Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768

Ten Hove, Harry A. & Kupriyanova, Elena K., 2009, Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): The state of affairs, Zootaxa 2036, pp. 1-126 : 52-55

16. Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768

( Fig. 23)

Type species: Hydroides norvegicus Gunnerus, 1768

Number of species: 89 (one with 2 subspecies)

Tube white (sometimes bluish), more or less circular to trapezoidal (with flattened upper surface) in crosssection, peristomes and shallow longitudinal ridges may be present, no distinct keels. A granular overlay may be present. Operculum two-tiered, composed of basal funnel of fused radii and distal verticil (crown) of chitinized spines. Peduncle cylindrical, smooth, without wings, may or may not be separated from opercular funnel by a constriction; formed from second dorsal radiole on one side. Pseudoperculum present. Arrangement of radioles in semi-circles, up to 33 per lobe. Branchial eyes absent. Inter-radiolar membrane generally absent, rarely present ( Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002, mention only one species where it is present). Stylodes absent. Mouth palps absent. 7 thoracic chaetigerous segments, exceptionally more (9 in H. bisectus Imajima & ten Hove, 1989 and Hydroides sp.2 Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002; 7–9 in H. bannerorum Bailey-Brock, 1991 ). Collar trilobed, tonguelets absent. Thoracic membranes long, forming ventral apron. Collar chaetae bayonet-type ( Fig. 23A) and limbate. Apomatus chaetae absent. All uncini sawshaped with relatively few (up to 7) teeth; anterior fang simple pointed ( Fig. 23B). Triangular depression present. Abdominal chaetae flat trumpet-shaped with denticulate edge ( Fig. 23C). Achaetous anterior abdominal zone absent. Posterior capillary chaetae present ( Fig. 23D). Posterior glandular pad absent.

Remarks. Hydroides is the largest serpulid genus with a mainly tropical to sub-tropical distribution. Species in the genus are distinguished by well-differentiated opercula and differences in chaetal and tube structure. Although a complete world-wide revision of the genus is yet to be completed, Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove (2002, 2003) recently published revisions of the Hydroides species from the Western Atlantic region, respectively Eastern Pacific region and Hawaii. Also, Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove (2002) provided a detailed historical review of taxonomic studies of the genus.

1. Hydroides alatalateralis ( Jones, 1962) , Jamaica, Caribbean, Colombian Pacific

2. Hydroides albiceps ( Grube, 1870) , Red Sea, widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific; compare H. trivesiculosus

3. Hydroides ancorispinus Pillai, 1971 , Sri Lanka; compare H. malleolaspinus

4. Hydroides arnoldi Augener, 1918 , Annobón, Sao Tome, Congo, Zaire, Ghana, Liberia; NB. part of Augener 1918, Tebble 1956, and all Uschakov 1970 belongs to H. augeneri

5. Hydroides augeneri Zibrowius, 1973b , Congo, Dahomey, Ghana, Liberia, Guinea; see remark H. arnoldi

6. Hydroides azoricus Zibrowius, 1972d , Azores; sometimes confused with H. norvegicus

7. Hydroides bandaensis Zibrowius, 1972c , Banda Sea; compare H. novaepommeraniae

8. Hydroides bannerorum Bailey-Brock, 1991 , Hawaii

9. Hydroides bifurcatus Pixell, 1913 , Maldives, South Africa, Madagascar,? Sri Lanka,? New Caledonia

10. Hydroides bisectus Imajima & ten Hove, 1989 , Okinawa, Japan

11. Hydroides bispinosus Bush, 1910 , Bermuda, Gulf of Mexico, Eastern USA and Caribbean

12. Hydroides brachyacanthus Rioja, 1941a , Western Mexico to Ecuador,?Hawaii; circum(sub)tropical records from elsewhere probably belong to a complex of species ( Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002, 2003)

13. Hydroides cf. brachyacanthus Rioja, 1941a , Lesser Antilles, Venezuela, South Brazil

14. Hydroides bulbosus ten Hove, 1990 , Gulf of Oman

15. Hydroides calopoma Zibrowius, 1973b , Annobón

16. Hydroides capensis Zibrowius, 1972d , Cape, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal; sometimes confused with H. norvegicus

17. Hydroides centrospina Wu & Chen, 1981b , South China, Tonga; see remarks under H. elegans

18. Hydroides chilensis Hartmann-Schröder, 1962 , Arica, Chile, Colombia

19. Hydroides cruciger Mörch, 1863 , Punta Arenas Pac., Baja California to Colombia, Hawaii; N.B. all Caribbean records belong to H. bispinosus and/or H. parvus

20. Hydroides dafnii ( Amoureux, Rullier & Fishelson, 1978) , Red Sea; compare H. perezi , tuberculatus

21. Hydroides deleoni Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove, 2003 , Punta San Juanico, Baja California Sur to Ecuador

22. Hydroides dianthus ( Verrill, 1873) , New Jersey to Massachusetts, temperate to subtropical Atlantic coasts of North America; probably ship-transported to Curaçao, Atlantic coasts of Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean; complicated synonymy, see Zibrowius (1971a)

23. Hydroides dipoma ( Schmarda, 1861) , tropical West Africa, South Africa, Suez

24. Hydroides diramphus Mörch, 1863 , St. Thomas, Caribbean, probably ship-transported to a circum (sub)tropical distribution; complicated synonymy, see Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002, 2003

25. Hydroides elegans ( Haswell, 1883) , Port Jackson, Australia probably ship-transported to a circum(sub) tropical distribution; very confused synonymy, see e.g., ten Hove (1974), all (sub)tropical records of H. norvegicus belong here; N.B. In tropical Indo-Pacific regions the species can easily be confused with H. centrospina , H. longispinosus , H. multispinosus , and H. nanhaiensis

26. Hydroides elegantulus ( Bush, 1910) , Bermuda Islands

27. Hydroides exaltatus ( Marenzeller, 1885) , widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific

28. Hydroides externispina Straughan, 1967a , Queensland, South-Western Japan; compare H. ralumianus

29. Hydroides ezoensis Okuda, 1934 , Northern Sea of Japan, Vladivostok, South China, imported in France and Southern United Kingdom, and temperate Australia

30. Hydroides floridanus ( Bush, 1910) , Florida, Gulf of Mexico and Eastern USA

31. Hydroides furcifer ( Grube, 1878) , Philippines, Palau Island

32. Hydroides fuscus Imajima, 1976 , South Japan, Palau Island, Red Sea, South China

33. Hydroides fusicola Mörch, 1863 , Japan, South China

34. Hydroides gairacensis Augener, 1934 , La Guayra, Venezuela; South Florida to South Brazil, Pacific Panama

35. Hydroides glandifer Rioja, 1941a , Acapulco, West Mexico, Baja California Sur

36. Hydroides gracilis ( Bush, 1905) , Pacific Groove, California to Baja California Sur

37. Hydroides helmatus ( Iroso, 1921) , Naples, Mediterranean

38. Hydroides heterocerus ( Grube, 1868) , Red Sea, Zanzibar, Madagascar, Iranian Gulf, Sri Lanka,? New Caledonia, Lessepsian migrant to the Levant Mediterranean

39. Hydroides heterofurcatus Pillai, 1971 , Sri Lanka

40. Hydroides homoceros Pixell, 1913 , Maldives, Zanzibar, Seychelles, Sudan, Iranian Gulf, Lessepsian migrant to the Levant Mediterranean, once mentioned from ship’s hull in Toulon, Mediterranean

41. Hydroides huanghaiensis Sun & Yang, 2000 , Yellow Sea

42. Hydroides humilis ( Bush, 1905) , Gulf of California, Baja California to Panama

43. Hydroides inermis Monro, 1933 , Galapagos, North Peru

44. Hydroides inornatus Pillai, 1960 , Sri Lanka, India, Hong Kong; most probably synonym of H. operculatus

45. Hydroides lambecki Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove, 2003 , Curaçao, Caribbean

46. Hydroides longispinosus Imajima, 1976 , South Japan, South China, Ponape, Tonga, Queensland; see remark under H. elegans

47. Hydroides longistylaris Chen & Wu, 1980 , South China Sea; compare H. rectus

48. Hydroides malleolaspinus Straughan, 1967b , Queensland, tropical Australia, Sri Lanka; compare H. ancorispinus ; not sensu Imajima 1982, see H. novaepommeraniae

49. Hydroides microtis Mörch, 1863 , North America, North Carolina, Gulf of Mexico, Guyana

50. Hydroides minax ( Grube, 1878) , widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific, Lessepsian migrant to the Levant Mediterranean

51. Hydroides mongeslopezi Rioja, 1959 , Vera Cruz, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean

52. Hydroides monroi Zibrowius, 1973b , Congo, Cabinda

53. Hydroides mucronatus Rioja, 1959 , Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico

54. Hydroides cf. mucronatus Rioja, 1959 ; ten Hove, 1984 Caribbean; status uncertain, see Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove (2002), probably new (sub?)species

55. Hydroides multispinosus Marenzeller, 1885 , Enoshima, Japan; see remark under H. elegans

56. Hydroides nanhaiensis Wu & Chen, 1981b , South China Sea; see remark under H. elegans

57. Hydroides niger Zibrowius, 1971a , Mediterranean

58. Hydroides nodosus Straughan, 1967b , Queensland

59. Hydroides norvegicus Gunnerus, 1768 , Boreal European species; very confused synonymy, all harbour and Indo Pacific records see H. elegans

60. Hydroides novaepommeraniae Augener, 1925 , New Britain, Palau and Truk Island, Philippines, South Japan; confused synonymy, see Imajima & ten Hove (1984)

61. Hydroides ochoterena Rioja, 1941a , Acapulco, Western Mexico to Pacific Colombia

62. Hydroides operculatus ( Treadwell, 1929) , probably incl. H. inornatus ; Somalia, Moçambique, Queensland, Lessepsian migrant to the Levant Mediterranean

63. Hydroides panamensis Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove, 2003 , Pacific Panama, Ecuador

64. Hydroides parvus ( Treadwell, 1902) , Puerto Rico, South Florida to Brazil

65. Hydroides perezi Fauvel, 1918 , Iranian Gulf, Red Sea, Tonga; not sensu Straughan 1967b, compare H. dafnii , H. tuberculatus

66. Hydroides plateni ( Kinberg, 1867) , South Brazil to Patagonia

67. Hydroides protulicola Benedict, 1887 , Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, Eastern USA and northern Gulf of Mexico

68a. Hydroides pseudouncinatus africanus Zibrowius, 1971a , Morocco, Guinee, Senegambia,? Madagascar

68b. Hydroides pseudouncinatus pseudouncinatus Zibrowius, 1968a , Marseille, Mediterranean

69. Hydroides ralumianus Augener, 1927 , New Caledonia; compare H. externispina

70. Hydroides rectus Straughan, 1967b , Queensland, Northern Territories; compare H. longistylaris

71. Hydroides recurvispina Rioja, 1941a , Acapulco, West Mexico, Gulf of California to Panama

72. Hydroides rhombobulus Chen & Wu, 1980 , South China Sea, Hong Kong; compare H. uniformis and H. xishaensis

73. Hydroides rostratus Pillai, 1971 , Sri Lanka; N.B. preoccupied by H. rostratus Iroso, 1921 , nov. nom. for H. uncinatus Ehlers, 1887 , = H. floridanus

74. Hydroides salazarvallejoi Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove, 2003 , Colombia, Caribbean and Pacific Costa Rica to Ecuador

75. Hydroides sanctaecrucis Krøyer [in] Mörch, 1863, St. Croix, Caribbean, both sides of Mexico and Panama,?Hawaii, ship-transported to Singapore and tropical Australia; confused synonymy, see Bastida- Zavala & ten Hove (2002)

76. Hydroides similis ( Treadwell, 1929) , Baja California to Panama

77. Hydroides similoides Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove, 2003 , Puerto Rico, Caribbean

78. Hydroides sinensis Zibrowius, 1972c , Yellow Sea

79. Hydroides spongicola Benedict, 1887 , Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, Bahamas

80. Hydroides steinitzi Ben-Eliahu, 1972 , Suez Canal, Philippines, found once on ship’s hull in Toulon, Mediterranean

81. Hydroides stoichadon Zibrowius, 1971a , Provence, Mediterranean

82. Hydroides tambalagamensis Pillai, 1961 , widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific

83. Hydroides tenhovei Bastida-Zavala & de Leon Gonzalez, 2002 , Cabo San Lázaro, Baja California Sur

84. Hydroides trilobulus Chen & Wu, 1978 , Guandong, South China Sea

85. Hydroides trivesiculosus Straughan, 1967a , Queensland; tropical Australia, Tanzania, Red Sea; compare H. albiceps

86. Hydroides trompi Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove, 2003 , Baja California to Panama

87. Hydroides tuberculatus Imajima, 1976 , widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific; compare H. dafnii , H. perezi

88. Hydroides uniformis Imajima & ten Hove, 1986 , Solomon Islands,?Queensland; compare H. rhombobulus and H. xishaensis

89. Hydroides xishaensis Chen & Wu, 1978 , Guandong, China; compare H. rhombobulus and H. uniformis .