Boiga drapiezii, , Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014

Leviton, Alan E., Siler, Cameron D., Weinell, Jeffrey L. & Brown, Rafe M., 2018, Synopsis of the Snakes of the Philippines, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 64 (14), pp. 399-568 : 431-434

Boiga drapiezii ssp. (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827)

White-spotted Cat Snake

Dipsas drapiezii H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827:549.

Boiga drapiezii, Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014:101 .— Binaday and Lobos, 2016:425 Boiga drapiezii drapiezii, Gaulke, 1994b:137 .

TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE SPECIMEN (S).— Java, Indonesia (see Wallach et al. [2014:101], for restrictions of type locality). Holotype: RMNH 1006 .

PHILIPPINE DISTRIBUTION.— Luzon (Prov.: Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon), Mindanao (Prov.: Zamboanga del Sur [Zamboanga City]), Sulu Archipelago (Tawi-Tawi).

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION (OTHER THAN PHILIPPINES).— (widely distributed according to Vogel [2015:7]) Thailand, Malaysia (West Malaysia and Borneo), Singapore, Indonesia (Java, Mentawai Ids., Sumatra, Naturna Ids., Borneo); Myanmar (fide Lee et al. [2015]).

REMARKS.— As noted above under Boiga angulata , both B. angulata and B. schultzei are likely color variants of B. drapiezii (see early comments by Taylor [1923:553], also Leviton, [1970a:310–311]).

CONSERVATION STATUS [IUCN].— Least Concern [2016] ver. 3.1.

Boiga philippina ( Peters, 1867) Photo figure 35 Luzon Cat Snake

Dipsas philippina W. Peters, 1867:27 . Dipsadomorphus philippinus, Boulenger, 1896:77 . Boiga philippina, Griffin, 1911:263 .— Taylor, 1922a:206.— Leviton, 1970a:312.— Oliveros, Ota, Crombie, and Brown, 2011:14, fig. 7B.— Devan-Song and Brown, 2012:12, fig. 26.— Brown, Siler, Oliveros, Welton, Rock, Swab, van Weerd, van Beijnen, Rodriguez, Jose, and Diesmos, 2013:74, fig. 77.— Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014:104.

TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE SPECIMEN (S).— Ylaces (= Ilocos Prov. ), Luzon Id., Philippines. Holotype: NMW 23401 .

PHILIPPINE DISTRIBUTION (ENDEMIC) ( Map 5A [p. 116]).— Babuyan Ids. (Babuyan Claro), Luzon (Prov.: Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Ilocos, Laguna, Zambales).

REMARKS.— Although Leviton (1970:312) speculated that this species could be conspecific with B. angulata , recent phylogenetic studies (J. Weinell, pers. obser.) seem to rule out the possibilty of a close relationship between the two species. Furthermore, although Vogel (2015:13) suggested that B. philippina belongs to the B. drapiezii complex, his comments do not appear to be based on any new accompanying data.

CONSERVATION STATUS [IUCN].— Least Concern [2016] ver. 3.1. The confusion surrounding the identity and distribution of this species suggests it should be classified as “Data Defficient” until field and taxonomic studies clarify its staus.

Boiga schultzei Taylor, 1923 Photo figure 36 Schultze’s Blunt-headed Tree Snake

Boiga schultzei Taylor, 1923:552 , pl. 3, fig. 3.— Leviton, 1970a:310.

Boiga drapiezii schultzei, Gaulke, 1994b:138 .

TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE SPECIMEN (S).— Palawan Id., Philippines. Holotype: MCZ 25791 . PHILIPPINE DISTRIBUTION (ENDEMIC) ( Map 5B [p. 116]).— Palawan. REMARKS.— Related to and possibly conspecific with Boiga drapiezii ( Taylor [1923:553]; see also

Leviton [1970a:310–311], and RMB, unpublished data). See Remarks above for Boiga

angulata. CONSERVATION STATUS [IUCN].— Least Concern [2016] ver. 3.1.

Coelognathus erythrurus erythrurus ( Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854a) Photo figure 37 Southern Philippine Rat Snake

Plagiodon erythrurus Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854:175 .

Spilotes melanurus, Günther, 1879:78 (Leyte).

Compsosoma melanurum var. manillensis, Müller, 1883:285 (Mindanao) .

Compsosoma melanurum var. erythrurum, Fischer, 1885:80 , 101 (süd-Mindanao).— Boettger, 1886:108 (part: Leyte, Samar, Mindanao).

Coluber erythrurus, Boulenger, 1894:62 (part: northern Leyte).— Boettger, 1895:3, 5 (part: Leyte, Mindanao, Samar, Sulu [= Jolo]); 1898:54 (part: Samar).

Elaphe erythrura, Griffin, 1911:260 (part: northern Leyte, Samar).— Taylor, 1918a:260 (Bongao); 1922a:156 (part: Mindanao).— Leviton, 1979:108.

Elaphe erythrura erythrura, Smith, 1993:97 .— Gaulke, 1994b:140 (part).

Coelognathus erythrurus, Helfenberger 2001:52 .— Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014:169 (part).

Coelognathus erythrura erythrura, David, Pauwels, Lays, and Lenglet, 2006:215 .— Sanguila, Cobb, Siler, Diesmos Alcala, and Brown, 2016:92.

TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE SPECIMEN (S).— Java (in error), corrected to Samar Id., Philippines (see Leviton [1979:108, 110]). Lectotype: MNHN 7224, designated by Leviton [1979:103]).

PHILIPPINE DISTRIBUTION ( Map 10A [p. 121]).— Basilan, Bohol, Camiguin Sur, Camotes Ids. (Pacijan, Poro), Dinagat, Leyte (Prov.: Leyte), Mindanao (Prov.: Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, South Cotabato, Davao, Maguindanao, Misamis Occidental, Sarangani, Zamboanga City), Samar (Prov.: Eastern Samar), Sulu Archipelago (Bongao, Jolo, Siasi). (See summary in David, Pauwels, Lays, and Lenglet [2006:215] [in part].)

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION (OTHER THAN PHILIPPINES).— Indonesia (Sulawesi, Butung) (see Remarks below).

REMARKS.— Leviton (1979:109) noted that specimens he had seen from Leyte, Samar, and eastern Mindanao appeared to have a more variegated mottled pattern on the tail than specimens he had seen from the Zamboanga Peninsula and the Sulu Archipelago, but because of the small sample size, he could not be sure how variable this might be. However, he also observed that in view of the differences seen among populations of other snakes inhabiting both eastern and western Mindanao (e.g., Cyclocorus nuchalis and Rhabdophis auriculara ), and given the island’s past Pleistocene geological history, future investigations may indeed justify recognition of two taxa.

The population inhabiting the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi and Butung may represent a distinct subspecies, E. e. celebensis.

CONSERVATION STATUS [IUCN].— The conservation status of Coelognathus erythrurus erythrurus has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List [2016] ver. 3.1, but IUCN notes that it is list- ed in the Catalogue of Life.

Coelognathus erythrurus manillensis (Jan, 1863) Photo figure 38 Northern Philippine Rat Snake

Compsosoma melanurus, Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854:301 (part: var. C [“varieté de Manille ”]).

Elaphis melanurus manillensis Jan, 1863:61 (based on Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854:301); 1867:Livr. 21, pl. 4, fig. 2.

Coluber erythrurus, Boulenger, 1894:62 (part: Luzon).— Boettger, 1895:3, 5 (part: Luzon); 1898: 54 (Luzon).

Elaphe erythrura, Taylor, 1922a:156 (part: Luzon, Polillo); 1922b:138 (Luzon); 1922d:138.— Brown, Ferner, Sison, Gonzales, and Kennedy, 1996:13.

Elaphe erythrura erythrura, Leviton, 1963c:390 , 395, 403 (Luzon, Mindoro, Polillo).

Elaphe erythrura manillensis, Leviton, 1979:110 .— Brown, McGuire, Ferner, Icarangal Jr., and Kennedy, 2000:189.

Coelognathus erythrurus, Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014:169 (part).

Coelognathus erythrurus manillensis, McLeod, Siler, Diesmos, Diesmos, Garcia, Arkonceo, Balaquit, Uy, Villaseran, Yarra, and Brown, 2011:188 .— Brown, Oliveros, Siler, Fernandez, Welton, Buenavente. Diesmos, and Diesmos, 2012:483.— Devan-Song and Brown, 2012:12.— Brown, Siler, Oliveros, Welton, Rock, Swab, Van Weerd, van Beijnen, Jose, Rodriguez, Jose, and Diesmos, 2013:78, fig. 80.

Coelognathus erythrura manillensis, Oliveros, Ota, Crombie, and Brown, 2011:14 .

TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE SPECIMEN (S).— “ Manille ” . Type based on Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril (1854:301); MNHN (not confirmed).

PHILIPPINE DISTRIBUTION (ENDEMIC) ( Map 10 Bb [p. 121]).— Batanes Ids. (Batan), Babuyan Ids. (Barit, Calayan, Dalupiri), Luzon (Prov.: Albay, Aurora, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifuago, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Manila, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Pampanga, Sorsogon, Zambales), Mindoro (Prov.: Occidental Mindoro), Polillo.

REMARKS.— Reported from Catanduanes Id., off the southeast coast of Luzon (see Elaphe erythrura, Ross and Gonzales [1992:66] , who ascribe color pattern features as most like those of C. e. psephenourus of the Visayan Island group). It may well be that the Polillo, southern Luzon, Cantaduanes populations represent a distinct taxon.

Recent observations (and specimens in Kansas University [ KU] collections) demonstrate that the “psephenoura-like” phenotype maybe widespread on Bicol Peninsula as well (recent KU specimens from Sorsogon Prov.).

CONSERVATION STATUS [IUCN].— The conservation status of Coelognathus erythrurus manillensis has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List [2016] ver. 3.1, but IUCN notes that it is listed in the Catalogue of Life.

Coelognathus erythrurus psephenourus ( Leviton, 1979) Photo figure 39 Western Visayan Rat Snake

Coluber erythrurus, Boulenger, 1894:62 (part: Negros).— Boettger, 1895:3, 5 (part: Negros). Elaphe erythrura, Griffin, 1911:260 (Negros).— Taylor, 1917:359 (Negros); 1922a:156 (part:

Negros). Elaphe eruthrura erythrura, Leviton, 1963c:384 , 298, 402 (part: Cebu, Negros, Panay). Elaphe erythrura psephenoura Leviton, 1979:111 .— Gaulke and Altenbach, 1994:63.— Ferner,

Brown, Sison, and Kennedy, 2001:52[19].— Gaulke, 2001:32; 2011:264–265, figs. 177, 187. Coelognathus erythrura, Bucol, Alcala, Averia, Alcala, and Alcala, 2011:111 . Coelognathus erythrurus, Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014:169 (part). Coelognathus erythrurus psephenoura, Supsup, Puna, Asis, Redoblado, Panaguinit, Guinto, Rico,

Diesmos, Brown, and Mallari, 2016:168, fig. 26.

TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE SPECIMEN (S).— Barrio Asia, Negros Occidental Prov., Negros Id., Philippines. Holotype: CAS 110957 .

PHILIPPINE DISTRIBUTION (ENDEMIC) ( Map 10C [p. 121]).— Cebu, Guimaras, Inampulugan , Masbate, Negros ( Prov. : Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental), Panay (Prov.: Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Iloilo) , Siquijor, Tablas .

REMARKS.— See Remarks under Coelognathus erythrurus manillensis regarding possible presence of this subspecies throughout the Quezon-Bicol Faunal subregion (Catanduanes and Polilllo Ids., and the Bicol Peninsula of Luzon).

CONSERVATION STATUS [IUCN].— The conservation status of Coelognathus erythrurus psephenourus has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List [2016] ver. 3.1, but IUCN notes that it is listed in the Catalogue of Life.