Phanaeus endymion (Edmonds, 1994)

Moctezuma, Victor & Halffter, Gonzalo, 2021, Taxonomic revision of the Phanaeus endymion species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), with the descriptions of five new species, European Journal of Taxonomy 747, pp. 1-71 : 52-54

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.5852/ejt.2021.747.1333
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3F0B6EAF-C616-4865-811A-414A094B590C
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4726243
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F2-FFCD-FFF4-FF15-4720BA053DD3
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Phanaeus endymion
status

Treatment

Key to species of the Phanaeus endymion View in CoL species group

1. Sutural margin of each elytron upturned to form a sharp ridge, which is progressively more elevated posteriorly and prolonged into a small, sharp tooth at apical angle; elytral margin slightly excised adjacent to this tooth.......................................................................................................................... 2

– Sutural margin of elytra simple (running straight, not upturned)...................................................... 3

2. Male with dentiform keel in the middle of anterior pronotal margin, lateral lines of pronotal triangle straight. Southern Mexico State and Morelos ( Fig. 15 View Fig ).................... P. halffterorum Edmonds, 1979 View in CoL

– Male with keel absent in the middle of anterior pronotal margin, lateral lines of pronotal triangle curved. Sierra Madre del Sur, central Guerrero ( Fig. 15 View Fig ) ................................................................... ............................................................. P. bravoensis Moctezuma, Sánchez-Huerta & Halffter, 2017 View in CoL

3. Pronotal disc of male evenly and densely but finely granulate, granules in most specimens larger and becoming squamose along lateral margins of disc and extending onto posterolateral angles; sides of pronotum strongly roughened ( Figs 2L View Fig , 14A, C View Fig ). Female pronotum slightly roughened; with distinctly impressed midline ( Figs 14B View Fig , 18Q View Fig ). Sierra Madre del Sur and Sierra Norte, central Oaxaca ( Fig. 15 View Fig ) ................................................................................................. P. zapotecus Edmonds, 2006 View in CoL

– Pronotal disc of male lacking distinct granulation, or, if granules present, these are minute and restricted along lateral margins of disc; sides of pronotum smooth. Female pronotum smooth; with superficially impressed to completely effaced midline...................................................................... 4

4. Elytral striae deeply punctate; all strial punctures forming a distinct fossa, giving a completely roughened surface to striae ( Figs 1K View Fig , 2G View Fig , 9 View Fig , 19L View Fig ). Pacific slope of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and El Salvador ( Fig. 15 View Fig )............................................................................................. P. pacificus View in CoL sp. nov.

– Elytral striae distinctly punctate to impunctate. If strial punctures distinctly impressed, forming a distinct fossa giving a completely roughened surface to first and second striae, or strial punctures forming a distinct fossa giving a partially roughened surface to basal half of striae ....................... 5

5. Pronotum of female with anteromedial concavity bounded anteriorly by three variable on shape tubercles ( Figs 4C View Fig , 11B View Fig , 13B View Fig , 18E, N, P View Fig ).......................................................................................... 6

– Pronotum of female evenly convex, lacking anteromedial concavity even in largest specimens, bearing three round, smooth tubercles in transverse line near anterior margin ( Figs 3B View Fig , 5B View Fig , 6B View Fig , 7B View Fig , 8B View Fig , 10B View Fig , 12C View Fig , 18C, F, I–K, M, O View Fig )................................................................................................... 10

6. Pronotum of female with concavity bounded anteriorly by a raised U- or V-shaped process; middle pronotal tubercle dentiform or rounded, always more developed and frontally projected than lateral tubercles; pronotal concavity interrupted posteriorly by a small rounded bump or strongly developed dentiform tubercle ( Figs 4C View Fig , 13B View Fig , 18E, P View Fig ). Endophallite copulatrix variable................................... 7

– Pronotum of female with concavity bounded anteriorly by three isolated, round, almost aligned tubercles; middle tubercle sometimes dentiform and more strongly developed than lateral tubercles ( Figs 11B View Fig , 18N View Fig ). Right and left lobes of endophallite copulatrix similar in size; right lobe obtusely triangular in shape, weakly developed superiorly; left lobe obtusely lobed, strongly developed; central ridge distinctly developed ( Fig. 1M View Fig ). Caribbean Honduras and Belize ( Fig. 16 View Fig ) .......................................................................................... P. porioni Arnaud, 2002 View in CoL stat. rev.

7. Pronotal disc of male with superficially impressed midline ( Fig. 2K View Fig ). Right lobe of endophallite copulatrix more developed than left lobe; right lobe obtusely triangular in shape, sharply acute frontally, rounded superiorly; left lobe strongly developed, obtusely lobed; central ridge strongly developed ( Fig. 1O View Fig ). Sierra Madre del Sur, southern Michoacán ( Fig. 15 View Fig ) ...... P. rzedowskii View in CoL sp. nov.

– Pronotal disc of male with completely effaced midline ( Fig. 2B View Fig ). Central ridge of endophallite copulatrix distinctly developed ( Fig. 1D, G, Q View Fig ) ................................................................................ 8

8. Pronotum of male uniformly dark blue, dark metallic blue-green or dark metallic green ( Figs 2B View Fig , 4A–B View Fig ). Weakly developed keel close to anterior margin of pronotum, or keel completely effaced ( Fig. 2b View Fig ). Right lobe of endophallite copulatrix more developed than left lobe; right lobe obtusely triangular in shape; left lobe obtusely lobed inferiorly, obtusely triangular superiorly; central ridge less developed than central column ( Fig. 1D View Fig ). Lowlands and midlands of the Gulf of Mexico slope, Yucatán Peninsula, Belize, northern Guatemala ( Fig. 15 View Fig )......................... P. endymion Harold, 1863 View in CoL

– Pronotum of male uniformly bright metallic green, bright metallic green-blue, sometimes showing a red or golden sheen. Keel always absent on anterior margin of pronotum. Endophallite copulatrix variable .............................................................................................................................................. 9

9. Anterior metasternal angle obtuse in lateral view. Lateral metasternal angles well defined and slightly curved. Left lobe of endophallite copulatrix almost completely lobed ( Fig. 1Q View Fig ). Temperate mountains of Los Chimalapas, eastern Oaxaca and western Chiapas ( Fig. 15 View Fig ).................................. ................................................................................................. P. zoque Moctezuma & Halffter, 2017 View in CoL

– Anterior metasternal angle almost right angled but with rounded apex in lateral view. Lateral metasternal angles evanescent. Left lobe of endophallite copulatrix straight posteroinferiorly ( Fig. 1G View Fig ). Jalisco, northern Michoacán, Nayarit, southern Sinaloa ( Fig. 15 View Fig ) ..................................... .................................................................. P. huichol Moctezuma, Sánchez-Huerta & Halffter, 2017 View in CoL

10. Elytral interstriae evenly convex and glossy midlongitudinally; striae impressed basally as distinct fossae ( Figs 3 View Fig , 6 View Fig , 7 View Fig , 18C, I–J View Fig ) ...........................................................................................................11

– Elytral interstriae distinctly flattened and uniformly dull; striae not strongly impressed basally ( Figs 5 View Fig , 8 View Fig , 10 View Fig , 12 View Fig , 18F, K, M, O View Fig )...................................................................................................... 14

11. Almost completely bright black dorsally ( Figs 2E View Fig , 7 View Fig ). Pacific slope of the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica and Panama ( Fig. 16 View Fig ) ..................................................................... P. malyi Arnaud, 2002 View in CoL

– Pronotum typically bright metallic green, blue-green or dark metallic blue ( Figs 2A, D View Fig , 3 View Fig , 6 View Fig )...... 12

12. Distinctly developed keel on central anterior margin of pronotum of male; right lobe of endophallite copulatrix tapering superiorly and straight apically ( Fig. 1C View Fig ). Sierra Madre del Sur, southern Oaxaca ( Fig. 15 View Fig ) ............................................................... P. edmondsi Moctezuma, Deloya & Halffter, 2019 View in CoL

– Always with keel absent on central anterior margin of pronotum of male ( Fig. 2A, D View Fig ). Endophallite copulatrix variable ........................................................................................................................... 13

13. Larger species, frequently attaining 19–20 mm in length. Posterolateral angles of male widened, slightly projected posteriorly ( Figs 2A View Fig , 3 View Fig ). Central highlands of Chiapas ( Fig. 15 View Fig ) ........................... ........................................................................................................................ P. chiapanecus View in CoL sp. nov.

– Smaller species, never attaining 19 mm in length. Posterolateral angles of male sharply acute, strongly projected posteriorly ( Figs 2D View Fig , 6 View Fig ). Inner slope of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, south-central Guatemala and southeastern Chiapas ( Fig. 15 View Fig ) ................................................... P. jackenioi View in CoL sp. nov.

14. Pronotal disc of male completely bright metallic ( Figs 2J View Fig , 12 View Fig )....................................................... 15

– Pronotal disc of male distinctly black, without metallic reflection ( Figs 2E, J, L View Fig , 5A, C View Fig , 8A View Fig , 10A View Fig ) .. ........................................................................................................................................................ 16

15. Pronotal disc typically bright metallic green, rarely dark metallic blue. Pronotal process of female with central tubercle more developed and anteriorly projected than lateral tubercles. Ecuador ( Figs 17 View Fig , 18A View Fig ).............................................................................................. P. arletteae Arnaud, 2002

– Pronotal disc typically bright metallic red, green, or dark metallic blue ( Figs 2J View Fig , 12 View Fig ). Pronotal process of female with tubercles almost aligned, central tubercle not projecting anteriorly ( Figs 12C View Fig , 18O View Fig ). Nicaragua and north Caribbean Costa Rica ( Fig. 16 View Fig )......................................... P. pyrois Bates, 1887 View in CoL

16 Pronotum distinctly bright metallic red frontolaterally. Head bright metallic red with green-yellow metallic sheen ( Figs 2F, H View Fig , 8 View Fig , 10 View Fig ).................................................................................................... 17

– Pronotum distinctly dull metallic red frontolaterally. Head dull metallic red without green-yellow metallic sheen ( Figs 2C View Fig , 5 View Fig ). Pacific slope of the Andes, north-central Ecuador and Colombia ( Fig. 17 View Fig ) ..................................................................................... P. funereus Balthasar, 1939 View in CoL stat. rev.

17. Larger species, frequently attaining from 22 to 24 mm in length. Carinate, distinctly developed keel on central anterior margin of pronotum of male ( Fig. 2F View Fig ). Pronotal posterolateral angles of male strongly developed, projected laterally ( Fig. 8A View Fig ). Pacific slope of the Andes, south-central Colombia and northern Ecuador ( Fig. 17 View Fig )................................................ P. olsoufieffi Balthasar, 1939 View in CoL stat. rev.

– Smaller species, rarely attaining 20 mm in length. Always with keel absent on central anterior margin of pronotum of male ( Fig. 2H View Fig ). Pronotal posterolateral angles of male weakly developed, widened, and slightly projected posteriorly ( Fig. 10A View Fig ). Caribbean Costa Rica and Panama ( Fig. 16 View Fig ) ........................................................................................................... P. panamensis View in CoL sp. nov.