Triplocania species

González-Obando, Ranulfo, Carrejo-Gironza, Nancy & García, Alfonso N., 2021, New species of Triplocania Roesler (Psocodea: ‘ Psocoptera’: Ptiloneuridae) from Colombia and Peru, Zootaxa 5080 (1), pp. 1-63 : 4-11

Key to the males of Triplocania species

Based on González-Obando et al. (2017) and Silva-Neto et al. (2021). It includes 99 species ( Table 1 ). T. marginepicta Roesler, 1940 , is not included because there are no available illustrations, and the holotype was destroyed (Lienhard & Smihters, 2002).

1. Forewing M 3 branched ( Fig. 145 )........................................................................ 2

- Forewing M 3 simple ( Fig. 1 )........................................................................... 14

2. Hypandrium of one sclerite ( Fig. 149 )..................................................................... 3

- Hypandrium of two to four sclerites ( Figs 152 N, K, L , 154G, H )............................................... 6

3. Hypandrium with short, lateral, lobular processes and one central, narrow elongate process distally bilobed ( Figs 149 , 153 K ) ................................................................................................... 4

- Hypandrium with lateral processes not as above ( Fig. 153 M ); central process variable.............................. 5

4. Central process of hypandrium with distal lobes small ( Fig. 153 K ); phallosome with anterior endophallic sclerites fused to form two large lobes, with the outer border sclerotized, rugose ( Fig. 156 H )...... T. lamensuraensis González-Obando et al.

- Central process of hypandrium with distal lobes longer than above ( Fig. 149 ); anterior endophallic sclerites fused, laminar; lateral sclerites laminar, with two acuminate and inwardly curved processes ( Fig. 150 ).... T. sarriae González-Obando et al.

5. Hypandrium with a long, acuminate posterior process, one projection on each antero-lateral side, deeply concave in outer margin, forming two acuminate projections ( Fig. 153 M ), posterior endophallic sclerites with four acuminate projections each, one mesal and three distal............................................................. T. newi Silva-Neto et al.

- Hypandrium with a short acuminate projection posteriorly, one projection on each antero-lateral side, deeply cleft in the middle ( Fig. 154 O ), posterior endophallic sclerites with three acuminate projections each..................... T. calcarata New

6. Hypandrium of three sclerites, central sclerite with a posterior, median elongate process ( Figs 154 G, H ) or one-two pairs of posterior processes ( Figs 152 N, K )...................................................................... 7

- Hypandrium of two or four sclerites, the antero-central sclerite with a pair of long, acuminate, horn-shaped processes, strongly curved distally ( Figs 152 N, K, L ; 154 G, H ); posterior sclerite with an acuminate or spatulate process................. 12

7. Forewings with a brown marginal band from R 4+5 to CuA 2; central sclerite of hypandrium with only an elongate median process...................................................... T. palaciosi García Aldrete & Casasola González

- Forewings without a brown marginal band as above; central sclerite of hypandrium with a variable number of posterior processes, median process present or absent ( Figs 152 N, K )................................................... 8

8. Central sclerite of hypandrium with only postero-lateral processes ( Figs 152 K, N, L )............................... 9

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with two pairs of elongate and acuminate postero-lateral processes and a median process ( Figs 154 G, H ).......................................................................................... 11

9. Postero-lateral processes of the central sclerite of the hypandrium curved outward ( Fig. 152 N )... T. pains Silva- Neto et al.

- Postero-lateral processes of the central sclerite of the hypandrium straight ( Figs 152 K, L ).......................... 10

10. Central sclerite of hypandrium flanked by large, almost triangular sclerites; posterior projections leaving a wide concavity between them ( Fig. 152 K ); distal ends of posterior endophallic sclerites acuminate, paraprocts triangular......................................................................................... T. mariateresae Silva-Neto et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium flanked by two small, elongate sclerites; posterior projections leaving a narrow concavity between them ( Fig. 152 L ); distal ends of posterior endophallic sclerites blunt, paraprocts semi-elliptic............................................................................................. T. plaumanni Silva-Neto et al.

11. Central sclerite of hypandrium with median, posterior, long acuminate process, longer than the lateral ones ( Fig. 154 H ); phallosome with phallobase almost straight proximally, posterior endophallic sclerite sinuous distally, with strongly curved tapered distal process ( Fig. 156 K )............................................................ T. furcata New

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with median, posterior, stout process, longer than the lateral ones ( Fig. 154 G ); phallobase curved proximally toward the mesal line; posterior endophallic sclerites almost straight distally, with curved, tapered apical process and two curved, ante-apical small teeth ( Fig. 156 L )..................... T. furcatoides González-Obando et al.

12. Hypandrium of two sclerites, acuminate processes of anterior sclerite each with a basal tooth ( Fig. 154 L ), posterior sclerite with spatulate posterior process, dilated distally; phallosome with side struts independent, each anteriorly wide ( Fig. 156 G )................................................................... T. leguizamoensis González-Obando et al.

- Hypandrium of four sclerites, acuminate processes of anterior sclerite without basal tooth ( Figs 154 J, K ); posterior sclerites with a short, stout, tapered posterior process............................................................... 13

13 Posterior sclerite of hypandrium with posterior process stout, about as long as the antero-posterior length of the anterior sclerite; sickle-shaped lateral processes of the anterior sclerite long, extending beyond the side sclerites ( Fig. 154K ).............................................................................................. T. lamasi Silva-Neto et al.

- Posterior sclerite of hypandrium with posterior process slender, much longer than the antero-posterior length of the anterior sclerite ( Fig. 154 J ); sickle-shaped lateral processes of the anterior sclerite short, not extending beyond the side sclerites............................................................................... T. lamasoides Silva-Neto et al.

14. Hypandrium of one sclerite clearly defined ( Fig. 154 F )...................................................... 15

- Hypandrium of three or five sclerites..................................................................... 26

15. Forewings with a brown marginal band, from R 4+5 to CuA2 or to wing base; hypandrium with one or two posterior processes ( Figs 154 F, L, N ).................................................................................... 16

- Forewings hyaline or with brown spots, without well defined submarginal band; hypandrium variable................. 19

16. Hypandrium with two posterior processes ( Fig. 154 F )...................................................... 17

- Hypandrium with one median posterior process ( Fig. 154 N ).................................................. 18

17. Forewings with a brown marginal band, from R 4+5 to wing base, with hyaline fenestrae at wing margin; hypandrium with apical acuminate processes on each side, directed outward, with wide concavity between them ( Fig. 154 F )................................................................................................. T. lauziae Moura Lima et al.

- Forewings with a brown marginal band, from R 4+5 to CuA1, without hyaline fenestrae at wing margin, forewings proximally brown; hypandrium with two posterior processes, large, stout, each arm acuminate and forked ( Fig. 153 L ).............................................................................................. T. bravoi Silva-Neto et al.

18. Hypandrium with posterior process widening distally, arising from emarginate posterior border ( Fig. 154 N )..................................................................................................... T. caudata New

- Hypandrium with posterior process long and deeply concave apically ( Fig. 153 C ).......... T. caudatoides García Aldrete

19. Hypandrium with sides deeply concave in the middle, strongly sclerotized proximally, less sclerotized distally, without lateral or posterior processes ( Fig. 154 P ).................................................. T. annyae Moura Lima et al.

- Hypandrium not as above, with or without latero-posterior processes........................................... 20

20. Hypandrium wide, anteriorly convex, with a posterior median process, wide at base, constricted in the middle and rounded distally ( Fig. 154 Q ); phallosome with antero-mesal pair of endophallic sclerites subdivided into small V-shaped pieces, chainshaped ( Fig. 155 I ).............................................................. T. miltoni Moura Lima et al.

- Hypandrium variable, wide or not as above................................................................ 21

21. Hypandrium wide, with two slender, curved outward postero-lateral processes ( Fig. 154 C )..... T. cervantesi García Aldrete

- Hypandrium variable, if broadened not with posterior processes like above ( Figs 17 , 153 N , 154 A, B, I ).............. 22

22. Hypandrium anchor-shaped, proximal lateral processes stout, distally truncate, posterior processes stout, club-shaped, distally dilated, bearing short, acuminate processes on the surface, a U-shaped, smooth process in the concavity between the posterior processes ( Fig. 154 I ); phallosome with anterior pair of endophallic sclerites large, transverse, S-shaped, almost together mesally ( Fig. 155 M )............................................................ T. ferratilis Silva-Neto et al.

- Hypandrium and phallosome not as above................................................................ 23

23. Hypandrium broad, with two widely separated lateral-posterior processes and a median one ( Figs 153 N , 154 B )........ 24

- Hypandrium broad, with one median posterior process or with two broad processes ( Figs 17 , 154 A ).................. 25

24. Hypandrium with a large, central setose lobe, with a slender posterior projection on each side, bent posteriorly, distally dilated ( Fig. 154 B )................................................................. T. halffterorum García Aldrete

- Hypandrium with a small, weakly sclerotized central lobe and a pair of well sclerotized lateral lobes curving medially and bearing numerous spines ( Fig. 153 N )..................................................... T. spinosa Mockford

25. Hypandrium with a single median posterior process, acuminate; anterior endophallic sclerite transverse, sausage-shaped, with a row of short denticles along posterior border ( Fig. 154 A ); mesal sclerite broadly H-shaped, with anterior arms stout; posterior pair with each arm of two pieces, the anterior one wide, anteriorly acuminate, the posterior one elongate, curved, distally wide, with denticles along the posterior border ( Fig. 156 M )................................ T. awa González-Obando et al.

- Hypandrium without median posterior process as above, with two wide posterior processes closely separated, each one broadly rounded distally ( Fig. 17 ); anterior endophallic sclerite transverse, not as above; mesal endophallic sclerite broadly X-shaped, posterior arms short, anterior arms long, with a rectangular protuberance between them ( Fig. 18 )...... T. antioquensis n. sp.

26. Forewing with U-shaped pigmented band from the apex of the areola postica to the anterior and posterior ends of pterostigma, forewing M abruptly concave before its first bifurcation...................................................... 27

- Forewing without U-shaped pigmented band from the apex of the areola postica to the anterior and posterior ends of pterostigma as above, forewing M not abruptly concave before its first bifurcation as above, pigmentation variable................. 29

27. Hypandrium of three sclerites, central sclerite with one short, almost triangular projection on each antero-lateral extreme, and a long, slender projection in the middle.................................................... T. magnifica Roesler

- Hypandrium of five sclerites, central sclerite variable, but not as above ( Figs 153 A, B )............................ 28

28. Central sclerite of hypandrium with elongate posterior process in the middle, posterior pair of sclerites stout, curved outward, strongly sclerotized distally, with a field of strong, short spines ( Fig. 153B ).................. T. manueli Silva-Neto et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with median process very small, posterior pair of sclerites small and proximally close to the central sclerite ( Fig. 153 A ); external parameres of the phallosome wide and slightly concave distally................................................................................................... T. rosae Silva-Neto et al.

29. Central sclerite of hypandrium asymmetric distally, with apex directed dorsally ( Figs 152 B, E ); forewings with a brown marginal band, from R 4+5 to end of CuP; anterior endophallic sclerite of three arms or processes, one central............ 30

- Central sclerite of hypandrium subsymmetric ( Figs 152 P , 154 R ), forewings hyaline or with brown marginal band; anterior endophallic sclerites paired or variable, usually with two central processes or fused to the lateral..................... 33

30. Phallosome with antero-mesal endophallic sclerites projected caudally to about the level of the apex of the external parameres ( Figs 156 A, B ); pair of posterior endophallic sclerites with arms not distally overlapping........................... 31

- Phallosome with short antero-mesal endophallic sclerites, not projected caudally to the level of the apex of the external parameres ( Figs 156 C, D ); pair of posterior endophallic sclerites asymmetric, each arm anteriorly curved and distally overlapping.... .................................................................................................. 32

31. Central sclerite of hypandrium with a stout, median posterior projection, arrow-shaped distally, slanted to the left ( Fig. 152 B ). Endophallic sclerites slender, mesal sclerite smooth, narrowing distally, a round asymmetric sclerite anteriorly on the left, bearing a row of teeth along anterior border ( Fig. 156 B )........................ T. felidiaensis González-Obando et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with an acute, median posterior projection, slanted to the right ( Fig. 152 E ). Anterior pair of endophallic sclerites distally narrow, acuminate, with arms long and slender; mesal sclerite dilated proximally, narrowing distally, acuminate, bearing a row of short straight spines along the sides, bending to the left ( Fig. 156 A )......................................................................................... T. calima González-Obando et al.

32. Posterior pair of endophallic sclerites curved and acuminate distally; mesal sclerite with median projection stout, distally forked, both arms acuminate, one straight and the other curved, bearing an anteapical denticle on the inner border ( Fig. 156 D )................................................................ T. mariacarmenae González-Obando et al. Posterior pair of endophallic sclerites with right one distally curved, acuminate; left one distally curved, apically dilated, with a row of teeth on outer border; mesal pair with arms slender, and a stout median projection bearing distally a row of teeth ( Fig. 156 C ).............................................................. T. humboldtiana González-Obando et al.

33. Forewing pterostigma strongly angulate, projected in the middle towards Rs; central sclerite of hypandrium with lateral fields of short, strong spines, two mesal, longitudinal rows of short spines, and two short, blunt ended posterior processes ( Fig. 152 P )........................................................................... T. manauara Silva-Neto et al.

- Forewing pterostigma not angulate as above; central sclerite of hypandrium variable, of three or five sclerites, without rows of spines as above..................................................................................... 34

34. Central sclerite of hypandrium capsule-shaped, with two lateral posterior acuminate processes, strongly curved outward; inner edge with a row of teeth, arising from widely separated basal protrusions ( Fig. 154 R ).................. T. reflexa Roesler

- Central sclerite of hypandrium variable in shape and number of posterior processes, if two postero-lateral processes, these without teeth as above ( Figs 5 , 119 , 143 ).................................................................. 35

35. Central sclerite of hypandrium with 2 to 4 acuminate lateral posterior processes widely separated ( Figs 5 , 119 , 143 ); posteromesal endophallic sclerites well developed, tapered and curved outward, mesal endophallic sclerite transverse ( Figs 6 , 120 , 144 )............................................................................................... 36

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with 2 to 3 short posterior processes, acuminate or rounded distally ( Figs 152 M, R , 153 D ) or as wide laminar lobes distally; endophallic sclerites variable, with or without postero-mesal sclerites, mesal sclerite variable, with or without posterior endophallic sclerites............................................................. 40

36. Forewings with broad brown spots at the end of veins R and M, or with distal sub- marginal pigmented band ( Figs 1 , 121 ).. .................................................................................................. 37

- Forewings hyaline ( Figs 21 , 116 in González-Obando et al. 2017).............................................. 39

37. Central sclerite of hypandrium with two long, slender, median acuminate posterior processes, widely separated ( Fig. 119 ); mesal endophallic sclerite without median posterior process, postero-mesal endophallic sclerites broad, distally acuminate ( Fig. 120 )........................................................................... T. tahuantisuyuensis n. sp.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with three or four acuminate posterior processes, widely separated ( Figs 5 , 143 ); mesal endophallic sclerite with median posterior acuminate process or triangular; postero- mesal endophallic sclerites acuminate and curved outward ( Fig. 144 ) or straight and with short acuminate and curved outward process ( Fig. 6 ).................. 38

38. Forewings with broad pale brown spots at the end of veins R and M, without distal submarginal band ( Fig. 1 ); central sclerite of hypandrium with four acuminate posterior processes, median ones widely separated and inclined laterally, longer than the lateral processes ( Fig. 5 )................................................................... T. altamira n. sp.

- Forewings with distal submarginal band from R2+3 to A1 ( Fig. 139 ); central sclerite of hypandrium with three acuminate posterior processes, the median one slender, shorter than the laterals and straight ( Fig. 143 ).................................................................................................. T. matildae González-Obando et al.

39. Central sclerite of hypandrium without median process, with short acuminate teeth proximally on the inner side of the acuminate lateral process ( Fig. 152 I ); posterior endophallic sclerites strongly enlarged anteriorly, with short processes directed outward; mesal sclerite transverse..................................................... T. andaqui González-Obando et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with two teeth or median processes ( Fig. 152 J ); posterior endophallic sclerites enlarged anteriorly but not as above ( Fig. 156 I )......................................... T. dimitrii González-Obando et al.

40. Central sclerite of hypandrium with two lateral, short posterior processes ( Fig. 154 M ); forewings hyaline................................................................................................... T. immaculata New

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with two wide lobes, with one-two median posterior processes or two lateral; forewings variable........................................................................................... 41

41. Mesal endophallic sclerite of two separate sclerites (left and right), clearly developed, if fused, then laminar and concave anteriorly, with extensive membranous posterior area and inwardly curved sclerotized latero-posterior processes ( Figs 96 , 155 N , 156 F )........................................................................................... 42

- Mesal endophallic sclerite single (left and right fused), of variable shape ( Figs 30 , 66 , 102 , 156 J, Q, R )................ 65

42. Forewings with brown to yellow marginal band from R1, R 2+3 or R 4+5 to CuA2, pterostigma with proximal and distal brown band, or brown band distally, fully pigmented.............................................................. 43

- Forewings almost hyaline, without marginal pigmented band, or, if present, poorly defined or with faint brown to yellowish submarginal band from R 2+3 or R 4+5 to areola postica, pterostigma with or without brown bands ( Figs 73 , 91 )............ 46

43. Central sclerite of hypandrium with two postero-lateral processes, widely separated; pterostigma with distal brown band.. 44

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with or without postero-lateral processes, two median processes wide basally and curved outward distally; pterostigma with proximal and distal brown bands................................................... 45

44. Forewings with a marginal pigmented band from R1, pterostigma pigmented; postero-lateral processes of central sclerite of hypandrium not widened, distally bulged, ( Fig. 153 D ); mesal pair of endophallic sclerites with outer arms curved, distally acuminate, outer border with a row of small pointed processes; inner arms straight, distally acuminate; posterior pair with arms curved, elongate, distally acuminate ( Fig. 156 F )............................... T. lithophila González-Obando et al.

- Forewings with marginal pigmented band from R2+3; pterostigma only pigmented distally; postero-lateral processes of central sclerite of hypandrium with two large, robust, wide, blunt ended, postero-lateral processes, not distally bulged; endophallic sclerites not as above............................................................. T. vazquezae García Aldrete

45. Central sclerite of hypandrium with two median stout processes, curved outward distally, each arm with a rounded protuberance on the inner surface ( Fig. 152 R )............................................... T. tambopataensis García Aldrete

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with antero-lateral processes directed posteriorly, central body with acuminate distal processes, directed outward ( Fig. 152 M ).................................................. T. paranaensis Silva-Neto et al.

46. Central sclerite of hypandrium with median, very short, bilobed posterior process, leaving between them a small U-shaped concavity ( Figs 152 F, G ); forewings with a brown spot at the apices of the areola postica.......................... 47

- Central sclerite of hypandrium not as above ( Figs 95 , 151 N , 152 H ); forewings not as above........................ 48

47. Hypandrium with side sclerites and central piece similar in size; central sclerite with two short postero-lateral processes ( Fig. 152 F ); endophallic sclerites as in Figure 155 N. ........................................ T . erwini Silva-Neto et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium larger than lateral sclerites, without lobular lateral processes ( Fig. 152 G ); endophallic sclerites not as above............................................................... T. kichwa González-Obando et al.

48. Setae of forewing veins not arising from brown areolae ( Fig. 91 ), Rs after transverse r-m almost straight and almost as long or shorter than R

4+5

..................................................................................... 49

- Setae of forewing veins arising from brown areolae ( Figs 73 , 79 , 85 ), Rs after transverse r-m with pronounced concavity, much longer than R 4+5 ..................................................................................... 56

49. Mesal endophallic sclerite fused (left and right), concave anteriorly, with extensive membranous posterior area and inwardly curved sclerotized latero-posterior processes ( Fig. 96 ); forewings almost hyaline, with dark brown spots in pterostigma and anal cells ( Fig. 91 )....................................................................... T. mancocapaci n. sp.

- Mesal endophallic sclerite of two separate sclerites or not well defined ( Figs 155 B, H ); forewings hyaline or with variable spots.............................................................................................. 50

50. Central sclerite of hypandrium transverse, with a stout, wide based, distally blunt posterior process on each side ( Fig. 152 H ); forewings hyaline, pterostigma with brown band proximally, veins with large pigmented spots on ends of R 2+3, R 4+5, M 1 -M 3 and CuA...................................................................... T. brailovskyana García Aldrete

- Central sclerite of hypandrium without posterior processes on each side as above, forewings with variable spots........ 51

51. Central sclerite of hypandrium with a median, stout, short to elongate, posterior process ( Fig. 151 C ); forewings hyaline.. 52

- Central sclerite of hypandrium medially projected, lobed apically ( Figs 151E, I ), forewings hyaline or with a pale brown marginal band from R 4+5 to CuP......................................................................... 54

52. Central sclerite of hypandrium with a median, stout, short, not bilobed distally posterior process ( Fig. 151 C ) phallosome with endophallic sclerites as in Figure 155 H.......................................... T . mariaelinae Silva-Neto et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with a median posterior process, elongate and bilobed distally ( Figs 151 F, G ), endophallic sclerites variable..................................................................................... 53

53. Central sclerite of hypandrium with antero-lateral corners projected laterally, with apices rounded; postero mesal process with lobes five times as long as wide ( Fig. 151 G ); mesal pair of endophallic sclerites Y-shaped, inner arms projected in the middle, narrowing at the end, with triangular apices, almost together in the middle of endophallus, outer arms stout, elongate, curved inward, widening at the end, bearing a subterminal tooth on outer margin.................... T. brancoi Silva-Neto et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with antero-lateral corners projected, triangular, with acuminate apices; postero mesal process with lobes 2.5 times as long as wide ( Fig. 151 F ); mesal pair of endophallic sclerites Y-shaped, with inner arms projected in the middle, elongate, curved outward, narrowing at the end, acuminate distally, outer arms stout, elongate, sinuous, narrowing at the end, without a subterminal tooth on outer margin ( Fig. 155 B )........................... T. zairae Silva-Neto et al.

54. Median process of central sclerite of hypandrium with apical lobes elongate and curved outward; forewings hyaline............................................................................................. T. lucida Roesler

- Median process of central sclerite of hypandrium with apical lobes not as above ( Figs 151 E, I ); forewings with a pale brown marginal band from R 4+5 to CuP......................................................................... 55

55. Central sclerite of hypandrium anteriorly convex, posterior process stout, slightly bilobed distally ( Fig. 151 E ), endophallic sclerites as in Figure 155 G.......................................................... T . calori Silva-Neto et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium wider distally than above ( Fig. 151 I ); endophallic sclerites as in Figure 155 E......................................................................................... T . capixaba Silva-Neto et al.

56. Central sclerite of hypandrium with side processes, posterior median process short, stout, distally bilobed ( Fig. 151 N ); mesal endophallic sclerites well developed, posterior sclerites anteriorly wide, narrowing distally, curved inward, acuminate....................................................................... T. amacayacuensis González-Obando et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium elongate, distally with two very short or long median lobes ( Figs 77 , 151 L, P ).......... 57

57. Central sclerite of hypandrium with posterior median processes slender, bifid ( Fig. 151 H )......... T. bifida García Aldrete

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with posterior median processes wide, not as above ( Figs 77 , 151 L, P )................ 58

58. Central sclerite of hypandrium with medium to large, median apical lobes ( Figs 151 J, L, P )........................ 59

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with short or non-protruding median apical lobes ( Figs 77 , 83 , 89 ).................... 63

59. Central sclerite of hypandrium with long, median apical lobes ( Figs 151 L, P ); posterior endophallic sclerites proximally slender, wider in the middle, distally curved inward, with the border denticulate ( Figs 155 E, F, G, K )................. 60

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with mid to short, median apical lobes ( Figs 151 J, Q ); posterior endophallic sclerites not as above ( Figs 155 O, G )................................................................................ 62

60. Forewings with setae of CuA1 not arising from brown areolae...................... T. asisensis González-Obando et al.

- Forewings with setae of CuA1 arising from brown areolae.................................................... 61

61. Anterior pair of endophallic sclerites T-shaped, anteriorly ending in three acuminate processes, bent posteriorly, two short near the end, and one long, slender, curved inward; inner and outer arms blunt ended........ T. ecuatorianoides Silva-Neto et al.

- Anterior pair of endophallic sclerites T-shaped, anteriorly ending in a stout acuminate process, bent posteriorly, long, curved inward, inner and outer arms distally acuminate ( Fig. 155 F )........................... T. ecuatoriana Silva-Neto et al.

62. Central sclerite of hypandrium with posterior median process much slender than above, distally concave, lobes smaller than above ( Fig. 151 J ); mesal endophallic sclerites of two arms, each distally blunt ( Fig. 155 O )..... T. alfonsoi Silva-Neto et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with posterior median process distally concave, lobes directed outward ( Fig. 151 Q ); mesal endophallic sclerites not as above............................................... T. umbratoides Silva-Neto et al.

63. Posterior endophallic sclerites with two apical elongate and acuminate processes curved inward ( Fig. 90 ), anterior endophallic sclerites, with abundant short denticles along the inner margins................................... T. hawkingi n. sp.

- Posterior endophallic sclerites with three apical short teeth curved inward ( Figs 78 , 84 ); anterior endophallic sclerites, with less extensive length of short denticles along the inner margins ( Figs 78 , 84 )......................................... 64

64. Central arms of anterior endophallic sclerites spatulate, rounded apically, internal arms distally with pointed processes ( Fig. 78 ).................................................................................. T. fabridiazi n. sp.

- Central arms of anterior endophallic sclerites narrower than above, pointed distally, internal arms without pointed processes as above ( Fig. 84 )........................................................................... T. galileii n. sp.

65. Mesal endophallic sclerite with two long anterior arms curved outward, distally dilated; pair of posterior sclerites small, near the apices of the mesal sclerite and the external parameres ( Fig. 156 J ); central sclerite of hypandrium elongate, with lateralposterior processes, bearing on outer and inner corners, slender, pointed projections, and a small denticle distally on the inner border ( Fig. 153 J )........................................................ T. bicornuta González-Obando et al.

- Mesal endophallic sclerite not as above, variable in shape ( Figs 30 , 66 , 102 , 156 Q ); central sclerites of hypandrium variable .................................................................................................. 66

66. Central sclerite of hypandrium strongly convex anteriorly, with a pigmented band along the border, a rounded hyaline central area, with two median, small posterior processes, leaving between them a concavity ( Fig. 153 O ); mesal endophallic sclerite broadly X-shaped ( Fig. 156 Q ).............................................. T. chocoensis González-Obando et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium variable, not as above ( Figs 151 B , 152 S, T ) mesal endophallic sclerites variable ( Figs 30 , 66 , 102 )............................................................................................... 67

67. Central sclerite of hypandrium with two robust, wide posterior processes, with the inner borders strongly sclerotized, each with a short basal process on its inner margin ( Fig. 152 S ); phallosome with side struts U-shaped, not fused to external parameres; mesal sclerite W-shaped, with two stout postero-mesal sclerites, distally curved inward, with blunt apices; forewings with a pale brown marginal band from R 4+5 to the areola postica................................ T. diamantina Moura Lima et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium not as above ( Figs 77 , 83 ); phallosome and forewings variable....................... 68

68. Forewings with setae on the veins arising from brown areolae ( Figs 25 , 73 , 85 ); mesal endophallic sclerites laminar, with anterior margin concave or convex, posterior margin rounded, with short projections or acuminate processes, without elongate processes as above ( Figs 30 , 155 C ); anterior pair of endophallic sclerites small, oval and spiculous.................. 69

- Forewings with setae on the veins not arising from brown areolae ( Figs 43 , 55 , 97 ); mesal endophallic sclerites usually with three-seven elongate processes in the anterior and posterior margins ( Figs 66 , 102 ), sometimes laminar; anterior pair of endophallic sclerites not as above....................................................................... 71

69. Posterior endophallic sclerites large, posterior margin with four to five acuminate processes directed outward ( Fig. 30 ); central sclerite of hypandrium with triangular median posterior process ( Fig. 28 )....................................... 70

- Posterior endophallic sclerites without acuminate processes as above; central sclerite of hypandrium with a spearhead-shaped median posterior process ( Fig. 152 T )................................................. T. pumas Silva-Neto et al.

70. Posterior margin of mesal endophallic sclerite with six small, acuminate processes (three on each side) ( Fig. 30 )............................................................................................ T. antisuyuensis n. sp.

- Posterior margin of mesal endophallic sclerite with two small median, acuminate processes ( Fig. 155 C )............................................................................................ T. triangularis Silva-Neto et al.

71. Central sclerite of hypandrium with each postero-lateral corner projected, each with a large, rounded, outer lobe with a distal field of stout spines, and a smaller, blunt elongate inner lobe, covered with small, slender spines ( Fig. 152 U )......................................................................................... T. saslayensis García Aldrete

- Central sclerite of hypandrium not as above ( Figs 47 , 59 , 65 ).................................................. 72

72. Mesal endophallic sclerite laminar, transverse, without processes, biconcave anteriorly, convex posteriorly, widest in the middle, narrowing to the sides; central sclerite of hypandrium with three acuminate posterior process, well separated from each other ( Fig. 152 O )................................................................. T. trifida Silva-Neto et al.

- Mesal endophallic sclerite with three-seven elongate processes in the anterior and posterior margins ( Figs 66 , 102 , 151 W , 153 H ); central sclerite of hypandrium variable, not as above ( Fig. 65 )............................................. 73

73. Pair of anterior endophallic sclerites fused into a large, wide plate, mesal endophallic sclerite with five elongate processes, two antero-lateral, two postero-lateral and one postero-median ( Figs 48 , 60 , 66 ); posterior median lobes of central sclerite of hypandrium elongate, rounded distally ( Fig. 65 )............................................................ 74

- Mesal endophallic sclerite with three to seven elongate processes, if five, then anterior pair of endophallic sclerites not fused into a large, wide plate, or postero-lateral processes forked ( Figs 102 , 151 W , 153 H )............................... 76

74. Postero-median processes of central sclerite of hypandrium stout, distally rounded, with a row of short teeth along each inner margin, not reaching the apex ( Fig. 65 )....................................................... T. einsteini n. sp.

- Postero-median processes of central sclerite of hypandrium without rows of short teeth along the inner margins ( Figs 47 , 59 ) .................................................................................................. 75

75. Postero-median processes of central sclerite of hypandrium elongate and directed outward ( Fig. 47 ), median-posterior process of mesal endophallic sclerite truncate distally ( Fig. 48 )........................................ T. caguanensis n. sp.

- Postero-median processes of central sclerite of hypandrium stouter than above, straight, directed posteriorly ( Fig. 59 ); mesal endophallic sclerite wider than above, median-posterior process shorter than above, distally rounded ( Fig. 60 )................................................................................................. T. caquetensis n. sp.

76. Mesal endophallic sclerite with three acuminate posterior processes, two lateral and one median ( Fig. 102 )..................................................................................................... T. molanoi n. sp.

- Mesal endophallic sclerite with four-seven processes ( Figs 114 , 156 E, P )........................................ 77

77. Mesal endophallic sclerites with five to seven processes, postero-laterals widely separated ( Figs 156 E, P ), median sclerites acuminate or distally truncate, very short or long........................................................... 78

- Mesal endophallic sclerites with four processes, posterior processes widely separated or close together ( Fig. 114 )........ 80

78 Forewings with a Y-shaped spur vein on vein M 1; mesal endophallic sclerite with median process stout and truncate distally, antero-lateral sclerites with crisscrossed acuminate processes ( Fig. 156 E ); central sclerite of hypandrium oval, with short bilobed median posterior process ( Fig. 151 W )................................... T. arhuaca González-Obando et al.

- Forewings without a Y-shaped spur vein on vein M 1 ( Fig. 109 ); mesal endophallic sclerite with median process pointed ( Figs 114 , 156 P )......................................................................................... 79

79. Mesal endophallic sclerite with short, acuminate median process, latero-posterior processes stout, distally denticulate ( Fig. 156 P ).................................................................... T. mocoaensis González-Obando et al.

- Mesal endophallic sclerite with long, acuminate median process, latero-posterior processes acuminate, distally not denticulate ( Fig. 114 ); central sclerite of hypandrium with postero-lateral processes stout, distally rounded, converging to the middle ( Fig 113 )................................................................................... T. roesleri n. sp.

80. Pair of anterior endophallic sclerites large, wide; mesal endophallic sclerites with postero-lateral processes forked, internal processes acuminate; posterior endophallic sclerites with long acuminates processes ( Fig. 155 P ); central sclerite of hypandrium with two posterior median processes, close together, mid-sized, distally rounded ( Figs 151 T , 154 D )................. 81

- Pair of anterior endophallic sclerites not as large and wide as above, if large and wide, then mesal endophallic sclerites with postero-lateral processes not forked ( Figs 151 V , 152 A , 153 G )................................................ 83

81. Posterior endophallic sclerites with five-six elongate and acuminate processes; mesal endophallic sclerite of two well separated posterior, acuminate arms, each with a pre-apical small tooth on outer margin ( Fig. 155P )....... T. fapeam Silva-Neto et al.

- Posterior endophallic sclerites with three-four elongate and acuminate processes ( Fig. 155 L ); mesal endophallic sclerite with central anterior margin concave or bilobed, posterior processes close or separated ( Figs 151 V , 152 A , 153 G )........... 82

82. Mesal endophallic sclerite with two stout, posterior processes, distally concave, asymmetric ( Fig. 155 L )................................................................................................. T. inpa Silva-Neto et al.

- Mesal endophallic sclerite with two posterior processes, wider anteriorly, narrowing distally, concave, asymmetric ( Fig. 156 N )....................................................................... T. huitota González-Obando et al.

83. Mesal endophallic sclerites with postero-lateral processes close together or forming an elongate U-shaped gap ( Figs 152 A , 153 G )................................................................................................ 84

- Mesal endophallic sclerites with postero-lateral processes clearly separated, forming a wide U or V-shaped gap ( Fig. 151 V ). .................................................................................................. 86

84. Central sclerite of hypandrium with a median, distally bilobed posterior process, and a broad process on each posterior lateral corner, each bearing a rounded lateral projection, with a row of short, sclerotized teeth along the posterior border ( Fig. 153 G ); mesal endophallic sclerite with posterior arms close together, separated by a short, V-shaped gap................................................................................................ T. rugosa González-Obando et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium convex anteriorly, bilobed posteriorly, with apex widely rounded and closely spaced ( Fig. 152 A ); mesal endophallic sclerite with posterior arms straight, acuminate, close together, U-shaped separation elongate ( Fig. 156 S )................................................................................................. 85

85. Postero-mesal endophallic sclerites distinct, with two large apical teeth curved outward, lateral endophallic sclerites distally curved inward ( Fig. 156 S )................................................ T. robustoides González-Obando et al.

- Postero-mesal endophallic sclerites not differentiated, lateral endophallic sclerites distally curved outward............................................................................................... T. robusta García Aldrete

86. Mesal endophallic sclerite with space between posterior arms V-shaped......................................... 87

- Mesal endophallic sclerite with space between posterior arms U-shaped, narrow or wide............................ 92

87. Central sclerite of hypandrium with one median posterior process, flanked by lateral median processes, close to the median one ( Fig. 151 V )....................................................................... T. maesi García Aldrete

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with two lateral posterior processes, a median process bilobed distally or with only one median posterior process ( Figs 151 K, M, X )..................................................................... 88

88. Central sclerite of hypandrium without postero-lateral processes ( Fig. 151 K ).......... T. cantatis González-Obando et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with postero-lateral processes ( Figs 151 M, X ).................................... 89

89. Central sclerite of hypandrium with two broadly rounded median processes ( Fig. 151 M )........................... 90

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with median processes narrower than above ( Fig. 34 ).............................. 91

90. Central sclerite of hypandrium with postero-lateral processes directed outward, with stout, deeply obtusely concave median process, with setose lobes ( Fig. 151 M )................................... T. garciamarquezi González-Obando et al.

- Inner margin of lateral processes of central sclerite of hypandrium with short, sclerotized teeth, also between these and median processes; median lobes large, occupying more than 1/3 of the posterior margin, distally rounded and directed laterally ( Fig. 151 X )................................................................ T. pericosensis González-Obando et al.

91. Central sclerite of hypandrium with median process distally concave; postero-lateral processes distally curved inward ( Fig. 151 O ); lateral endophallic sclerites distally oval, acuminate, with short denticles ( Fig. 156 T ).................................................................................................... T. yanacona González-Obando et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with median process obtusely concave distally; postero-lateral processes straight ( Fig. 35 ); lateral endophallic sclerites not distally oval, truncate ( Fig. 36 ).................................. T. atratoensis n. sp.

92. Central sclerite of hypandrium with only median posterior process ( Fig. 151 D )........... T. rondoniensis García Aldrete

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with variable processes....................................................... 93

93. Phallosome without evident posterior endophallic sclerites ( Fig. 132 )........................................... 94

- Phallosome with posterior endophallic sclerites well developed ( Fig. 108 )....................................... 95

94. Central sclerite of hypandrium with median process divided in two stout halves, close together, each distally dilated; anterolateral processes short, acuminate, curved inward ( Fig. 131 )..................................... T. yupanquii n. sp.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with two distinct, stout, postero-lateral processes, each narrowing distally, widely separated, lateral processes absent ( Fig. 153 I )............................................ T. embera González-Obando et al.

95. Mesal endophallic sclerite broad, with five processes, three anterior and two posterior ( Fig. 153 F ); posterior endophallic sclerites large, robust, distally with two-three small, pointed processes ( Fig. 156 O )..... T. camentsa González-Obando et al.

- Mesal endophallic sclerite with anterior margin not projected as above ( Figs 108 , 156 R ), sometimes with wide convex projection.......................................................................................... 96

96. Central sclerite of hypandrium with postero-lateral corners projected posteriorly; median process short, obtusely concave, each lobe narrowing distally, directed outward ( Fig. 154 E ), posterior border, from inner margin of each postero-lateral process to median process, strongly sclerotized, denticulate................................. T. bubuae González-Obando et al.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with only wide lateral posterior processes, as rounded lobes, close together or widely separated ( Figs 107 , 152 Q , 153 E ).............................................................................. 97

97. Forewings hyaline; central sclerite of hypandrium with median process distally bilobed, each lobe setose, bearing one macroseta ( Fig. 153 E )......................................................... T. anchicayaensis González-Obando et al.

- Forewing veins with with brown spots at wing margins; central sclerite of hypandrium U-shaped, stout, not as above ( Figs 107 , 152 Q )............................................................................................. 98

98. Central sclerite of hypandrium with postero-lateral processes short, stout ( Fig. 107 ).................... T. nerudai n. sp.

- Central sclerite of hypandrium with postero-lateral processes stout, longer and more separated than above ( Fig. 152 Q )............................................................................. T. panchei González-Obando et al.

Figures

FIGURE 151. Hypandrium in species of Triplocania. A. T. magnifica, B. T. triangularis, C. T. mariaelinae, D. T. rondoniensis, E. T. calori, F. T. zairae, G. T. brancoi, H. T. bifida, I. T. capixaba, J. T. alfonsoi, K. T. cantatis, L. T. ecuatoriana, M. T. garciamarquezi, N. T. amacayacuensis, O. T. yanacona, P. T. ecuatorianoides, Q. T. umbratoides, R. T. umbrata, S. T. robusta, T. T. fapeam, U. T. inpa, V. T. maesi, W. T. arhuaca, X. T. pericosensis. Redrawn from: (A) Silva-Neto et al. (2018); (B, C, E, I, P, T, U) Silva-Neto et al. (2016); (D, H, R, S) García Aldrete (1999); (K–O, W, X) González-Obando et al. (2017); (F, G) Silva- Neto et al. (2021); (J) Silva-Neto et al. (2020); (Q) Silva-Neto et al. (2018); (V) García Aldrete (2000).

FIGURE 152. Hypandrium in species of Triplocania. A. T. robustoides, B. T. felidiaensis, C. T. mariacarmenae, D. T. humboldtiana, E. T. calima, F. T. erwini, G. T. kichwa, H. T. brailovskyana, I. T. andaqui, J. T. dimitri, K. T. mariateresae, L. T. plaumanni, M. T. paranaensis, N. T. pains, O. T. trifida, P. T. manauara, Q. T. panchei, R. T. tambopataensis, S. T. diamantina. T. T. pumas, U. T. saslayensis. Redrawn from: (A–G, I, J, Q) González-Obando et al. (2017); (H, R, T) García Aldrete (1999); (K, L) Silva-Neto et al. (2014); (M, P) Silva-Neto et al. (2016); (N) Silva-Neto et al. (2021); (O) Silva-Neto et al. (2015); (S) Moura-Lima et al. (2021); (U) García Aldrete (2000).

FIGURE 153. Hypandrium in species of Triplocania. A. T. rosae, B. T. manueli, C. T. caudatoides, D. T. lithophila, E. T. anchicayaensis, F. T. camentsa, G. T. rugosa, H. T. mocoaensis, I. T. embera, J. T. bicornuta, K. T. lamensuraensis, L. T. bravoi, M. T. newi, N. T. spinosa, O. T. chocoensis. Redrawn from: (A, B) Silva-Neto et al. (2016); (C) García Aldrete (1999); (D–K, O) González-Obando et al. (2017); (L) Silva-Neto et al. (2015); (M) Silva-Neto et al. (2014); (N) Silva-Neto et al. (2018).

FIGURE 154. Hypandrium in species of Triplocania. A. T. awa, B. T. halffterorum, C. T. cervantesi, D. T. huitota, E. T. bubuae, F. T. lauziae, G. T. furcatoides, H. T. furcata, I. T. ferratilis, J. T. lamasoides, K. T. lamasi, L. T. leguizamoensis, M. T. immaculata, N. T. caudata, O. T. calcarata, P. T. annyae, Q. T. miltoni, R. T. reflexa. Redrawn from: (A, D, E, G, L) González-Obando et al. (2017); (B) García Aldrete (2012); (C) Garcia Aldrete (1999); (F, P, Q) Moura-Lima et al. (2021); (H) New (1972); (I) Silva- Neto et al. (2021); (J) Silva-Neto et al. (2015); (K) Silva-Neto et al. (2014); (M, N, O) New (1980); (R) Roesler (1910).

FIGURE 155. Phallosome of Triplocania species.A. T. trifida, B. T. zairae, C. T. triangularis, D. T. manauara, E. T. capixaba, F. T. ecuatoriana, G. T. calori, H. T. mariaelinae, I. T. miltoni, J. T. newi, K. T. asisensis, L. T. inpa, M. T. ferratilis, N. T. erwini, O. T. alfonsoi, P. T. fapeam, Q. T. rugosa, R. T. kichwa, S. T. robusta. Redrawn from: (A) Silva-Neto et al. (2015); (B, M) Silva- Neto et al. (2021); (C–H, L, P) Silva-Neto et al. (2016); (I–J) Moura-Lima et al. (2021); (K, N, Q, R) González-Obando et al. (2017); (S) García Aldrete (1999).

FIGURE 156. Phallosome of Triplocania species. A. T. calima, B. T. felidiaensis, C. T. humboldtiana, D. T. mariacarmenae, E. T. arhuaca, F. T. lithophila, G. T. leguizamoensis, H. T. lamensuraensis, I. T. dimitrii, J. T. bicornuta, K. T. furcata, L. T. furcatoides, M. T. awa, N. T. huitota, O. T. camentsa, P. T. mocoaensis, Q. T. chocoensis, R. T. panchei, S. T. robustoides, T. T. yanacona. Redrawn from González-Obando et al. (2017).

FIGURES 145–150. Triplocania sarriae González, Carrejo & GarcíaAldrete. Male. 145. Forewing. 146. Hindwing. 147. Front view of head. 148. Left paraproct and epiproct. 149. Hypandrium. 150. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 1–6. Triplocania altamira n. sp. Male. 1. Forewing. 2. Hindwing. 3. Front view of head. 4. Left paraproct and epiproct. 5. Hypandrium. 6. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 13–18. Triplocania antioquensis n. sp. Male. 13. Forewing.14. Hindwing. 15. Front view of head. 16. Left paraproct and epiproct. 17. Hypandrium. 18. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 115–120. Triplocania tahuantisuyuensis n. sp. Male. 115. Forewing. 116. Hindwing. 117. Front view of head. 118. Epiproct and right paraproct. 119. Hypandrium. 120. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 139–144. Triplocania matildae González, Carrejo & García Aldrete. Male. 139. Forewing. 140. Hindwing. 141. Front view of head. 142. Epiproct and right paraproct. 143. Hypandrium. 144. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 121–126. Triplocania tahuantisuyuensis n. sp. Female. 121. Forewing. 122. Hindwing. 123. Front view of head. 124. Left paraproct and epiproct. 125. Subgenital plate. 126. Ninth sternum and right gonapophyses. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 19–24. Triplocania antioquensis n. sp. Female. 19. Forewing. 20. Hindwing. 21. Front view of head. 22. Epiproct and right paraproct. 23. Subgenital plate. 24. Ninth sternum and left gonapophyses. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 91–96. Triplocania mancocapaci n. sp. Male. 91. Forewing. 92. Hindwing. 93. Front view of head. 94. Left paraproct and epiproct. 95. Hypandrium. 96. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 25–30. Triplocania antisuyuensis n. sp. Male. 25. Forewing. 26. Hindwing. 27. Front view of head. 28. Left paraproct and epiproct. 29. Hypandrium. 30. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 61–66. Triplocania einsteini n. sp. Male. 61. Forewing. 62. Hindwing. 63. Front view of head. 64. Epiproct and right paraproct. 65. Hypandrium. 66. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 97–102. Triplocania molanoi n. sp. Male. 97. Forewing. 98. Hindwing. 99. Front view of head. 100. Epiproct and right paraproct. 101. Hypandrium. 102. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 73–78. Triplocania fabridiazi n. sp. Male. 73. Forewing. 74. Hindwing. 75. Front view of head. 76. Left paraproct and epiproct. 77. Hypandrium. 78. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 79–84. Triplocania galileii n. sp. Male. 79. Forewing. 80. Hindwing. 81. Front view of head. 82. Epiproct and right paraproct. 83. Hypandrium. 84. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 85–90. Triplocania hawkingi n. sp. Male. 85. Forewing. 86. Hindwing. 87. Front view of head. 88. Epiproct and right paraproct. 89. Hypandrium. 90. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 43–48. Triplocania caguanensis n. sp. Male. 43. Forewing. 44. Hindwing. 45. Front view of head. 46. Left paraproct and epiproct. 47. Hypandrium. 48. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 55–60. Triplocania caquetensis n. sp. Male. 55. Forewing. 56. Hindwing. 57. Front view of head. 58. Left paraproct and epiproct. 59. Hypandrium. 60. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 109–114. Triplocania roesleri n. sp. Male. 109. Forewing. 110. Hindwing. 111. Front view of head. 112. Epiproct and right paraproct. 113. Hypandrium. 114. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 31–36. Triplocania atratoensis n. sp. Male. 31. Forewing. 32. Hindwing. 33. Front view of head. 34. Epiproct and right paraproct. 35. Hypandrium. 36. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 127–132. Triplocania yupanquii n. sp. Male. 127. Forewing. 128. Hindwing. 129. Front view of head. 130. Left paraproct and epiproct. 131. Hypandrium. 132. Phallosome. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 103–108. Triplocania nerudai n. sp. Male. 103. Forewing. 104. Hindwing. 105. Front view of head. 106. Epiproct and right paraproct. 107. Hypandrium. 108. Phallosome. Scales in mm.