alcohol (UNAL): Colombia, Guaviare, San José del Guaviere municipality, Playa Guio, 02°34’N, 72°43’W, Amazon forest , 191 m, 12-19.iv.2013, Malaise-trap, Animal Systematic students coll .

Description

Total length (head + trunk) of holotype 1.75 mm. Specimens pale white with dark blue pigments on Ant I–IV, strongly on anterior head, intersegmental areas of antennae and Th II to Abd III; irregular blue spots on the side of the head, Th II and Abd II–V; inner side of legs with a distal spot on femora and two spots in tibiotarsi (one basal and one subapical). Eyepatches black ( Figure 9A ).

Head. Ant I dorsally with 4 mac and 5 basal spiny smooth mic ( Fig 10A ). Posterior labial chaetotaxy series ‘CG’ with 7 ciliate chaetae (CG1-3, CG5, CG6p–7e) and 2 serrated mic (CG4, CG6); series ‘PLM’ with 2 ciliate chaetae (PLM1–2); series ‘PLE’ with 2 ciliate chaetae (PLE1–2); lateral side with about 29 ciliate chaetae ( Fig 11A ).

Dorsal chaetotaxy. Th II with 1 ‘p’ mac (p3). Th III with 3 ‘p’ mac (p2–3, p5) ( Figure 12A ). Abd I with 1–2 ‘m’ mac (m3, m4), m3 rarely absent ( Figure 13A ). Abd III with 1 ‘a’ mac (a7), 2 ‘m’ mac (am6, pm6), and 3 ‘p’ mac (p6, p7i and one unnamed) ( Figure 14A ). Abd IV with 2 ‘A’ mac (A1, A6); 1 ‘Ae’ mac (Ae1); 3 ‘B’ mac (B3–5); 1 ‘Be’ mac (Be1); 1 ‘C’ mac (C1); 4 ‘E’ mac (E1-4); 4 ‘F’ mac (F1–F3p); 2 ‘Fe’ mac (Fe1–3); posterior side with 3 sens type IV (ps and two unnamed) ( Figure 14D ). Abd V with 2 ‘a’ mac (a3, a5); 3 ‘m’ mac (m2–3, m5); and 5 ‘p’ mac (p0-4) ( Figure 15A ).

Appendages. Trochanteral organ with 12 smooth spine-like chaetae ( Fig 16A ). Collophore anterior side with 2 subapical mac of unequal length and 1 median mes, and 7 proximal smooth mic; posterior side with 1 apical and 2 subapical smooth chaetae; lateral flap formula 4(s), 2(m), 5(i) smooth chaetae, 2 inferior larger ( Figures 17 A-B). Manubrial plate with 3 chaetae ( Figure 19C ). Mucro with 3–4 teeth (d1, ap, v1-2), v2 teeth present or absent ( Figure 19D ).

Etymology

The name “brasiliana” refers to the wide distribution of this species in Brazil.

Remarks

Salina brasiliana sp.n. resembles the different forms of S. celebensis Schäffer, 1898 , widely recorded in South Asia, by body color with dark blue spots on trunk and legs, dorsal chaetotaxy of Th II–Abd I with 1, 2, 2 central mac, respectively, Abd II with 2, 1 mac, prelabral and labral chaetotaxy, maxillary outer lobe and sublobal plate, basolateral and basomedian labial fields, unguiculus truncate, and mucro with 3 teeth (see Schäffer 1898; Handschin 1925; Denis 1936; Yosii 1959; Yoshii 1981, 1983; Yoshii & Suhardjono 1989; Yoshii & Greenslade 1993). However, S. brasiliana sp.n. differs from S. celebensis from Celebes (type locality), by spots on trunk and legs (only one lateral strip on Th II of S. celebensis ), and mucro generally with v2 teeth present (absent in S. celebensis ), being that this last characteristic is not present in differents forms of S. celebensis from Asia (see Table 2 ). Salina brasiliana sp.n. also differs from specimens

of S. celebensis from Bukit Timah, Singapore (sensu Yosii 1959) by unguis with inner median tooth (absent in S. celebensis ), trochanteral organ with 12 smooth spine-like chaetae (18 in S. celebensis ), Abd III with 6 lateral mac (1 in S. celebensis ), and Abd IV with 8 central mac (10 in S. celebensis ). Specimens of S. celebensis from Sabah and Malaysia has Abd III with 3 lateral mac and Abd IV with 10 central mac, as well as about the color pattern with or without spots on trunk, this may be considered a variation expressed in lineages close related to S. celebensis ( Yoshii 1981, 1983). The new species still differs from specimens of S. celebensis from India (sensu Denis 1936; Mitra 1973), by Th II–Abd I with 1, 2, 2 central mac, respectively (7, 5, 2 in S. celebensis ), besides of extra mucronal tooth (v2), absent in S. celebensis .

Salina brasiliana sp.n. also resembles other Neotropical species, S. panamae Jacquemart, 1982 , in general morphology, including the reduction of central mac on Th II–III and Abd IV with 8 central mac (see Jacquemart 1982; Soto-Adames 2010). However, S. brasiliana sp.n. differs from this species by the color pattern with irregular spots (reduced in S. panamae ), Th III without p1 mac (present in S. panamae ), and Abd III with 3 lateral mac (am6, pm6, p6) next to m5 bothriotrichum (2 in S. panamae ).

Thus, the formula of Th II–Abd I (1, 2, 2 central mac) is not exclusive of S. brasiliana sp.n. and S. celebensis , since it is also present in S. greenslade Yoshii & Suhardjono, 1989 , S. bicolor sp.n. and S. serrana sp.n. (see remarks of these new species). For this reason, identification based on formula Th II–Abd I, as well as color pattern, may not be accurate ( Soto-Adames 2010). Thus, the records of S. celebensis in Brazil and Argentina ( Cassagnau 1963; Soto-Adames 2010), probably refers to S. brasiliana sp.n.

The populations of S. brasiliana sp.n. have similar variations independently of the region from Brazil. Specimens in general have two central mac on Abd I ( Figure 13A ), but frequently m3 mac is absent on at least one body side in specimens from North Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Roraima and Rondônia States). In this same region the specimens often have 3 or 4 mucronal teeth, in both or only in a dens, whereas in the specimens from South Brazil (Paraná and Santa Catarina states) has greater tendency of 3 mucronal teeth (v2 absent). In Abd IV rarely Ae3 is mac/mes, at least in specimens from Amazonas and Acre states, but this may be related to the development stage.

Figures

Fig. 9. Habitus of Salina spp. (dorsal view): (A), Salina brasiliana sp.n.; (B), S. bellinii sp.n.; (C), S. bicolor sp.n.; (D), S. hamadae sp.n.; (E), S. maculipenis sp.n.; (F), S. peruana sp.n.; (G), S. serrana sp.n.; (H), S. tocantinensis sp.n. (distal half of Ant IV missing); (I), S. unisetosa sp.n.; (J), S. dedoris from Roraima state, Brazil; (K), S. tristani from Amazonas state, Brazil. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Fig. 10. Head structures of Salina spp.: (A–I), Ant I dorsal chaetotaxy (right): (A), Salina brasiliana sp.n.; (B), S. bellinii sp.n.; (C), S. bicolor sp.n.; (D), S. hamadae sp.n.; (E), S. maculipenis sp.n.; (F), S. peruana sp.n.; (G), S. serrana sp.n.; (H), S. tocantinensis sp.n.; (I), S. unisetosa sp.n., arrow indicates mac present or absent. (J–K), general structures of anterior and ventral head: (J), labral papillae, prelabral and labral chaetotaxy; (K), maxillary outer lobe and sublobal plate; (L), labial palp and proximal chaetae; (M), labial basolateral and basomedian fields.

Fig. 11. Head ventral chaetotaxy of Salina spp.: (A), Salina brasiliana sp.n.; (B), S. bellinii sp.n.; (C), S. bicolor sp.n.; (D), S. hamadae sp.n.; (E), S. maculipenis sp.n.; (F), S. peruana sp.n.; (G), S. serrana sp.n.; (H), S. tocantinensis sp.n.; (I), S. unisetosa sp.n.

Fig. 12. Th II–III dorsal chaetotaxy of Salina spp.: (A), Salina brasiliana sp.n.; (B), S. bellinii sp.n.; (C), S. bicolor sp.n.; (D), S. hamadae sp.n.; (E), S. maculipenis sp.n.; (F), S. peruana sp.n.; (G), S. serrana sp.n.; (H), S. tocantinensis sp.n.; (I), S. unisetosa sp.n.

Fig. 13. Abd I dorsal chaetotaxy of Salina spp.: (A), Salina brasiliana sp.n.; (B), S. bellinii sp.n.; (C), S. bicolor sp.n.; (D), S. hamadae sp.n.; (E), S. maculipenis sp.n.; (F), S. peruana sp.n.; (G), S. serrana sp.n.; (H), S. tocantinensis sp.n.; (I), S. unisetosa sp.n.

Fig. 14. Abd III–IV dorsal chaetotaxy of Salina spp.: (A–C), Abd III: (A), Salina brasiliana sp.n.; (B), S. hamadae sp.n.; (C), S. serrana sp.n. (D–I), Abd IV: (D), S. brasiliana sp.n.; (E), S. hamadae sp.n.; (F), S. serrana sp.n.; (G), S. bicolor sp.n.; (H), S. maculipenis sp.n.; (I), S. peruana sp.n.

Fig. 15. Abd V dorsal chaetotaxy of Salina spp.: (A), Salina brasiliana sp.n.; (B), S. bellinii sp.n.; (C), S. bicolor sp.n.; (D), S. hamadae sp.n.; (E), S. maculipenis sp.n.; (F), S. serrana sp.n.; (G), S. tocantinensis sp.n.

Fig. 16. Legs structures of Salina spp.: (A–I), trochanteral organ (right): (A), Salina brasiliana sp.n.; (B), S. bellinii sp.n.; (C), S. bicolor sp.n.; (D), S. hamadae sp.n.; (E), S. maculipenis sp.n.; (F), S. peruana sp.n.; (G), S. serrana sp.n.; (H), S. tocantinensis sp.n.; (I), S. unisetosa sp.n. (J–K), distal tibiotarsus and foot complex (posterior side): (J), fore leg; (K), hind leg.

Fig. 17. Collophore chaetotaxy of Salina spp.: (A–B), Salina brasiliana sp.n.: (A), anterior side; (B), lateral and posterior side. (C–D), S. bellinii sp.n.: (C), anterior side; (D), lateral and posterior side. (E), complete chaetotaxy (lateral view) of S. bicolor sp.n. (F–G), S. hamadae sp.n.: (F), anterior side; (G), lateral and posterior side.

Fig. 19. Genital plate and furcula of Salina spp.: (A–B), Genital plate of Salina serrana sp.n. (ventral view): (A), ♂; (B), ♀. (C), Distal manubrium and proximal dens of S. brasiliana sp.n. (lateral view), arrow indicates chaeta absent in manubrial plate of some species. (D–I), distal dens and mucro (inner view):(D), S. brasiliana sp.n.; (E), S. bellinii sp.n.; (F), S. hamadae sp.n.; (G), S. maculipenis sp.n.; (H), S. peruana sp.n.; (I), S. serrana sp.n.

Tables

Table 2. Comparison (per side) among Salina species with 2 (m3 and m3e), 1 (m5) macrochaetae on Abd II, truncate unguiculi and mucro square.

Morphological characteristics
	Body	Ant. I	Prelabral	Th II	Th III	Abd I Abd IV	Collophore			Trocanteral	Number of
Species	color pattern	DM	chaetae	CM	CM	CM central lateral mac mac	anterior	lateral flap	posterior	organ chaetae	mucronal teeth
								(s, m, i)
S. banksi ¹, ⁷, ¹^	longitudinal bands	6	4	8	6	2 8?	?	?	8	?	3
USA
S. bellinii sp.n.	restricted on the	3–4	4	2–5	5–9	2–4 8 10	3C;4S	2, 3, 5	2S	13	3–4
BR	side
S. bicolor sp.n.	longitudinal bands	4	4	1	2	2 7 9	3C;4S	4, 5, 5	4S	12	4
CO
S. brasiliana sp.n.	irregular	4	4	1	2	2 (1, 3) 8 10	3C;7S	4, 2, 5	3S	12	3–4
CO, BR	spots
S. celebensis ³, ¹¹,	irregular	?	4	1	2	2 10 4?	?	?	?	18	3
¹², ¹⁵, ¹⁷, ¹⁸, ²⁰, ²¹	spots or reduced
IND S. choudhurii ¹⁰	transverse and	?	4	2	4	3 8 7	?	?	?	30	3
IND	longitudinal bands
S. dedoris ⁸, ⁹, ¹^	transverse bands	4	4	6	8	3 (4) 8 7	3C;4S	4, 4, 5	0–2S	12	4
BR, CO S. greensladeae ²⁰, ²¹	longitudinal bands	?	4	1	2	2??	3C;8S	?	6C	20	3
INS S. griscescens ¹⁶	irregular	?	?	6	11	3??	?	?	?	25	3
THA	spots
S. javana ^, ¹⁰	transverse and	?	4	9–10	9–10	5??	4C;7–9S	?	?	24	3
IND	longitudinal bands
S. hamadae sp.n.	irregular	9	4	1–2	3	2 10 9	4C, 4S	4, 4, 4	4S,1C	16	3
BR	spots
S. hermana ⁹	irregular	4	4	6	8	3 8 7	3C;4S	4, 4, 5	0–2S	12	4
CO	spots on
Abd IV