Chrysomelinae, Latreille, 1802

Reid, Chris A. M., 2006, A taxonomic revision of the Australian Chrysomelinae, with a key to the genera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Zootaxa 1292 (1), pp. 1-119 : 1-119

Key to the adults of the Australian genera of Chrysomelinae

This key is based on examination of most of the appropriate type material worldwide and the major collections in Australia. It was first attempted in 1996, after discovery of the new taxon eventually named Pterodunga , and has been rewritten and checked many times since then (see Acknowledgments). All genera identified by this key are discussed in alphabetic order, in the notes following the key .

Supplementary characters, pertaining to one half of a couplet only, are given in brackets. Illustrations are provided for significant character states and the habitus of at least one species for each genus. The most problematic character is the presence or absence of trichobothria on the pronotal angles. The trichobothrial setae are much larger than any other setae on the pronotum. They are often broken off or stuck down but in all such cases there is a crater­like pit at or near the corner of the pronotum.

1 Procoxal cavities broadly open, gap between hypomeral lobe and prosternal process at least half width of procoxa (Figs. 86–88) ................................................... 2

­ Procoxal cavities closed or, if slightly open, gap less than quarter width of procoxa (Fig. 85) ................................................................................................................ 46

2(1) Apical margin of last ventrite strongly serrate (Fig. 110) (claws appendiculate).. 3

­ Apical margin of last ventrite not serrate............................................................... 4

3(2) Epipleura hidden in lateral view by extended elytral margins; elytra with about 17 striae across middle; body hemispherical, length to width ratio 1.3; dorsum metallic ................................................................................. Hysmatodon Reid ( Fig. 48 )

­ Epipleura laterally exposed; elytral disc non­striate; body elongate, length to width ratio 2; dorsum non­metallic..................... Ateratocerus Blackburn ( Fig. 29 )

4(2) Sides of elytra extended vertically, concealing epipleura which face inwards (tarsomere 3 not deeply bilobed; claws rarely simple) ............................................... 5

­ Sides of elytra not extended vertically, epipleuron at least partially visible from sides (Fig. 93), rarely mostly horizontal...............................................................19

5(4) Apical maxillary palpomere clearly expanded from base to truncate apex, outer edge longer than inner, much wider than penultimate (Figs. 75, 77) (most species: without male setal pad on first hind tarsomere, without seta on anterior pronotal angle, with acute internal tooth on claw, without basal pronotal margin) ............. 6

­ Apical maxillary palpomere not expanded from base to apex, quadrate or elongate­cylindrical (Figs. 73, 74, 76)........................................................................ 16

6(5) Prosternal process with 90° angled lobe on either side of base (Fig. 86), or, if lobe reduced to small rounded swelling (one rare Tasmanian species), then with deeply emarginate lateral pronotal margins and acervate elytra (pronotal angles without setae; labrum not densely pubsecent; sides of pronotum often emarginate or coarsely crenulate; elytra usually non­striate and acervate (interpunctural spaces convex); most species with colour loss after death) ................................................. .......................................................................... Paropsis Olivier (partim) ( Fig. 56 )

­ Without angled lobe at base of prosternal process (Fig. 85); pronotum not deeply emarginate at sides.................................................................................................. 7

7(6) First maxillary palpomere ventrally flat, with anterior edge straight, sharply keeled and often laminate (Fig. 77);>8 pairs of labral setae; usually several tubercles at anterior margin of metaventrite, posterior to mid coxae; epipleural inner margin with line of setae (pronotal angles without setae;elytra non­striate; no colour loss after death) .................................................... Dicranosterna Motschulsky ( Fig. 39 )

­ First maxillary palpomere with convex venter, without sharp anterior edge, or if partly sharp, this edge concave and elytra striate; without the other combination of characters ............................................................................................................... 8

8(7) Trichobothria present on posterior angles of pronotum (Fig. 82), often also on anterior angles........................................................................................................ 9

– Without trichobothria on pronotal angles (Fig. 83) (usually with outer margins of tibiae longitudinally keeled and apical third to quarter of mid and hind tibiae broadly excavate with anterior and posterior rows of long straight setae).......... 13

9(8) Mentum almost quadrate, width <1.6x length, apex bilobed (Fig. 79) (epipleuron horizontal; seta in each corner of pronotum) ........... Novacastria Selman ( Fig. 51 )

­ Mentum strongly transverse, width at least 2x length, apex truncate or shallowly concave (Fig. 80) .................................................................................................. 10

10(9) Trichobothria seta absent from anterior pronotal angles (width of epipleuron <0.3x width elytron; claws often simple or feebly toothed) ............................................... ..................................................................... Peltoschema Reitter (partim) ( Fig. 58 )

­ Trichobothrial seta present in anterior and posterior pronotal angles (claws strongly toothed)................................................................................................... 11

11(10) Epipleura greatly expanded, c0.4x width of elytron at widest point (Fig. 92); elytra entirely non­striate and strongly punctured; external faces of tibiae without obvious keels..................................................................... Poropteromela Lea (Fig. 64)

­ Epipleura narrower, <0.3x width of elytron at widest point; elytra striate, striae usually conspicuous; mid and hind tibiae usually with a sharp external keel ..... 12

12(11) Gena with straight ridge, from postero­ventral margin of eye obliquely towards hind margin of head (Fig. 81); elytral punctures, including striae, uniformly small, striae obscure but present; male first metatarsomere with smooth glabrous ventral median line; claws appendiculate ........................... Philhydronopa Weise ( Fig. 59 )

­ Gena without ridge from postero­ventral margin of eye towards hind margin of head; punctures of elytral striae conspicuously larger than punctures of intervals; male first metatarsomere entirely setose; claws rarely appendiculate...................... ............................................................................ Paropsides Motschulsky ( Fig. 54 )

13(8) Apices of mid and hind tibiae abruptly expanded pre­apically, often triangularly, with row of short spines on distal face of expansion (Fig. 104); external faces of tibiae without keels (prosternal midline elevated as a single ridge anteriorly; elytra evenly and strongly striate; male setal pad on first metatarsomere; inner margin of epipleuron without setae; slight colour fading after death) ... Faex Weise ( Fig. 44 )

­ Apices of tibiae without row of short spines on distal face, rarely abruptly expanded at apices; external faces of mid and hind tibiae rarely without obvious keel(s).............................................................................................................14

14(13) Mesoventrite process not perpendicularly elevated, anterior gradually sloping (Fig. 99); length 5–6mm; external faces of tibiae without keels; male with ovate setal pad on basal metatarsomere; metepisternum without deep groove along outer margin; elytra striate; claws simple or minutely toothed.......................................... .................................................................... Rhaebosterna Weise (partim) (Fig. 67)

­ Mesoventrite process perpendicularly elevated, anterior face ridged (Figs. 96–98); length rarely <7mm; without combination of other characters ........................... 15

15(14) Mesoventrite process with straight or slightly concave anterior margin, anterior corners leading to obliquely transverse knobs or points, posterior margin straight or concave (Fig. 96); ventral surfaces rarely with large setiferous punctures, if so, these confined to ventrites; dorsum without waxy layer (maximum epipleural width often>0.25 basal elytral width; most species with striate elytra, never acervate or verrucose; anterior intercoxal process of first ventrite often triangular) ...... ...................................................................... Paropsisterna Motschulsky ( Fig. 57 )

­ Mesoventrite process with anterior margin deeply concave with anterior angles extended as broad ridges to obliquely transverse knobs, posterior margin straight or almost so (Fig. 97); ventral surface with patches of large setiferous punctures on prosternum, or metaventrite or ventrites, or a combination of these; anterior intercoxal process of metaventrite broad and truncate; colour not fading after death (dorsum usually with waxy layer, removed by alcohol; elytra non­striate, usually acervate or verrucose; epipleura usually 0.25 or less width of elytron at base) ............................................................................. Trachymela Weise (Fig. 71)

16(5) Elytra striate; side angles of clypeus truncated, not laterally produced; body ovate and flat or semicircular and convex; basal ventrites free .................................... 17

­ Elytra non­striate; side angles of clypeus laterally produced anterior to antennal sockets; body semicircular but relatively flat; ventrites I and II fused (apical maxillary palpomere elongate­fusiform; anterior pronotal trichobothria absent; claws simple; third tarsomere bilobed)............................ Plagiodera Chevrolat ( Fig. 62 )

17(16) Elongate­ovate, depressed, length to height ratio 3.8–4.2; anterior pronotal trichobothria absent; head flattened and produced, with small flat eyes (pronotal hypomeron without groove) .................................... Peltoschema (partim) ( Fig. 58 )

­ Semicircular and convex, length to height ratio <3; anterior pronotal trichobothria present; head normal, neither flattened nor produced and with convex eyes...... 18

18(17) Length> 5mm; claws simple; prosternal process with narrow elongate median ridge excavate at sides (for retention of antennae); mesoventrite process almost quadrate; pronotal hypomeron with groove near lateral edge .................................. ........................................................................................ Diacosma Weise ( Fig. 38 )

­ Length <5mm; claws strongly appendiculate, basal lobe acute; prosternal process laterally ridged, ridges converging anteriorly to single point on prosternal margin, forming elongate triangle of ridges; mesoventrite process strongly transverse; pronotal hypomeron without groove near lateral edge ............................................. ............................................................................... Sphaerotritoma Arrow (Fig. 68)

19(4) Tarsal claws fused for basal third (Fig. 107); apex of fifth tarsomere strongly toothed ventrally .................................................. Zygogramma Chevrolat (Fig. 72)

­ Tarsal claws free, usually opposed (Figs. 105–106, 108–109); fifth tarsomere without an apical ventral tooth ............................................................................. 20

20(19) Anterior (and usually posterior) pronotal angles without trichobothria .............. 21

­ All pronotal angles with at least one trichobothrium (Fig. 82)............................ 29

21(20) Apical maxillary palpomere expanded from narrow base to truncate apex, broader than penultimate and outer margin longer than inner (Figs. 75, 77) ................... 22

­ Apical maxillary palpomere quadrate or elongate cylindrical, usually distinctly narrower than penultimate and at most feebly expanded from broad base to truncate apex (claws simple) (Figs. 73, 76) ............................................................... 24

22(20) First maxillary palpomere without sharp anterior edge; elytra striate or at least with discal punctures in linear arrangement ......................................................... 23

­ First maxillary palpomere anteriorly flattened with sharp leading edge (Fig. 77); elytra non­striate, strongly uniformly punctured (without lobe at base of prosternal process; male first metatarsomere without setal pad)............................................... ........................................................ Dicranosterna Motschulsky (partim) ( Fig. 39 )

23(22) Prosternal process without angled lobe at base (Fig. 85); length 4–6mm; male first metatarsomere with pads of spatulate setae (Fig. 105)........................................ 23

­ Prosternal process with 90° angled lobe on either side of base (Fig. 86); length 7–9mm; male first metatarsomere without setal pads (posterior pronotal angles without trichobothria; elytra strongly acervate) ............... Paropsis aspera Chapuis

24(23) Posterior pronotal angles without trichobothria (Fig. 83); claws simple or with small acute tooth; epipleura not setose; first ventrite without femoral plate............ .................................................................... Rhaebosterna Weise (partim) (Fig. 67)

­ Each posterior pronotal angle with single trichobothrium (Fig. 82); claws distinctly toothed; apical half of epipleura setose, or femoral plate at base of first ventrite ( Fig. 32 ) ............................................... Peltoschema Reitter (partim) ( Fig. 58 )

25(21) Elytra tuberculate and at least partly non­striate ( Figs. 41 , 69); genal grooves absent; pronotum contracted from middle towards base (pygidium without median groove; length 3–10mm)...................................................................................... 26

­ Elytra without tubercles, striate, at least at sides; genal grooves usually present between ventral margin of eye and mentum; pronotum broadest at base............ 27

26(25) Length 7–10mm; posterior pronotal trichobothria present; third tarsomere not bilobed; frontoclypeus without deep vertical groove near eye (male with excavate base of abdomen, trilobate apical ventrite and enlarged trochanters; metaventrite process rounded at apex; frontoclypeal grooves obliterated by rugose punctures) ................................................................................. Strumatophyma Baly (Fig. 69)

­ Length 3–4mm; posterior pronotal trichobothria absent; third tarsomere deeply bilobed; frontoclypeus with deep vertical groove near eye ...................................... ...................................................................................... Eugastromela Lea ( Fig. 41 )

27(25) Length 5–7mm; anterior of prosternum laterally obliquely ridged (Fig. 89); eyes strongly transverse (width>3x length) and gena with long ridge and deep groove between eye and mouth (Fig. 81); epipleuron strongly sinuate third from base; third tarsomere not deeply bilobed; pygidium without median groove (hemispherical species; eyes reduced to narrow lateral strips, length>4 x width; no frontoclypeal grooves) .................................................................... Cyclonoda Baly ( Fig. 36 )

­ Length <3.5mm; prosternum without oblique lateral ridges, or these weakly indicated; eyes less transverse and gena with short ridge and groove, or not grooved; epipleuron not strongly sinuate; third tarsomere deeply bilobed, or apex rarely shallowly concave (some Geomela ); pygidium usually deeply grooved ............ 28

28(27) Prosternal process reduced to a linear ridge; intercoxal process of first ventrite acutely pointed; antennomeres 9­11 expanded as a loose club (length 1.5–1.7mm; strongly convex, length <1.5x height; without obvious genal groove; base of penis bilobed) ( Fig. 20 ) .................................................... Gibbiomela Daccordi ( Fig. 46 )

­ Prosternal process with flat surface, not reduced to a ridge; intercoxal process of first ventrite truncate; antennomeres 7­11 expanded as a loose club, or without obvious club (length 1–3.5mm) ( Fig. 19 ) ............................ Geomela Lea ( Fig. 45 ) 29(20) Apical third of epipleural inner margin with row of short setae (Fig. 91); claws not toothed; apical maxillary palpomere not expanded to apex ................................ 30

­ Epipleural inner margin without setae, or if so (rare Calomela species ), claws with small basal tooth and apical maxillary palpomere strongly expanded to apex.... 33

30(29) Length <12mm; base of pronotum not margined; body broader, length to width ratio 1.5–1.8; sides of pronotum without irregular punctate depressions; head not constricted behind eyes [introduced genera] ....................................................... 31

­ Length> 12mm; base of pronotum margined; body narrower, length to width ratio>1.8; sides of pronotum with irregular punctate depressions (Fig. 84); head constricted behind eyes................................................ Promechus Chevrolat (Fig. 65)

31(30) Apical maxillary palpomere at least as long and wide as penultimate ................ 32

­ Apical maxillary palpomere shorter and narrower than penultimate (labrum and mandibles densely setose)................................ Deuterocampta Chevrolat ( Fig. 37 )

32(31) Labrum, anterior margin of clypeus and external face of mandibles with dense long setae; mandibles projecting beyond labrum by at least length of labrum ........ .............................................................................. Calligrapha Chevrolat ( Fig. 31 )

­ Labrum, anterior margin of clypeus and external face of mandibles sparsely setose, each with 2–4 pairs of long setae; mandibles not or slightly projecting beyond labrum................................................................ Chrysolina Motschulsky ( Fig. 35 )

33(29) Prosternal process quadrate to transverse (Fig. 88), lateral ridges (if present) not anteriorly convergent; apical maxillary palpomere elongate­conical, length at least 1.5x width, narrower than penultimate (Fig. 73); (length 2–6mm; eyes laterally prominent; claws appendiculate) ........................................ Tinosis Weise (Fig. 70)

­ Prosternal process narrower, longer than broad, with lateral ridges convergent if present; apical maxillary palpomere shape not conical, slightly elongate, length <1.5x width, to transverse.................................................................................... 34

34(33) Claws simple, without basal tooth (Figs. 105–106) ............................................ 35

­ Claws with basal tooth (Figs. 108–109) ............................................................... 36

35(34) Apical maxillary palpomere expanded from base to apex, apical width at least 1.5x basal width (Figs. 75, 77); pronotal hypomeron grooved from anterior of prosternum towards hind angles (Fig. 90), or if not (rare), body strongly elongatecylindrical ........................................................... Calomela Hope (partim) ( Fig. 32 )

­ Apical maxillary palpomere parallel­sided or sides slightly convergent to apex (Figs. 73, 76); without hypomeral groove; body ovoid, not strongly elongate or cylindrical ...................................................................... Chalcomela Baly ( Fig. 34 )

36(34) Metaventrite, if anteriorly elevated, on same plane as prosternal process and not projecting in lateral view ...................................................................................... 37

­ Metaventrite anteriorly elevated between mesocoxae, forming prominent tubercle in lateral view (Fig. 100), and apex of prosternal process depressed; (prosternal process apex rounded, reaching anterior of mesoventrite; pronotal hypomeron without groove; claws appendiculate with right­angled lobe).................................. ................................................................................... Grammicomela Lea ( Fig. 47 )

37(36) Mesoventrite visible between prosternal process and metaventrite (Figs. 96–99)... ............................................................................................................................. 38

­ Median portion of mesoventrite obscured by apex of prosternal process, which reaches anterior of metaventrite between mid coxae (Fig. 101) (prosternal process strongly raised, pointed anteriorly and bilobed posteriorly; pronotal hypomeron grooved parallel to lateral margin; two basal ventrites fused ................................... ................................................................................ Pterodunga Daccordi (Fig. 66)

38(37) Mentum slightly transverse, width <1.6x length (Fig. 79); dorsum pale brown, non­metallic .......................................................................................................... 39

­ Mentum strongly transverse, width at least twice length (Fig. 80); dorsum usually at least partly metallic.......................................................................................... 40

39(38) Epipleura laterally visible, but margins fused to a single ridge before apex of elytra (Fig. 94); apex of submentum shallowly concave; prosternum not elevated at midline, process not margined; external face of tibiae rounded; vaginal palpi one­segmented ..................................................................... Ewanius Reid ( Fig. 43 )

­ Epipleura horizontal or almost so, narrow but entire to elytral apex (Fig. 95); submentum with deeply bilobed apex (Fig.79); prosternum medially elevated and process laterally margined; external face of tibiae strongly keeled; vaginal palpi two­segmented ( Fig. 25 )........................................... Novacastria Selman ( Fig. 51 )

40(38) Without deep groove inside and posterior to eyes (Figs. 73–74); second maxillary palpomere as long as third; metepisternum usually punctate and pubescent ...... 41

­ With deep vertical groove beside inner margin of each eye, extending posterior to eye ( Fig. 3 ); third maxillary palpomere 1.5–2x length of second; metepisternum impunctate and glabrous (prosternal process with raised lateral margins, converging to a median prosternal ridge; stria 5 deeply grooved at base; last ventrite not lobed in male, not depressed in female; vaginal palp 2­segmented) ........................ ................................................................................................. Alfius Reid ( Fig. 28 )

41(40) Lateral margins of frontoclypeal suture smooth, without abrupt ridge; frons without vertical groove parallel to inner margin of eye (Fig. 73) (if body elongate and parallel­sided, pronotal hypomeron grooved or apical maxillary palpomere greatly expanded).............................................................................................................42

­ Lateral margins of frontoclypeal suture sharply ridged (Fig. 74); frons usually with vertical groove parallel to ridge at inner margin of eye (Fig. 74) (body narrow and flat, length to width ratio>1.8, length to height ratio>2.6; apical maxillary palpomere quadrate or slightly expanded to apex, ratio of apical to basal width =1.5; prosternal process laterally ridged; pronotal hypomeron without groove; metepisternum without deep lateral groove) .................... Platymela Baly (Fig. 63)

42(41) Metepisternum without deep lateral groove, smooth or punctate, punctures some­ times forming linear depression on outer margin ................................................ 43

­ Metepisternum with broad sharply defined lateral groove (Fig. 103) (apical maxillary palpomere greatly expanded to apex, ratio of apical to basal width>1.5; hind angles of pronotum rounded) ..................................... Paropsides (partim) ( Fig. 54 )

43(42) Posterior angles of pronotum right­angled, obtuse, or rounded (Fig. 82); pronotum not strongly depressed compared with elytra (pronotal hypomeron often grooved) ............................................................................................................................. 44

­ Posterior angles of pronotum acute ( Fig. 27 ); pronotum strongly depressed, compared with elytra (length 10–12mm; anterior angles of pronotum acute; thorax elevated along ventral midline; male last ventrite not depressed)................................. ................................................................................... Aesernoides Jacoby ( Fig. 27 )

44(43) Pronotal hypomeron without groove from junction of prosternum and hypomeron parallel to margin, or if present, with transverse ridges; striae usually regular and linear; body less elongate, not parallel­sided, length to width ratio 1.3–2 .......... 45

­ Pronotal hypomeron with distinct groove from junction of prosternum and hypomeron curving parallel to thoracic margin (Fig. 70), or if rarely without this, elytral striae irregular (not linear) and body elongate and parallel­sided, length to width ratio>2.5 (prosternum rarely medially raised; pronotal anterior usually without margination) ......................................................... Calomela Hope ( Fig. 32 )

45(44) Claws with acute basal tooth, not or slightly appendiculate (Fig. 108); anterior face of mesoventrite process not transversely ridged, usually convex; apex of prosternal process strongly bilobed, rarely concave; pronotal hypomeron not grooved; male last ventrite rarely strongly incised either side of produced apex ( C. gibbosum (Baly) , with non­striate elytra); eyes usually separated by at least 2 eye lengths; 1­segmented vaginal palp ........................ Callidemum Blanchard ( Fig. 30 )

­ Claws with small, approximately right­angled, distinctly appendiculate tooth (Fig. 109); anterior face of mesoventrite process abruptly transversely ridged, truncate; apex of prosternal process truncate, rarely concave; male last ventrite strongly incised either side of apex (trilobate or at least median lobe prominent); eyes large, separated by <2 eye lengths; vaginal palp 2­segmented (pronotal hypomeron with or without transverse grooves) .............................. Paropsimorpha Lhoste ( Fig. 55 )

46(1) Claws simple, with at most slight angulation at base (Figs. 105–106)................ 47

­ Claws with conspicuous right­angled or acute tooth or lobe at base (Figs. 108– 109)...................................................................................................................... 50

47(46) Pronotal angles without trichobothria (Fig. 83); third tarsomere deeply bilobed (Fig. 105), or if feebly bilobed, anterior of metaventrite with femoral plates; apical maxillary palpomere not broader than penultimate, elongate and cylindrical or conical (Fig. 73) (length 2–8mm; dull coloured: dark brown, black, bluish­ or greenish­black) .................................................................................................... 48

­ Pronotal angles with trichobothria (Fig. 82); third tarsomere not or shallowly bilobed (Fig. 106), rarely deeply (one species of Chalcolampra ); metaventrite without femoral plates; apical maxillary palpomere often as broad as penultimate, quadrate or slightly elongate (Fig. 76) (length 2–14mm; often brightly coloured; apex of metaventrite rounded)..............................................................................49

48(47) Femoral plate present in anterior corners of metaventrite; pair of lateral oblique ridges on anterior of prosternum (Fig. 89), rarely obliterated by dense punctures; genal ridge and groove present (Fig. 81); frontoclypeal groove usually reduced to a pair of lateral pits (Fig. 73) ................................ Ethomela Lea (partim) ( Fig. 40 )

­ Metaventrite without femoral plates; anterior of prosternum smooth; gular area without ridge and groove; frontoclypeal suture not reduced to a pair of lateral pits ................................................................................ Palaeomela Daccordi ( Fig. 53 )

49(48) Either prosternum anteriorly produced at middle (Fig. 85), or pronotal hypomeron with groove parallel to pronotal margin (Fig. 90); middle of sides of pronotum usually with large irregular punctate depressions (Fig. 84); elytral posthumeral depression usually present ............................................. Lamprolina Baly ( Fig. 50 )

­ Prosternum anteriorly flat and pronotal hypomeron without lateral groove; middle of sides of pronotum without punctate depressions; elytral posthumeral depression absent ................................................... Chalcolampra Blanchard (partim) ( Fig. 33 )

50(46) Last 5 antennomeres quadrate or transverse, with large lateral lobes (Fig. 78); upper surface entirely metallic (body elongate, 7–13mm; frons deeply grooved inside eye; sides of pronotum and elytra deeply pitted, including base of stria 5; mesoventrite process abruptly elevated)................. Johannica Blackburn ( Fig. 49 )

­ Last 5 antennomeres without lateral lobes, elongate; upper surface rarely entirely metallic ................................................................................................................ 51

51(50) Apex of third tarsomere truncate or shallowly concave (Figs. 106–108); pronotal angles with trichobothria; antero­lateral part of prosternum smooth; gular area without ridge and groove; metaventrite without femoral plates; frontoclypeal suture not laterally depressed............................................................................... 52

­ Apex of third tarsomere deeply bilobed (Fig. 105); pronotal angles without trichobothria; pair of lateral oblique ridges on anterior of prosternum (Fig. 89); genal ridge and groove present (Fig. 81); femoral plate present in anterior corners of metaventrite; frontoclypeal groove usually laterally depressed and reduced to a pair of lateral pits (Fig. 73) .................................... Ethomela Lea (partim) ( Fig. 40 )

52(51) Length 1.5–4mm; hind femora elongate­ovate, anterior margin almost evenly convex (Fig. 104); frons simple, without grooves extending posteriorly from frontoclypeal margin; base of pronotum not or feebly margined; elytra with stria 5 not deeply depressed at base (but may be more strongly punctate), without lateral posthumeral depression; first ventrite with flattened and usually slightly expanded anterior border (eyes large, interocular distance 1.5–2x eye length; pronotum evenly convex, not laterally swollen or depressed; prosternal process with lateral keels; mesoventrite process strongly transverse, not abruptly elevated; epipleuron not twisted) ............................................................................. Oomela Lea ( Fig. 52 )

­ Length 3.8–14mm; hind femora fusiform, base and apex strongly narrowed, anterior margin bisinuate; frons usually with posteriorly directed grooves from deepened frontoclypeal margin; basal edge of pronotum distinctly margined (rare exceptions); elytra usually with stria 5 deep at base and lateral depression behind humeri; first ventrite without expanded anterior border...................................... 53

53(52) Mesoventrite process abruptly elevated, strongly convex, anterior edge abutting raised apex of prosternal process (Fig. 102); sides of pronotal disc usually with irregular, usually strongly punctate, depressions, not swollen or raised above centre ........................................................................................... Eulina Baly ( Fig. 42 )

­ Mesoventrite process gradually elevated (Fig. 99), overlapped by downcurved apex of prosternal process; sides of pronotal disc rarely with irregular punctate depressions, often swollen or raised above centre............................................... 54

54(53) Epipleuron not twisted, entirely visible in lateral view ....................................... 55

­ Epipleuron twisted in lateral view, apical half hidden by dorsal surface of elytron (Fig. 93) (spotted elytra; frontoclypeal area shallowly grooved, lateral grooves far apart; eyes large, distance between eyes <4 eye widths; posthumeral depressions shallow) .................................................................................. Phola Weise ( Fig. 60 )

55(54) Mesoventrite process broad, length shorter than width, apex deeply concave or truncate with produced corners (Fig. 98) (frontoclypeal area usually with X­ or narrow M­shaped grooves; eyes small, distance between eyes>4 eye widths; posthumeral depressions deep)...................................... Phyllocharis Dalman ( Fig. 61 )

­ Mesoventrite process narrow, length equal to width, apex convex, truncate or concave (Fig. 99) (broad M­ or H­shaped facial groove, sometimes with median groove through vertex) ........................ Chalcolampra Blanchard (partim) ( Fig. 33 )

Figures

FIGURES 45–50. Habitus photographs of Australian Chrysomelinae, dorsal: 45, Geomela blackburni Lea; 46, Gibbiomela paradoxa Daccordi; 47, Grammicomela quadrilineata Lea; 48, Hysmatodon multiseriata (Lea); 49, Johannica gemellata (Westwood); 50, Lamprolina aeneipennis Boisduval. Line = 1mm.

FIGURES 27–32. Habitus photographs of Australian Chrysomelinae, dorsal: 27, Aesernoides nigrofasciata (Jacoby); 28, Alfius pictipennis (Lea); 29, Ateratocerus intricatus Blackburn; 30, Callidemum hypochalceum (Germar); 31, Calligrapha pantherina Stål; 32, Calomela parilis Lea. Line = 1mm.

FIGURES 51–56. Habitus photographs of Australian Chrysomelinae, dorsal: 51, Novacastria nothofagi Selman; 52, Oomela elliptica Lea; 53, Palaeomela species; 54, Paropsides umbrosa (Chapuis); 55, Paropsimorpha mirogaster (Lea); 56, Paropsis maculata (Marsham). Line = 1mm.

FIGURES 39–44. Habitus photographs of Australian Chrysomelinae, dorsal: 39, Dicranosterna immaculata (Marsham); 40, Ethomela species; 41, Eugastromela spiniventer Lea; 42, Eulina haematosticta Lea; 43, Ewanius nothofagi Reid; 44, Faex signata (Boisduval). Line = 1mm.

FIGURES 57–62. Habitus photographs of Australian Chrysomelinae, dorsal: 57, Paropsisterna species; 58, Peltoschema orphana Erichson; 59, Philhydronopa aeneipennis (Chapuis); 60, Phola octodecimguttata (F.); 61, Phyllocharis cyanicornis (F.); 62, Plagiodera lownii Baly. Line = 1mm.

FIGURES 33–38. Habitus photographs of Australian Chrysomelinae, dorsal: 33, Chalcolampra species; 34, Chalcomela nitida (Baly); 35, Chrysolina hyperici (Forster); 36, Cyclonoda pilula (Clark); 37, Deuterocampta quadrijuga (Stål); 38, Diacosma tricolor (Lea). Line = 1mm.

FIGURES 15–20. Female Sphaerotritoma coccinelloides (Lea): 15, anterior; 16, antenna; 17, venter; 18, pro­ and metaventrites; 19, tarsus; 20, tarsal claws.

FIGURES 21–26. Sphaerotritoma species (Mount Lamington): 21, thoracic venter; 22, aedeagus. Sphaerotritoma species. S. coccinelloides (Lea): 23, ovipositor; Sphaerotritoma species (Mount Lamington): 24, female sternite VIII; 25, ovipositor; 26, spermatheca.

FIGURES 1–3. Male Alfius pictipennis (Lea): 1, dorsal; 2, lateral; 3, anterior.