Colubrinae Oppell, 1811

Leviton, Alan E., Siler, Cameron D., Weinell, Jeffrey L. & Brown, Rafe M., 2018, Synopsis of the Snakes of the Philippines, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 64 (14), pp. 399-568 : 429-431

Subfamily Colubrinae Oppell, 1811

Boiga angulata ( Peters, 1861) Photo figure 28 Philippine Blunt-headed Tree Snake

Dipsas (Dipsadomorphus) angulata Peters, 1861:688 .

Boiga angulata, Griffin, 1910:213 ; 1911:263.— Taylor, 1922a:204, pl. 26, figs. 1–3, pl. 27.— Leviton, 1970a:295.— Ross and Gonzales, 1992:64.— Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014:99.

Boiga cf. angulata, Gaulke, 2001:23 , figs. 1a–b; 2011:240–241, figs. 157–158.

TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE SPECIMEN (S).— Leyte Id., Philippines (restricted to “NE shore of Leyte Is. between Tacloban (11°5ʹN, 125°00ʹE) and Dulag (10°57ʹN, 125°02ʹE),” by Wallach et al. [2014:99]). Holotype: ZMB 4000 .

PHILIPPINE DISTRIBUTION (ENDEMIC) ( Map 3C [p. 114]).— Bohol, Catanduanes, Leyte, Luzon (Prov.: Laguna, Sorsogon, Zambales), Mindanao (Prov.: Bukidnon, North Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Zamboanga City), Negros, Panay (Prov.: Alkan, Antique), Panay (Prov.: Antique), Polillo.

REMARKS.— According to Taylor (1923:553), Boiga angulata , also B. schultzei , are related to B. drapiezii (see Leviton [1970a:310–311]; also RM Brown, unpublished data). Jeffrey Weinell (2017, pers. comm.) suggested that the following citations for Boiga angulata are in error inasmuch as the associated images are of B. cynodon ( Ferner, Brown, Sison, and Kennedy [2001:51 {18}]; Devan-Song and Brown [2012:12, fig. 25]).

CONSERVATION STATUS [IUCN].— Least Concern [2016] ver. 3.1.

Boiga cynodon (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827) Photo figure 29 Dog-toothed Cat Snake

Dipsas cynodon H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827:549.

Boiga cynodon, Taylor, 1922a:206 ; 1922d:139; 1923:553.— Leviton, 1970a:299.— Smith, 1993:96.— Gaulke, 1994b:137; 1996:49; 2001:26, fig. 2; 2011:243–245, figs. 159–161.— Ferner, Brown, Sison, and Kennedy, 2001:52 [19].— Oliveros, Ota, Crombie, and Brown, 2011:13, figs. 6C, 6D.— Siler, Welton, Siler, Brown, Bucol, Diesmos, and Brown, 2011:190, fig. 30.— Siler, Swab, Oliveros, Diesmos, Averia, Alcala, and Brown, 2012:456.— Brown, Siler, Oliveros, Welton, Rock, Swab, Van Weerd, van Beijnen, Jose, Rodriguez, Jose, and Diesmos, 2013:74, fig. 75.— Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014:100.— Sanguila, Cobb, Siler, Diesmos Alcala, and Brown, 2016:89.— Supsup, Guinto, Redoblado, and Somez, 2017:7, fig. 5c.

Boiga cf. cynodon, Ferner, Brown, Sison, and Kennedy, 2001:51 [18].

TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE SPECIMEN (S).— Sumatra, Indonesia (in error); corrected to Java, Indonesia (see Wallach et al. [2014:100]). Holotype: RMNH 974 (see remarks in Wallach et al. [2014:100] in re: recognition of holotype specimen).

PHILIPPINE DISTRIBUTION ( Map 3D [p. 114]).— Babuyan Ids. (Calayan, Camiguin Norte), Basilan, Bohol, Carabao, Culion, Dinagat, Inampulugan, Lubang, Leyte, Luzon (Prov.: Aurora, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Sorsogon), Mindanao (Prov.: Agusan del Sur, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, NE Mindanao, Zamboanga City), Negros (Prov.: Negros Occidental), Paan de Azucar , Palawan, Panay (Prov.: Alkan, Antique), Polillo, Romblon, Siquijor, Sulu Archipelago (Sibutu, Tawi-Tawi), Tablas .

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION (OTHER THAN PHILIPPINES).— Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (West and Borneo), Singapore, Camboidia, Thailand, Myanmar, eastern India.

REMARKS.— Ferner et al. (2001:51 [18]) report the discovery of this species, the first for the Visayan Island group, but they pose that the identification remains to be firmly established. See also Remarks for Boiga angulata (above).

CONSERVATION STATUS [IUCN].— Least Concern [2016] ver. 3.1.

Boiga dendrophila divergens Taylor, 1922a Photo figure 30 Northern Philippine Mangrove Snake

Boiga dendrophilia divergens Taylor, 1922a:201 ; 1922c:299; 1922d:139.— Leviton, 1970a:305.— Gaulke, Demegillo, and Vogel, 2005:5 et seq., figs. 4–5.— McLeod, Siler, Diesmos, Diesmos, Garcia, Arkonceo, Balaquit, Uy, Villaseran, Yarra, and Brown, 2011:188, fig. 7D.— Oliveros, Ota, Crombie, and Brown, 2011:14, fig. 7A.— Siler, Welton, Siler, Brown, Bucol, Diesmos, and Brown, 2011:190, fig. 31.— Brown, Siler, Oliveros, Welton, Rock, Swab, Van Weerd, van Beijnen, Jose, Rodriguez, Jose, and Diesmos, 2013:74, fig. 76.

TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE SPECIMEN (S).— Mt. Makiling , Laguna Prov., Luzon Id., Philippines. Holotype: CM 2143 .

PHILIPPINE DISTRIBUTION (ENDEMIC ( Map 4A [p. 115]).— Babuyan Ids. (Calayan), Luzon (Prov.: Aurora, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Sorsogon, Rizal), Polillo.

CONSERVATION STATUS [IUCN].— The conservation status of Boiga dendrophilia divergens has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List [2016] ver. 3.1.

Boiga dendrophila latifasciata ( Boulenger, 1896) Photo figures 31–32 Southern Philippine Mangrove Snake

Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus latifasciatus Boulenger, 1896:71 . Boiga dendrophilia latifasciata, Taylor, 1922a:198 .— Brongersma, 1934:218, pl. 1, figs. 6, 8, 10, pl. 2, figs. 10, 12.— Leviton, 1970a:307.— Smith, 1993:96.— Gaulke, Demegillo, and Vogel, 2005:5 et seq., figs. 6–7.

TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE SPECIMEN (S).— Syntypes from Butuan, Agusan del Norte Prov. and Zamboanga del Sur [Zamboanga City] Prov., Mindanao Id., Philippines . Syntypes: BMNH (not confirmed) .

PHILIPPINE DISTRIBUTION (ENDEMIC) ( Map 4B [p. 115]).— Dinagat (?), Leyte, Mindanao ( Prov. : Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur [Zamboanga City]) , Samar, Siargao .

CONSERVATION STATUS [IUCN].— The conservation status of Boiga dendrophilia latifasciata has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List [2016] ver. 3.1.

Boiga dendrophila levitoni Gaulke, Demegillo, and Vogel, 2005 Photo figure 33 Leviton’s Mangrove Snake; Panay Mangrove Snake

Boiga dendrophila levitoni Gaulke, Demegillo, and Vogel, 2005:8 , figs. 1–3.— Gaulke, 2011:246– 249, figs. 162–164.

Boiga cf. dendrophila, Ferner, Brown, Sison, and Kennedy, 2001:51 [18].

TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE SPECIMEN (S).— Sitio Batiw, Barangay Badiangan, Municipality of Pandan , Antique Prov., Panay Id., Philippines. Holotype: PNM 7940 .

PHILIPPINE DISTRIBUTION (ENDEMIC) ( Map 4C [p. 115]).— Panay (Prov.: Antique, Iloilo [Gigantes Norte Id.] and probably other islands of the West Visayas region).

CONSERVATION STATUS [IUCN].— The conservation status of Boiga dendrophilia levitoni has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List [2016] ver. 3.1.

Boiga dendrophila multicincta ( Boulenger, 1896) Photo figure 34 Palawan Mangrove Snake

Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus multicinctus Boulenger, 1896:71 . Boiga dendrophilia multicincta, Taylor, 1922a:200 , pl. 25, pl. 26, figs. 4–6.— Brongersma, 1934:216.— Leviton, 1970a:309.— Minton and Dunson, 1978:107.— Gaulke, Demegillo, and Vogel, 2005:5 et seq., figs. 8–9.— Dolorosa, 2014:39, fig. 1.

TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE SPECIMEN (S).— restricted to Puerto Princesa, Palawan Id., Philippines by Brongersma (1934:216). Holotype: BMNH (not confirmed).

PHILIPPINE DISTRIBUTION (ENDEMIC) ( Map 4D [p. 115]).— Balabac, Palawan.

REMARKS.— For comments on illegal trading in this and other Palawan snakes as well as habitat distruction, see Dolorosa (2014), also Mendizabal (2011) and Ramirez (2012).

CONSERVATION STATUS [IUCN].— The conservation status of Boiga dendrophilia multicincta has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List [2016] ver. 3.1.