Harpyionycteris celebensis, G. S. Miller & Hollister, 1921

Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Pteropodidae, Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 16-162 : 106

79.

Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat

Harpyionycteris celebensis

French: Harpyionyctére des Célébes / German: Sulawesi-Harpyien-Flughund / Spanish: Harpyionicterio de Sulawesi

Taxonomy. Harpyionycteris celebensis G. S. Miller & Hollister, 1921 ,

“Gimpoe, Middle Celebes [= Sulawesi, Indonesia].”

This species is monotypic.

Distribution. Throughout Sulawesi and adjacent Buton I.

Descriptive notes. Head-body 117-153 mm (tailless), ear 19-21 mm, hindfoot 22- 27 mm, forearm 70-91 mm; weight 85— 141 g. Head has strong, rather short muz: zle; nostrils are shortly tubular; philtrum has two separate deep grooves and one median groove; and lower lip has large triangular papillae. Eyes are moderately large;irises are brown. Ears are long and oval. Head pelage is short and dark brown. All body pelage is long, dense, and dark brown. Fur occurs over hindleg to dorsum offoot. Tibia is relatively short, calcar is very small, uropatagium is a narrow strip, and foot claws have whitish tips. Wing membranes are broad, from sides of body, blackish brown, with some small white spots, and inserted on second toes; index claw is present. Skull is heavy; rostrum is relatively short and broad; premaxillae are fused and project forward; nasal process is thin in lateral view; orbit is large, with obvious rim; zygomatic rootis slightly above upper alveolar line; zygoma is moderately arched; and braincase is rounded. Dorsally, premaxillae project anteriorly; rostrum is strong; paranasal recesses are much inflated,joined in midline, and reach root of thick, posterolaterally directed postorbital process; postorbital foramen is obliterated; postorbital constriction is very well-marked; braincase is oval; and sagittal and nuchalcrests are sharp and low. Ventrally, palate is long, flat, and narrow; tooth rows are almost parallel; post-dental palate is short, ending straight; and ectotympanicis small and narrow, with anterior extension and spine. Mandible has slanted, sharply distinct symphysis; body is arched; coronoid slopes; tip is rounded; condyle is level with lower alveolar line; and angle is large and round. Dental formula for all species of Harpyionycterisis11/1,C1/1,P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 30. I? (I' missing) is very large, with simple base, procumbent, and outer margin concave; C is extremely robust, with stout distal basal cusp, main cusp directed anteroventrally, and obvious inner cingulum; P' is very small, with secondary distal cusp; next premolar (P°) is stout, with noticeable basal distal cusp and sharp, denticulate lingual cingulum; next premolars and molars are multicuspidate; M* is small; cheekteeth are moderate in size; and occlusal outline is oval. Lower incisors,likely I, and I, missing, are obsolete or missing; C, is tricuspidated, procumbent, and almost straight, with sharp inner cingulum; P, is relatively very large and tricuspidated; and posterior cheekteeth are multicuspidated.

Habitat. Lowland to montane primary rainforests from sea level up to ¢. 2100 m.

Food and Feeding. The Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat is frugivorous and probably eats figs and otherfruit. Its hard multicuspidated dentition suggests a durophagous diet.

Breeding. Pregnant Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bats were recorded carrying one embryo in January and September, and a female was carrying a dependent young in January. Nearly full-grown females were recorded in June, suggesting that the Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat requires c¢.6 months to reach adult size, at least females.

Activity patterns. No information.

Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.

Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat is uncommon throughout its distribution, and its absence in active bushmeat markets (especially in northern Sulawesi) suggests that populations have declined. It occurs in some protected areas such as Lore Lindu National Park in central Sulawesi.

Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2011), Amador et al. (2018), Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Giannini, Almeida & Simmons (2009), Giannini, Almeida, Simmons & DeSalle (2006), Hutson, Suyanto, Kingston & Helgen (2008), Maryanto et al. (2011), Peterson & Fenton (1970), Tate (1951).

Figures

73. Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat (Macroglossus minimus), 74. Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat (Macroglossus sobrinus), 75. Southern Blossom Bat (Syconycteris australis), 76. Halmaheran Blossom Bat (Syconycteris carolinae), 77. Moss-forest Blossom Bat (Syconycteris hobbit), 78. Manado Fruit Bat (Boneia bidens), 79. Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat (Harpyionycteris celebensis), 80. Philippine Harpy Fruit Bat (Harpyionycteris whitehead), 81. Bulmer’s Fruit Bat (Aproteles bulmerae), 82. Lesser Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia minor), 83. Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia moluccensis), 84. Western Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia peronu), 86. Panniet Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia pannietensis), 87. Philippine Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia chapmani), 88. Biak Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia emersa), 89. Sulawesi Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia exoleta), 90. Greenish Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia viridis), 91. Beaufort’s Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia beauforti), 92. Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia crenulata), 93. Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia inermis), 94. New Britain Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia praedatrix)

Distribution. Throughout Sulawesi and adjacent Buton I.