Theridiosomatidae

Lopardo, Lara, Michalik, Peter & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2022, Take a deep breath … The evolution of the respiratory system of symphytognathoid spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea), Organisms Diversity & Evolution (New York, N. Y.) 22 (1), pp. 231-263 : 246

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-021-00524-w
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD87D5-E520-FFBF-FCBD-FC73FD9BFAF7
treatment provided by	Felipe (2024-08-02 07:23:05, last updated 2024-08-23 14:23:36)
scientific name	Theridiosomatidae
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Theridiosomatidae View in CoL

This family of “large” symphytognathoids (their body length is usually over 1.5 mm) includes to date 133 described species in 19 genera. Curiously, although the first account on the symphytognathoid internal respiratory system was performed for a theridiosomatid more than a century ago ( Lamy, 1902) and given the relatively large amount of taxonomic literature available for this family (more than 80 references), merely nine publications describe in part (e.g., externally) or in more detail their respiratory configuration ( Pickard-Cambridge, 1894; Fage, 1937; Marples, 1955; Coddington, 1986; Song et al., 1999; Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006; Labarque & Griswold, 2014; Lopardo & Hormiga, 2015; Prete et al., 2018). Furthermore, only four species in three genera are partially accounted for their internal respiratory system, as textual descriptions or illustrations: Theridiosoma gemmosum ( Lamy, 1902: fig. 47; Lopardo & Hormiga, 2015: fig. 123A), Theridiosoma lopdelli ( Marples, 1955) , Cuacuba mariana ( Prete et al., 2018: fig. 8C), and Chthonos quinquemucronata ( Fage, 1937) . The respiratory system of Coddingtonia euryopoides was scored in the morphological matrix of Lopardo and Hormiga (2015) but not illustrated. The typical theridiosomatid respiratory arrangement consists of two book lungs, and a posterior narrow tracheal spiracle adjacent to the spinnerets and opening into two seemingly median entapophyses and two single lateral tracheae restricted to opisthosoma. This arrangement is presumed to be invariant across the family. Our findings on Coddingtonia euryopoides reveal a similar posterior respiratory arrangement, but the presence of reduced book lungs ( Fig. 4c View Fig ), suggesting that the family might show some diversity in respiratory arrangements awaiting further investigation. Unfortunately, the respiratory system of the majority of theridiosomatids remains unknown.

References

Coddington, J. A. (1986). The genera of the spider family Theridiosomatidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 422, 1 - 96.

Fage, L. (1937). A propos de quelques nouvelles araignees apneumones. Bulletin De La Societe Zoologique De France, 62, 93 - 106.

Jocque, R. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, A. S. (2006). Spider families of the world. Tervuren, Belgium: Musee Royal de l'Afrique Central Tervuren.

Labarque, F. M. & Griswold, C. E. (2014). New ray spiders from Southeast Asia: the new Philippine genus Tagalogonia gen. nov. and continental genus Coddingtonia Miller, Griswold and Yin, 2009 (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae), with comments on their intergeneric relationships. In: G. C. Williams & T. M. Gosliner (Eds.), The Coral Triangle: The 2011 Hearst Philippine Biodiversity Expedition (pp. 407 - 425). California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Lamy, E. (1902). Recherches anatomiques sur les trachees des Araignees. Annales des sciencies naturelles, Zoologie 15, 149 - 280.

Lopardo, L., & Hormiga, G. (2015). Out of the twilight zone: Phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 173 (3), 527 - 786. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12199

Marples, B. J. (1955). Spiders from Western Samoa. Journal of the Linnean Society of London (zoology), 42 (287), 453 - 504.

Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1894). Arachnida. Araneida. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London 1, 121 - 144.

Prete, P. H., Cizauskas, I., & Brescovit, A. D. (2018). Three new species of the spider genus Plato and the new genus Cuacuba from caves of the states of Para and Minas Gerais, Brazil (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae). ZooKeys, 753, 107 - 162.

Song, D. X., Zhu, M. S. & Chen, J. (1999). The spiders of China. Hebei University of Science and Techology Publishing House Shijiazhuang, 640 pp.

Figures

Fig. 4 The respiratory system of symphytognathoid spiders. Dor- sal view. a Tasmanapis strahan (Anapidae), ARS with uncon- nected reduced book lungs and tracheal tubes arising from the leaves. b Patu-SYMP-001-DR (Symphytognathidae), overview of ARS and PRS, which con- sists of numerous tracheae. Note the single median entapophysis. c Coddingtonia euryopoides (Theridiosomatidae), overview of ARS and PRS. d Cepheia longiseta (Synaphridae), ARS with few tracheae and promi- nent transverse duct. Abbre- viations: aTt, anterior tracheal tubes; mE, median entapophy- sis; plT, posterior lateral tra- chea; rBL, reduced book lung; Sp, spermatheca; TD, transverse duct; Tt, tracheal tube