Chaetocnema (Chaetocnema) nigrica Motschulsky, 1858

Ruan, Yongying, Yang, Xingke, Konstantinov, Alexander S., Prathapan, Kaniyarikkal D. & Zhang, Mengna, 2019, Revision of the Oriental Chaetocnema species (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini), Zootaxa 4699 (1), pp. 1-206 : 80-84

28. Chaetocnema (Chaetocnema) nigrica Motschulsky, 1858

( Figs. 48 , 49 )

Chaetocnema nigrica Motschulsky, 1858: 106 . TL: Myanmar. TD: ZMMU.

Chaetocnema basalis Baly, 1877: 310 . TL: India, TD: BMNH. Synonymized by Medvedev, 1993: 49. Lectotype designated here.

Chaetocnema parvula Baly, 1877: 310 . TL: Ceylon. TD: BMNH. Synonymized by Heikertinger, 1951: 214. Lectotype designated here.

Chaetocnema nitens Baly, 1877: 312 . TL: Indonesia ( Batchian Island ). TD: BMNH. Lectotype designated here. (Syn. Nov.)

Chaetocnema gestroi Jacoby, 1889: 174 . TL: Sumatra (Is. Nias). TD: BMNH. Synonymized by Heikertinger, 1951: 214.

Chaetocnema geniculata Jacoby, 1896: 270 . TL: Myanmar (Myanmarh). TD: BMNH. Synonymized by Heikertinger, 1951: 214. Lectotype designated here.

Chaetocnema loriae Jacoby, 1905 . TL: New Guinea. TD: BMNH. (Syn. Nov.)

Host plants: Alternanthera sp. ( Amaranthaceae ) ( Thakur et al., 1995), Brachiaria distachya (Poaceae) ( Barrion & Litsinger, 1986); Brassica campestris (Cruciferae) ( Zaka-ur-Rab, 1991), Brassica oleracea . var gongylodes ( Batra, 1969) , Brassica rapa var rapa (Brassicaceae) ( Batra, 1969), Cajanus cajan (Fabaceae) ( Batra, 1969), Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae) ( Fletcher, 1917; Zaka-ur-Rab, 1991), Crotalaria juncea (Fabaceae) ( Batra, 1969; Nayar et al., 1976; Zaka-ur-Rab, 1991), Chrysopogon aciculatus (Poaceae) ( Barrion & Litsinger, 1986), Dactyloctenium aegyptium (Poaceae) ( Barrion & Litsinger, 1986), Daucus carota (Apiaceae) ( Narayanaswamy et al., 1985), Digitaria ciliaris (Poaceae) ( Barrion & Litsinger, 1986), Firmiana colorata (Sterculiaceae) ( Govindan et al., 1986), Ischaemum rugosum (Poaceae) ( Barrion & Litsinger, 1986), Lagerstroemia indica (Lythraceae) ( Govindan et al., 1986), Oryza sativa (Poaceae) ( Cotes, 1891; Fletcher, 1921 a; Krishnaswamy et al.et al.., 1982; Zaka-ur-Rab, 1991), Oryza sativa var terrestris (Poaceae) ( Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963; Scherer, 1969), Panicum miliaceum (Poaceae) ( Batra, 1969), Paspalum conjugatum (Poaceae) ( Barrion & Litsinger, 1986), Pennisetum polystachyon (Poaceae) ( Barrion & Litsinger, 1986), Pennisetum purpureum (Poaceae) ( Batra, 1969), Raphanus sativus (Apiaceae) ( Batra, 1969; Nayar et al., 1975), Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae) ( Ahuja and Bakhetia, 1995), Setaria italica (Poaceae) ( Barrion & Litsinger, 1986); Solanum melongena (Solanaceae) ( Zaka-ur-Rab, 1991); Solanum tuberosum (Solanaceae) ( Thakur and Kashyap, 1994), Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae) ( Barrion & Litsinger, 1986), wheat ( Triticum sp) ( Thakur and Kashyap, 1994), Triticum vulgare (Poaceae) (Joshi, et al., 1967; Nayar et al., 1976; Barrion & Litsing- er, 1986; Zaka-ur-Rab, 1991), Zea mays (Poaceae) ( Nayar et al., 1976; Batra, 1969; Barrion & Litsinger, 1986).

Distribution: China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hainan, Sichuan, Tibet), Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar ( Shipley 1889), Singapore, Malaysia, Sumatra ( Jacoby, 1889), Indonesia, Bhutan, Bangladesh ( Scherer 1969), India, Sri Lanka.

Palearctic Region: Japan ( Konstantinov et al., 2011), Pakistan, Afghanistan ( Scherer, 1969). Australian Region: New Guinea.

Description: Body length 1.30–1.60 mm; width 0.65–0.95 mm. Ratio of elytron length at suture to maximum width, 2.09–2.11. Ratio of pronotum width at base to length at middle, 1.72–1.77. Ratio of length of elytron at suture to length of pronotum at middle, 2.57–2.58. Ratio of width of both elytra at base to width of pronotum at base, 1.16–1.17. Ratio of maximum width of both elytra to maximum width of pronotum, 1.41–1.43.

Dorsum shiny black, without metallic luster. Antennomeres 1–4 completely yellow, 5 partially brown. Tibiae yellow. Pro- and mesofemora yellow brown. Metafemur black or dark brown.

Head hypognathous. Frontal ridge narrow, convex. Frontolateral sulcus present. Suprafrontal sulcus shallow and faint, obcordate. Ratio of width of frontal ridge between outer ridge of antennal sockets to width of antennal socket, 1.40–1.45. Frons with relatively long setae only laterally. Vertex flat, situated on same level as orbit. Vertex without punctures, except 2–3 on each side near eye.

Base of pronotum without longitudinal impressions. Deep row of large punctures at base of pronotum present throughout. Pronotal base slightly expanded in middle. Elytron with scutellar row of punctures single and regular. Second to eleventh rows of punctures at base of elytron regular. Humeral callus well developed.

First male protarsomere length to width ratio: 1.79–1.83. First and second male protarsomere length to length ratio: 1.40–1.44. First and second male protarsomeres width to width ratio: 0.98–1.02. Large lateral denticle on metatibia obtuse. Metatibial serration proximal to large lateral denticle absent. First male metatarsomere length to width ratio: 3.09–3.13.

Apical third of aedeagus nearly parallel-sided. Apex of aedeagus in ventral view narrowing gradually. Ventral longitudinal groove of aedeagus absent or poorly developed. Apical denticle of aedeagus in ventral view small and pointed; slightly curved ventrally in lateral view. Minute, transverse wrinkles on ventral side of aedeagus absent. Aedeagus in lateral view nearly straight. Maximum curvature of aedeagus in lateral view situated basally.

Spermathecal pump much shorter than receptacle, with flattened apex. Spermathecal receptacle short and sinuate. Maximum width of receptacle situated preapically. Receptacle basally narrower than apically. Apex of vaginal palpus evenly rounded. Vaginal palpus (before apex) narrowing from base to middle and thence slightly widening towards apex. Anterior sclerotization of vaginal palpus slightly widening anteriorly. Anterior end of anterior sclerotization broadly rounded. Posterior sclerotization longer than wide. Width of posterior sclerotization subequal to that of anterior.

Type: Lectotype of Chaetocnema nitens Baly : 1 ( BMNH), labels: 1) Type H.T.; 2) Bat.; 3) Baly Coll.; 4) Chaetocnema nitens Baly, Batchian ; 5) Lectotype Chaetocnema nitens Baly, 1877 Des. Ruan et al., 2016 .

Lectotype of Chaetocnema basalis Baly : 1♀ ( BMNH), labels: 1) Type H.T.; 2) Baly Coll.; 3) Chaetocnema basalis Baly , India; 4) Examined K. Prathapan, 2005; 5) Lectotype Chaetocnema basalis Baly, 1877 Des Ruan et al., 2016 .

Lectotype of Chaetocnema parvula Baly : 1♂ ( BMNH), labels: 1) Ceylon; 2) Type H.T.; 3) Baly Coll.; 4) Chaetocnema parvula Baly , Ceylon; 4) Examined K. Prathapan, 2005.; 5) Lectotype Chaetocnema parvula Baly, 1877 Des Ruan et al., 2016 .

Lectotype of Chaetocnema geniculata Jacoby : 1♀ ( BMNH), labels: 1) Type H.T.; 2) Burmah; 3) Jacoby Coll., 1909–28 a; 4) Chaetocnema geniculata Jac. ; 4) Examined K. Prathapan, 2005.; 5) Lectotype Chaetocnema geniculata Jacoby, 1896 Des Ruan et al., 2016 .

Paralectotype of Chaetocnema geniculata Jacoby : 3 ( BMNH), labels: 1) Burmah; 2) Cotype; 3 ) Paralectotype Chaetocnema geniculata Jacoby, 1896 Des Ruan et al., 2016 .

Cotype of Chaetocnema gestroi Jacoby : 1♀ ( BMNH), 1) Cotype; 2) Is. Nias, Gun.Sitoli, Aprile i 88 g, Modigli- ani; 3) Jacoby Coll., 1909–28 a; 4) C. gestroi Jac.

Cotype of Chaetocnema loriae Jacoby, 1905: 2 specimens ( BMNH), 1) Cotype; 2) New Guinea, Loria, VI.VII; 3) Red label (information can not be provided completely here); 4) Jacoby collection; 5) Chaetocnema loriae Jac.

Material: 1 ( ZSMC), China, Fukien, S. China, Kienyang City, T. C. Maa, 13.VIII.1940, Chaetocnema basalis, Gressitt & Kimoto det.; 1 ( USNM), China, Youxi City, 179–197 m, 30.V.2014, leg. A. Konstantinov; 1♂ 1♀, China, Hainan, Tongshi, alt. 340m, 27.III.1927, leg.Suofu Li; 4, China: Hainan, Jianfengling, 1980.IV.17, alt. 75m, leg. Shuyong Wang; 1♂ 12♀, China, Guizhou, Guilin, Yaoshan, Sept. 24, 1980, Chaetocnema basalis, Gruev det. ( BMNH); 1♂ 1♀ ( USNM), Vietnam, Ha-Son-Binh. Cho Bo, 16.X.1976, L. Medvedev leg., Chaetocnema basalis Baly, 1877 det. L. Medvedev; 1♀ ( USNM), Vietnam, Trang Bom, N W Saigon, 18.VII.1932; 2♀, Thailand, Khao Yai National Park, 8.IX.1977, leg. Gary F. Hevel & Mushtaq Ahmad ( USNM); 1 ( BMNH), Thailand, Nan Province, Lainan, 20–21.ix.2012, cabbage farm, 18.576N, 100.759E, LN2 Light trap, leg. D. L. J. Quicke, BMNH(E) 2015–75, Bikasha nipponica (Chûjô, 1959) det. M. Geiser 2016; 1 ( BMNH), Thailand, Nan Province, Lainan, 21–22.ix.2012, cabbage farm, 18.574N, 100.759E, LN1 Light trap, leg. D. L. J. Quicke, BMNH(E) 2015–75, Bikasha nipponica (Chûjô, 1959) det. M. Geiser 2016; 1 ( BMNH), Thailand, Nan Province, Lainan, 15–23.ix.2012, cabbage farm, 18.579N, 100.757E, LN3 Light trap, leg. D. L. J. Quicke, BMNH(E) 2015–75; 1 ( BMNH), Sakaerat, Yellow bucket, D5, Sindora siamensis , June 1995, Site burnt 4 months before collecting, E. Thailand, Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, 14 30 N, 101 55E, BMNH(E) 1997–07, Ghazoul & Inward, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 2 ( BMNH), Singapore, C. J. Saunders, B.M. 1933–227, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 1♂ 1♀ ( USNM), Malaysia, Banguey, b. Borneo, Ch. gestroi Jac. Ogl. ; 2 ( BMNH), SARAWAK ( Malaysia), on leaves of bean/on leaves of young padi, 7–10.63, coll. R. Lav, Pres by Comm Inst Ent, B. M. 1971–1, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 2 ( BMNH), SARAWAK ( Malaysia), SUNDAR–TRUSAN, on padi, 16–ix–1963, coll. G. R., Pres by Comm Inst Ent, B. M. 1971–1, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 2 ( BMNH), SARAWAK ( Malaysia), i.1965 – ii.1967, coll. G. H. L. Rothschild, Pres by Comm Inst Ent, B. M. 1971–1, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 1 ( BMNH), SARAWAK ( Malaysia), on grass, 16–vii– 68, Pres by Comm Inst Ent, B. M. 1971–1, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 11 ( BMNH), Malay Penin, Jan: 19th 1919, Ex F.M.S. Museum, B. M. 1955–354, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 7 ( BMNH), Doherty, Borneo, Peugaron, Fry coll. 1905.100, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 1 ( BMNH), Java, Bowring, 63.47*, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 1 ♂ 19 ( BMNH), Lowland rain forest, At MV light, SULAWESI TENGAH ( Indonesia): Nr. Morowali, Ranu River Area, 27.i.–20.iv.1980, M.J.D. Brendell, B.M. 1980–280, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 31 ( BMNH), At MV light, SULAWESI TENGAH ( Indonesia): Solato R., Taronggo, 1 45 S– 121 40E, 27–30.III.1980, M.J.D. Brendell, B.M. 1980–280, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 1 ( BMNH), Indonesia), SULAWESI UTARA, Gng. Ambang F. R., nr. Kotamobagu, 18–24 May 1985, Gunung Muajat, summit, 1760m, Malaise trap, R.Ent.Soc.Lond., PROJECT WALLACE, B.M. 1985–10, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 3 ( BMNH), Indonesia, SULAWESI UTARA, Gng. Ambang F. R., nr. Kotamobagu, 18–24 May 1985, Yellow pan trap, lower montane forest 1750m, R.Ent.Soc. Lond., PROJECT WALLACE, B.M. 1985–10, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 1 ( BMNH), Indonesia, SULAWESI UTARA, Dumoga–Bone N.P., 1–6 March 1985, Plot A, ca 200m, Malaise trap up tree, R.Ent.Soc.Lond., PROJECT WALLACE, B.M. 1985–10, Chaetocnema sp. det. K. Nadein 2007, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 6 ( BMNH), on leaves of upland rice, Sintang, leg. kdj. lbc, 16.iii.1933, I. V. Pl., Halticinae, Pres by Comm Inst Ent, B. M. 1981–315, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 6 ( BMNH), on padibibil, leg. l.b.c, Pontianak ( Indonesia), 10. 8.34, I. v. Pl., Pres by Comm Inst Ent, B. M. 1981–315, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 2 ( BMNH), SULAWESI TENGAH ( Indonesia): Solato R., Taronggo, 1 45 S– 121 40E, 27–30.III.1980, Chaetocnema sp., det. M. L. Cox, 1982, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 1♂, Indonesia, Haimahera Isl. 1–14. VII.1981, leg. AC Messer & PM Taylor ( USNM); 1 ( USNM), Bhutan, Rd. from Damphu to Wangdi, river valley N27 07 779 E90 04 160, 16.IX. 2005, 584m, wp–108, Leg. K. Mahat, P. Loday, A. Konstantinov & K. D. Prathapan, Chaetocnema (Chaetocnema) nigrica Motschulsky det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 9 ( BMNH), S. India, 10. x. 91, G. Ravi, Vial. 11, feed on seedlings, of upland rice (Oryzae sp.), IIE 22207, Pres. by Int. Inst. Ent., B. M. 1992–1., Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 1 ( BMNH), India, T.N., 7. xi. 91?, G. Ravi, Vial. 16, pred. on? Brevennia rehi on, upland rice, IIE 22207, Pres. by Int. Inst. Ent., B. M. 1992–1, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 2♂ 6♀, India, Chabua, Assam, X–XII.1943, leg. DE Hardy ( USNM); 1♂ 1♀, India, Uttar Prad. Kanpur, 21–24.IX.1968, leg. K. E. Gibson ( USNM); 1♂ 1♀, India, New Delhi, 28–29.VIII.1968, leg. K. E. Gibson ( USNM); 115♂ ♀ ( USNM), India, Assam, 10miN Tinsukia, 30.III.1944, D. E. Hardy; 1, India, H. L. Andrewes, Nilgiri Hills, Andrewes Bequest., B. M. 1922–221., Chaetocnema basalis Baly , det. G. E. Bryant ( ZIN); 2, Vietnam, Song Dingh, Annam 10.VIII, Chaetocnema basalis Baly ( ZIN); 1 ( BMNH), Galle distr ( Sri Lanka), Udugama, 14.ii.1974, Sri Lanka, ( CEYLON), BMNH 1974–624, A.E. Stubbs, Chaetocnema nigrica Motsch., 1858 , Det. Yongying Ruan, 2016; 5♂ 9♀, Pakistan, 2–18.X.1977, leg. Gary F. Hevel & Mushtaq Ahmad ( USNM); 1♀ ( USNM), Pakistan, Punj, Rawalpindi, 2.X.1977, 1674 feet, G. F. Hevel.

Remarks: C. warchalowskii closely resembles C. nigrica , however, they can be separated by the differences in puncation on frons and structure of the aedeagus. In C. warchalowskii ( Fig. 48 C, D ), more punctures are present on frons above clypeus than in C. nigrica ( Fig. 49 A, B ). Aedeagus in C. warchalowskii is thinner in lateral view than that of C. nigrica . In ventral view, aedeagus is gradually narrowed towards apex in C. warchalowshkii , while in C. nigrica , apex of aedeagus is narrowed abruptly.

The New Guinean species C. loriae Jacoby, 1905 (synonymized here with C. nigrica ) is identical with C. nigrica in almost every aspect. Aedeagus in C. loriae is slightly slender, however, such variation is common in this widely distributed species. Hence both of them are treated here as conspecific.

Figures

FIGURE 48. Chaetocnema nigrica. A Habitus. B Pronotum. C Head, frontal view. D Aedeagus, ventral view. E Aedeagus, lateral view. F Apex of aedeagus, ventral view. G Vaginal palpi. H Spermatheca. I Pygidium (tergite 7) of female.

FIGURE 49. Head of Chaetocnema nigrica and Chaetocnema warchalowskii. A C. nigrica, head, frontal view. B C. nigrica, frons. C C. warchalowskii, head, frontal view. D C. warchalowskii, frons.