Tomotilus, AND

Alipanah, Helen, Gielis, Cees, Sari, Alireza, Sarafrazi, Alimorad & Manzari, Shahab, 2011, Phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Oxyptilini (Lepidoptera, Pterophoridae, Pterophorinae) based on morphological data of adults, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (2), pp. 484-547 : 522-524

TOMOTILUS AND ANTARCHES

The two genera Tomotilus and Antarches in the consensus trees obtained from both the EW and SAW analyses constituted a monophyletic clade (clade S, Fig. 16 ), which was the sister group of clade R ( Fig. 16 ). However, these two genera differ both in external features and genital characters. Additionally, no synapomorphic character supported their monophyly. As stated by Yano (1961), the monotypic genus Tomotilus belongs to the generic group Oxyptilus . It is different from all other members of this group in the absence of rough scales at the base of tibial spurs; absence of apical or subapical scale teeth on the dorsum of the third lobe of the hind wing; not parallel margins of the lobes of hind wing; well-developed uncus; broad valva; and protruded globular sterigma of the female genitalia ( Yano, 1961). Here, it has to be mentioned that the uncus in many genera of the Oxyptilus generic group is developed. Moreover, although based on the original description, the scale tooth on the dorsum of the third lobe of hind wing was considered as absent ( Yano, 1961, 1963a), several dark scales are concentrated in the middle part and appear as a scale tooth in this area. This is a state adopted by Gielis (1993) in his phylogenetic analysis and here was also considered. Considering the absence of a scale tooth in the middle part of dorsum of the third lobe of the hind wing in Tomotilus saitoi , this gave it an unresolved position in the consensus tree obtained from the EW analysis ( Fig. 18 ). Gielis (1993), based on the absence of vein R 1 in the fore wing and branching of Cu1 from the middle part of M3, showed a sister group relationship between the genus Tomotilus and the tribes Exelastini , Oxyptilini, Oidaematophorini, and Pterophorini together, but he later classified Tomotilus in Oxyptilini ( Gielis, 2003) .

Sphenarches anisodactyla

Sphenarches bilineatus

Sphenarches ontario

Sphenarches nanellus

Geina buscki

Geina sheppardi

Geina integumentum

Geina periscelidactyla

Geina didactyla

Geina tenuidactyla

Intercapperia scindia

Eucapperia bullifera

Capperia bonneaui

Capperia bitanniodactylus

Capperia celeusi

Capperia washbourni

Capperia fusca

Capperia evansi

Capperia fletcheri

Capperia loranus

Capperia maratonica

Capperia polonica

Capperia marginellus

Capperia ningoris

Capperia zelleri

Capperia jozana

Capperia taurica

Capperia trichodactyla

Capperia hellenica

Capperia salanga

Capperia raptor

Paracapperia esuriens

Paracapperia anatolicus

Procapperia hackeri

Capperia insomnis

Procapperia amira

Procapperia kuldschaensis

Procapperia maculatus

Procapperia orientalis

Procapperia linariae

Antarches luqueti

Antarches aguessei

Tomotilus saitoi

Oxyptilus pilosellae

Oxyptilus parvidactyla

Oxyptilus chrysodactyla

Oxyptilus delawaricus

Oxyptilus ericetorum

Crombrugghia distans

Crombrugghia tristis

Crombrugghia kollari

Crombrugghia reichli

Crombrugghia laetus

Oxyptilus anthites

Oxyptilus variegatus

Oxyptilus secutor

Dejongia californicus

Dejongia lobidactylus

Stenodacma pyrrhodes

Stenodacma wahlbergi

Trichoptilus pygmaeus

Trichoptilus cryphias

Trichoptilus maceratus

Trichoptilus varius

Trichoptilus vivax

Megalorhipida angusta

Megalorhipida fissa

Megalorhipida leptomeres

Megalorhipida leucodactylus

Megalorhipida pseudodefectalis

Stangeia siceliota

Stangeia xerodes

Megalorhipida deboeri

Megalorhipida dulcis

Megalorhipida paraiso

Megalorhipida madoris

Buckleria brasilia

Buckleria vanderwolfi

Buckleria paludum

Buckleria parvulus

Diacrotricha fasciola

Diacrotricha lanceata

Cosmoclostis brachybela

Cosmoclostis pesseuta

Merrifieldia malacodactylus

Wheeleria phlomidis

Tabulaephorus parthicus

Emmelina monodactyla

Hellinsia pectodactylus

Hellinsia bhutanensis

Adaina microdactyla

Marasmarcha ehrenbergianus

Marasmarcha asiatica

Platyptilia calodactyla

Gillmeria pallidactyla

Stenoptilia aridus

Agdistis adactyla

Agdistis huemeri

Oxyptilus aguessei was transferred to Sphenarches by Bigot & Luquet (1991), but after describing Antarches and A. luqueti, Gibeaux (1994) placed O. aguessei in the newly described genus. The genus Antarches was recently assigned to Exelastini ( Gielis, 2003) . Based on the present study, there is more evidence to sustain Antarches in Oxyptilini . This genus is close to Geina , Paracapperia , Procapperia , Intercapperia , Eucapperia , and Capperia based on the presence of a cone-shaped folded area at the top of the bursa copulatrix and the emergence of the ductus seminalis from the distal part of this folded area, near to the junction with the ductus bursae (characters 167 and 169). Furthermore, it is different from the members of Exelastini in the wing shape, wing venation and patterns, as well as some genital characteristics. In both Antarches species , valvae are as large paddles and symmetrical. It seems probable that Bigot (1964) overlooked the exact shape of the valvae in A. aguessei and considered them as asymmetrical. The two known Antarches species are very similar to each other in both external and genital characters. The differences of these two species are as follows: in A. aguessei , the median part of the costal process is wider than both the distal and proximal parts, and the antrum plate is not so clear, whereas in A. luqueti , the median part of the costal process is nearly as wide as the distal part and the antrum plate is relatively pronounced. Scoring the antrum plate as absent for the latter species provided the same tree. The results of this analysis revealed that Tomotilus and Antarches were much closer to the Oxyptilus generic group than to Trichoptilus .

Figures

Figure 16. Strict consensus trees of six equally most parsimonious trees obtained in the initial analysis using equally weighed characters. Numbers below the branches show Bremer support values and the capital letters show the clades included in Oxyptilini and are discussed in the text. Tree length = 943, consistency index = 0.4549, retention index = 0.7976.

Figure 18. Strict consensus trees of three equally most parsimonious trees obtained in the equally weighted analysis considering the absence of a scale tooth in the middle part of the third lobe of the hind wing in Tomotilus saitoi (state 2 was scored for character 8 and character 14 was considered as missing). Tree length = 944; consistency index = 0.4544; retention index = 0.7971.