Gryllacridinae Blanchard, 1845

Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., 2019, A proposal towards classification of the Raspy Crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatoidea: Gryllacrididae) with zoogeographical comments: An initial contribution to the higher classification of the Gryllacridines, Zootaxa 4605 (1), pp. 1-100 : 19-20

Subfamily Gryllacridinae Blanchard, 1845 n. sensu.

Diagnosis: Small to mid-sized (5–30 mm. aprox). Body usually robust, and wing development variable, from wingless to fully winged (but in most species the wings barely cover the tip of the abdomen) ( Figs. 4 , 57 , 62 , 67 , 81, 82 , 84 , 87 , 93 , 109, 110 , 132 , 146, 151 ). If wings are present, these are ovoid and fold on the abdomen; if they go further they fold over and cover the last abdominal tergites ( Figs. 81 , 84 ). Venation type III, IV and V sensu Karny ( Figs. 73, 74 , 106 , 143 ), that is usually reduced or if it is not, it is not as developed as in Hyperbaeninae. Vein M not originating freely from the base (except for some maybe basal taxa with Type III venation) but most of the time being born on the vein R (rarely on the Cu vein). Spines of fore and mid tibiae with variable degree of development, usually modestly developed ( Figs.11 , 87 , 105 , 117 , 132 ). Hind femora robust and not too long, only 1.5–2.5 times as long as the pronotum ( Figs. 14, 15 , 115, 116 ). Male terminalia with diverse variations ( Figs. 16, 17, 18, 19 , 70 ), ovipositor with different degrees of curvature, and in some groups it can curve abruptly upwards ( Figs. 83 , 91, 92 , 120 , 131 , 144 ).

Type genus: Gryllacris Serville, 1831 .

Included taxa: The tribes: Gryllacridini n. sensu.; Progryllacridini n. trib.; Eremini n. trib.; Ametrini n. trib.; Ametroidini n. trib., Triaenogryllacrae n. group. Ungrouped genera: Niphetogryllacris Karny, 1937 .

Comments: As a new grouping is proposed, a novo sensu for this taxon is proposed. This subfamily is the most diverse and widely distributed. According to Karny (1924), this subfamily is likely the most basal one, because of the reduction in wing venation.

Figures

FIGURES 3–19. Diagnostic characters to family Gryllacridinae. 3. Habitus to a typical Hyperbaeninae. 4. Habitus to a typical apterus Gryllacridinae. 5. Frons with wide space between antennal sockets, and little developed frontal o<cellus. 6. Frons with normal space between antennal sockets and well developed frontal ocellus. 7. Membranosus tegmina. 8–9. Tarsomeres in dorsal, lateral and ventral view. 11 and 12. Fore tibia with little and well developed spines on ventral edge. 13– 15. Hind femur typical to 13. Hyperbaeninae taxa, 14. Gryllacridini 15. Progryllacridini and Ametroidini taxa. 16–19. Variations on male terminalia in the gryllacridines.

FIGURES 57–61. Griffinigryllacris n. gen. 57–59. G. reunionis n. comb. Female habitus, frons and male terminalia. 60–61. Frons of G. mauritiana n. comb. and G. adelungi n. comb.

FIGURES 62–66. Rentzgryllacris n. gen. Male habitus of R. fuliginata n. comb., frons, male terminalia in lateral view, male subgenital plate and basal section of female ovipositor (basal plate, subgenital plate and last sternite in lateral view). Figures 64 to 66 redraw from Karny, 1932.

FIGURES 67–72. Gorochovgryllacris n. gen. (G. navicula navicula n. comb.). 67–68. Male habitus in lateral and dorsolateral view. 69. Male tegmina. 70–71. Male terminalia in lateral and latero-axial view respectively. 72. Female habitus in dorsal view. (Photos by Holger Braun).

FIGURES 73–83. Diagnostic characters to the Gryllacrae n. group. 73–74. Dorsal habitus of Gryllacris appendiculata and Xanthogryllacris punctipennis punctipennis (see the coloration of hind wings). 75–76. Frons of Eugryllacris moestissima and Gryllacris (Gigantogryllacris) heros heros. 77–78. Male terminalia of G. appendiculata in ventral and dorsal view (see the prolongation on tip of abdomen). 79–80. Variation of the hooks in the abdomen tip of Prosopogryllacris personata personata and G. moestissima. 81–82. Female habitus of P. personata personata and Ocellarnaca furcifera. 83. Ovipositor of G. obscura obscura. (See the ovipositor apex in figures 81–83). Photos by Sigfrid Ingrisch.

FIGURES 84–86. Willemsegryllacris n. gen. (W. barnesi n. comb.). 84. Habitus. 85. Frons (see the globose head and conspicuos frontal ocellus). 86. Male terminalia.

FIGURES 87–92. Diagnostic characters to Metriogryllacrae n. group. 87. Habitus of Metriogryllacris permodesta (Photo by Sigfrid Ingrisch). 88 and 89. Male terminalia of M. amitarum and M. gialai (see the variation on hooks position). 90. Male terminalia of M. fansipan. 91 and 92. Ovipositor of M. comes and Furcilarnaca superfurca (this species not belong In Metriogryllagrae group, only to see the male terminalia variation). Figures 88–92, redraw from Gorochov, 2004.

FIGURES 93–104. Karnygryllacris n. gen. 93. Habitus of K. grylloides n. comb. (Photo by Sigfrid Ingrisch). 94. Habitus of K. occipitalis n. comb. 95. Frons of K. triocellata n. comb. 96–97. K. occipitalis n. comb. 98–99. K. atriceps n. comb. 100– 101. K. grylloides n. comb. 102–104. K. scurra n. comb. Figs. 95, 96, 98, 100, 102, 103 Frons. Figs. 97, 99, 101, 104. Male subgenital plate.

FIGURES 109–120. Diagnostic characters to the tribe Ametroidini n. trib. 109–110. Habitus of Ametroides kibonotensis and Atychogryllacris infelix. 111. Frons of A. nigrifacies. 112–114. Frons, head and pronotum in lateral and dorsal view of A. infelix. 115–116. Hind leg of Glomeremus glomerinus glomerinus and A. infelix. 117. Fore leg of A. infelix. 118–119. Male terminalia of G. nitidus and G. glomerinus knothae 120. Ovipositor of G. glomerinus glomerinus. Photo credits: Figs. 109, 111. Claudia Hemp. Figs. 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120 Sigfrid Ingrisch.

FIGURES 132–139. Diagnostic characters to the tribe Eremini n. trib. 132. Habitus, frons and male terminalia of Giganteremus spinulosus. 135, 139. Frons and habitus of Kinemania ambulans. 136–138. Frons and terminalia of Eremus basalis basalis. Photos by Sigfrid Ingrisch.

FIGURES 146–155. Diagnostic characters to Ametrae n. group. 146–149. Ametrus tibialis. 151–155. Pareremus michaelseni. 146, 151. Habitus. 147, 153. Frons. 152. Head, pronotum and tegmina in lateral view. 148, 154. Male terminalia in axial view. 149. Abdomen tip in dorsal view. 155, 150. Terminalia in ventral view. Photos by Sigfrid Ingrisch.

FIGURES 105–108. Brunnergryllacris n. gen. 105–106. Habitus lateral and dorsal of B. eximia n. comb. (Photos by Sigfrid Ingrisch). 107–108. Habitus and male subgenital plate of B. testaceus n. comb.

FIGURES 140–145. Hugelgryllacris n. gen. (H. tchancha n. comb.). 140. Habitus. 141. Frons. 142. Hind femur. 143. Left tegmina. 144–145. Female terminalia in lateral and ventral view. See the papillae on the last sternite. Figs. 141–144 redraw from Hugel 2009. Figs. 146–155.

FIGURES 121–131. Ingrischgryllacris n. gen. 121–129. I. brevifalcatus carnapi n. comb. 121–122. Habitus lateral and dorsal. 123. Frons. 124. Head and pronotum in lateral view. 125. Hind femur. 126–129. Male terminalia in axial and lateral view. 130–131. I. brevifalcatus brevifalcatus. Habitus and ovipositor respectively. Photos by Sigfrid Ingrisch.