Orbilia xanthostigma (Fr.) Fr., Summa

Quijada, Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto & Beltrán-Tejera, Esperanza, 2016, A revision of the genus Orbilia in the Canary Islands, Phytotaxa 284 (4), pp. 231-262 : 250-254

Orbilia xanthostigma (Fr.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Sectio Post. (Stockholm): 357 (1849) ( Fig. 12 )

= Orbilia delicatula (P. Karst.) P. Karst., Not. Sällsk. Fauna et Fl. Fenn. Förh. 11: 248 (1870) [1871]

Apothecia (0.4)0.7–1(1.7) mm in diam., up to 0.2 mm high, scattered to strongly gregarious, sessile, pale orange yellow (73. p. OY) to deep orange (51. deep O), superficial, disc slightly concave to flat, round to slightly undulating, several times lobate if large, margin distinct or not, smooth. Asci *(29.5)35.5–41(49) × (2.8)3–3.5(4) μm, †(25.3)28.5–31(36.5) × 2–3 μm; apex of dead asci thin-walled, truncate; cylindric-clavate, 8-spored, spores 1–2-seriate with spores oriented in all directions: laterally in middle part, upwards near apex, downwards near base, pars sporifera *8–14 μm; with a long thin bifurcate base. Ascospores *(1.9)2.2–2.4(2.7) × 1–1.4 μm, †2.1–2.3 × 1–1.2 μm; reniform, strongly curved and, ends rounded, outer side with distinct warts; SBs *(0.4)0.6–0.7(0.8) μm diam., globose, at one end. Paraphyses medium to strongly clavate to capitate, 2–3-septate; terminal cell *(15)17.8–19.5(23) × (2.2)2.7–3(3.7) μm, cell below *(5)6.5– 7.3(9.5) × 1.4–2 μm; usually branched below second cell; without exudate; with several large, globose to cylindrical, pale yellow (89. p. Y) to brilliant orange yellow (67. brill. OY) LBs. Ectal excipulum at base and middle flanks of textura angularis to t. globosa, *46–113 μm thick; at margin and upper flank of t. angularis to t. prismatica, *5–37 μm; hyaline, not gelatinized, without exudate. Cells of ectal excipulum *(10)16.3–19(25.7) × (6.7)11.7–14.5(19.5) μm at base and lower flank, wall thickness *0.2–0.7 μm; *(4)6.3–7.7(10) × (3.5)4.4–5(6) μm at margin, without or rarely with abundant pale yellow (89. p. Y) to vivid orange (66. v. OY) globose LBs.

tissues in median section. 5. Ascospores. 500 μm= 1a-i; 50 μm= 4a; 10 μm= 2a-g, 3a-f, 4b; 5 μm= 5a-e. Mounted in: CR= 2a, 2e, 3b, 4a,

5e; H 2 O= 2b-d, 2f, 3a, 3c-f, 4b, 5a-d.. Photos: TFC Mic. 23388= 5a; TFC Mic. 23393= 1g, 2c, 3a, 4a; TFC Mic. 23413= 1e-f, 3c; TFC Mic. 23485= 3d, 5b; TFC Mic. 23506= 3e, 5c; TFC Mic. 23517= 2d; TFC Mic. 23688= 2a, 3b, 5e; TFC Mic. 23690= 1a-d, 2e-f, 4b.

Previously reported specimens revised and corrected:— SPAIN. Canary Islands: Tenerife, Los Silos, Teno Rural Park, 28°19’52’’N, 16°49’39’’W, 990 m, evergreen laurel forest, on unidentified decaying bark, 2 November 1987, Beltrán-Tejera et al. ( TFC Mic. 3207!). Idem, 22 February 1988, Beltrán-Tejera et al. ( TFC Mic. 3193!). Idem, Las Mercedes, (coordinates, altitude and vegetation no data), on wood, 18 January 1974, R. P. Korf et al. ( CUP-MM 1146, 1147). Idem, on fallen angiosperm tree, 26 May 1974, R. P. Korf et al. ( CUP-MM 1096). Idem, on wood, 20 April 1976, R. P. Korf et al. ( CUP-MM 1154). Idem, 28 December 1976, R. P. Korf et al. ( CUP-MM 1193). Idem, on rotten wood, 30 December 1976, R. P. Korf et al. ( CUP-MM 1254, 1258). Idem, San Cristobal de La Laguna, Llano de los viejos, (coordinates, altitude and vegetation no data), on decayed wood, 5 January 1976, R. P. Korf et al. ( CUP-MM 93). Idem, entrance Las Mercedes, (coordinates, altitude and vegetation no data), on stump, 10 January 1976, R. P. Korf et al. ( CUP-MM 471 B). Idem, Las Hiedras, (coordinates, altitude and vegetation no data), on wet decorticated wood, 7 January 1976, R. P. Korf et al. ( CUP-MM 265 A, 279). Idem, on decorticated wood of Laurus novocanariensis , 7 January 1976, R. P. Korf et al. ( CUP-MM 295). Idem, on wood, 12 January 1976, R. P. Korf et al. ( CUP-MM 557, 589, 610). Gomera, Valle Gran Rey, National Park of Garajonay, 28°08’52’’N, 17°17’39’’W (erroneously as 16°), 1070 m, evergreen laurel forest, on unidentified wood, 24 November 2012, Fernández-Vicente et al. ( TFC Mic. 24294). La Palma, Los Tilos, (coordination altitude and vegetation no data), on decorticated log, 14 January 1976, R. P. Korf et al. ( CUP-MM 650). All reported as Orbilia delicatula in Beltrán-Tejera et al. (1989), Korf (1992) and Fernández-Vicente et al. (2012).

Additional specimens examined:— SPAIN. Canary Islands: Tenerife, El Rosario, Montaña Grande, 28°25’51’’N, 16°23’05’’W, 1199 m, humid Canary pine woodland, on wood of Morella faya , 20 September 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada, ( TFC Mic. 24294!, 24297!). La Laguna, Anaga Rural Park, Hija Cambada, 28°31’44’’N, 16°17’10’’W, 845 m, humid evergreen laurel forest, on bark and wood of Morella faya , 18 April 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada, ( TFC Mic. 24099!, 24103!, 24108!, 24134!, 24136!). Idem, on wood of Erica arborea , 18 April 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada, ( TFC Mic. 24108!). Idem, on wood of Ocotea foetens , 18 April 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada, ( TFC Mic. 24112!, 24121!, 24124!). Idem, on wood of Apollonias barbujana , 18 April 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada, ( TFC Mic. 24139!). Los Silos, Teno Rural Park, Lomo Alto, 28°20’04’’N, 16°49’22’’W, 749 m, dry evergreen laurel forest, on wood of Laurus novocanariensis , 4 May 2012, L. Quijada, J. Díaz-Armas & I. Pérez-Vargas ( TFC Mic. 23485!). Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Anaga Rural Park, El Pijaral, 28°33’11’’N, 16°11’18’’W, 776 m, humid evergreen laurel forest, on wood of Prunus lusitanica subsp. hixa , 19 February 2011, L. Quijada, R. Castro & I. Pérez-Vargas ( TFC Mic. 23126!, 23141!). Idem, on wood of Laurus novocanariensis , 19 February 2011, L. Quijada, R. Castro & I. Pérez-Vargas ( TFC Mic. 23132!, 23151!). Idem, on wood of Morella faya , 13 August 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24245!, 24246!). Idem, on wood of Erica arborea , 13 August 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24249!, 24250!, 24251!). Idem, on wood of Ilex canariensis , 13 August 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24261!). Idem, on wood of Laurus novocanariensis , 13 August 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24266!, 24271!). Idem, on wood of Prunus lusitanica , 17 Oct 2014, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 21423!). Idem, Lomo Juan Antonio, 28°33’07’’N, 16°11’05’’W, 815 m, hygrophilous evergreen laurel forest, on wood of Ocotea foetens , 10 Apr 2011, L. Quijada, R. Castro & E. Rodríguez ( TFC Mic. 23163!). Idem, on wood of Prunus lusitanica subsp. hixa , 10 April 2011, L. Quijada, R. Castro & E. Rodríguez ( TFC Mic. 23173!). Idem, on wood of Ocotea foetens , 19 October 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24307!, 24311!, 24313!). Idem, on wood of Morella faya , 19 October 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24316!). Idem, on wood of Laurus novocanariensis , 19 October 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24319!). Idem, Descansaderos de Tierra, 28°32’21’’N, 16°13’25’’W, 861 m, Erica platycodon ridge-crest evergreen forest, on wood of Morella faya , 7 March 2012, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 23385!, 23388!). Idem, on wood of Laurus novocanariensis , 7 March 2012, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 23393!). Idem, on wood of Erica platycodon , 7 April 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24060!). Idem, on bark of Ilex canariensis , 7 April 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24069!). Idem, Cabezo de la Mina, 28°33’20’’N, 16°11’02’’W, 799 m, Erica platycodon ridge-crest evergreen forest, on wood of Erica platycodon , 28 April 2012, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 23499!). Idem, on wood of Morella faya , 28 April 2012, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 23506!, 23509!). Idem, on wood and bark of Laurus novocanariensis , 28 April 2012, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 23513!). Idem, 19 October 2013, on wood of Erica platycodon , 28 April 2012, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 23499!, 24332!, 24334!, 24336!). Idem, Barranco de la Mina, 28°33’12’’N, 16°11’05’’W, 781 m, hygrophilous evergreen laurel forest, on wood of Prunus lusitanica subsp. hixa , 24 October 2012, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 23688!). Idem, on wood of Erica arborea , 24 October 2012, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 23690!, 23692!). Idem, Piedra Chinobre, 28°33’30’’N, 16°10’29’’W, 901 m, Erica platycodon ridge-crest evergreen forest, on wood of Morella faya , 7 April 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24023!). Idem, on wood of Erica platycodon , 7 April 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24025!). Idem, on wood of Laurus novocanariensis , 7 April 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24028!). Idem, on wood of Ilex canariensis , 7 April 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24045!). Idem, Rosa Alta , 28°33’11’’N, 16°11’16’’W, 763 m, hygrophilous evergreen laurel forest, on wood of Laurus novocanariensis , 13 August 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24273!). Idem, on wood of Prunus lusitanica subsp. hixa , 13 August 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24274!). Idem, on wood of Ilex canariensis , 13 August 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24281!). Idem, on wood of Ilex canariensis , 24 October 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 23672!). Tegueste, Anaga Rural Park, Hoya Zapata, 28°31’51’’N, 16°17’46’’W, 818 m, humid evergreen laurel forest, on wood of Laurus novocanariensis , 22 March 2012, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 23399!, 23413!). Idem, on wood of Persea indica , 8 May 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24180!, 24183!). Idem, on wood of Laurus novocanariensis , 8 May 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24190!, 24193!). Idem, on wood of Prunus lusitanica subsp. hixa , 8 May 2013, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 24214!). Idem, Hoya el Palomo, 28°32’03’’N, 16°19’37’’W, 639 m, dry evergreen laurel forest, on wood of Laurus novocanariensis , 2 May 2012, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 23474!). Idem, on wood of Morella faya , 2 May 2012, L. Quijada & C. Quijada ( TFC Mic. 23476!). Idem, on wood of Laurus novocanariensis , 16 June 2012, L. Quijada & E. Rodríguez ( TFC Mic. 23532!, 23545!, 23546!). Idem, on wood of Ilex canariensis , 16 June 2012, L. Quijada & E. Rodríguez ( TFC Mic. 23553!).

Distribution and ecology:— Based on literature data under the names Orbilia delicatula as redefined by Spooner (1987), and prior to that date as O. xanthostigma , this species has been reported in the northern hemisphere in Europe ( Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and many other countries), the Canay Islands (La Palma, Gomera, Tenerife), and North America ( Canada, United States), and in the southern hemisphere in New Zealand and Africa ( Republic of South Africa). Growing on angiosperms (e.g., Alnus , Betula , Fagus , Laurus , Quercus ), also on gymnosperms ( Pinus ). Occurring from spring to autumn, while few reports have been made in winter ( ASCOFRANCE 2015, Baral et al. in prep., Beltrán-Tejera et al. 1989, Cash 1938, GBIF, Iglesias et al. 2013, Korf 1992). In Macaronesia this species occurs in different forest types that are influenced by tradewinds: humid pine forest, evergreen laurel forest (dry, humid, and hygrophilous), and Erica platycodon ridge-crest evergreen forest. All the year round, between ~700 to ~ 1200 m, on angiosperm host trees belonging to Lauraceae ( Apollonias , Laurus , Ocotea ), Ericaceae ( Erica ), Myricaceae ( Morella ), Rosaceae ( Prunus ), and Aquifoliaceae ( Ilex ).

Remarks:— Orbilia xanthostigma is easily recognized for its small asci containing 8 small, reniform, warted ascospores which include a globose spore body at one end. The name O. xanthostigma has currently been used over a long time (e.g., by Dennis 1978, Breitenbach & Kränzling 1981, Ellis & Ellis 1985). Since some authors used it differently, and type material does not exist, Spooner (1987) revived the name Orbilia delicatula , and he was the first to describe the remarkable warts on the ascospores. O. xanthostigma is the type species of Orbilia , and it will be neotypified in the sense of yellow European populations in the sense of O. delicatula (Baral et al. in prep.). White European populations with the same microscopic characters were found to be very different in their rDNA, and the name O. leucostigma (Fr.) Fr. will be used for them, based on a neotype, as also this name is without type material. All Macaronesian populations studied showed a more or less yellow to orange colour when fresh, but whether they concur with European yellow populations in their rDNA data is not known and deserves future investigation.

Figures

FIGURE 12. Morphological features of Orbilia xanthostigma. 1. Fresh and rehydrated apothecia. 2. Asci. 3. Paraphyses. 4. Excipular