Otavaloa, HUBER, 2000
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.1206/0003-0090(2000)254<0001:NWPSAP>2.0.CO;2 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACD276-8E64-FED1-FCB3-FD1440CB3936 |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
Otavaloa |
| status |
gen. nov. |
OTAVALOA View in CoL View at ENA , NEW GENUS
TYPE SPECIES: Otavaloa angotero , new species.
ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the Otavalo people of Ecuador, who are known widely throughout Ecuador and Peru for their woolen textiles, and who have maintained a powerful sense of identity. Gender feminine.
DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized (total length 1.6–2.5 mm), eight-eyed pholcids with long legs; distinguished from similar genera (especially Litoporus ) by the unique apophyses at the bases of the laminae in the male chelicerae (fig. 1232; absent only in O. pasco , n. sp.), the dorsally bent procursus, and the scape in the female epigynum (figs. 1240, 1247, 1251, 1257).
DESCRIPTION: Total length ~ 1.6–2.5 mm. Carapace relatively flat, but with distinct thoracic groove, ocular area moderately elevat- ed, with eight eyes, AME the smallest; distance PME-ALE about 50–70% of PME diameter. Male clypeus unmodified. Male chelicerae with pair of distinctive apophyses at the bases of the laminae (fig. 1232; absent in O. pasco , n. sp.), without stridulatory ridges laterally. Male sternum without humps. Male palpal coxa with retrolateral apophysis (poorly developed in O. pasco ), femur with retrolateral apophysis proximally, enlarged distally, tibia relatively small in relation to femur (fig. 1236), procursus strongly bent dorsally (figs. 1236, 1244, 1255); bulb simple, but with various membranous elements distally on embolar division. Tarsal organ exposed (examined: O. angotero ). Legs long and thin (leg 1 about 20 X body length; tibia 1 l/d usually ~ 50–70; in O. pasco 115!), without dark rings but with light tips distally on femora and tibiae; leg formula 1243; legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 very proximal (at ~ 1–4%); tarsus with> 20 pseudosegments (maybe up to 40, but they are difficult to count proximally). Opisthosoma often greenish, slightly higher and angular behind, usually with large dark smudges dorsally (fig. 1231). Male gonopore without epiandrous spigots (examined: O. angotero ). ALS with only one piriform gland spigot each (examined: O. angotero ), other spinnerets typical for family.
Sexual dimorphism slight; legs of females with dark rings on femora and tibiae (subdistally); epigynum with distinct scape.
MONOPHYLY: Four of the five species described below share the unique male cheliceral apophyses (fig. 1232). Probably all share the epigynal scape (the female of O. otanabe , n. sp., is unknown). The scape of Litoporus uncatus with its distal pocket (fig. 1210) is herein considered to have evolved convergently.
GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: Otavaloa is sim- ilar in habitus to Litoporus (prosoma shape, long legs, no dark rings on male legs but segments with light tips), but in Litoporus the genitalia are very different (palpal femur with ventral bulge, procursus simpler and not conspicuously curved, chelicerae with different type of armature). Otavaloa clearly is part of the New World clade of pholcids (retrolateral coxal apophysis, thoracic groove, large distance PME-ALE, exposed tarsal organ, epiandrous spigots absent, ALS piriform gland spigots reduced to one), but apart from that, the phylogenetic relationships are obscure.
DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in South America, ranging from northern Bolivia to southern Colombia and northeastern Brazil; possibly restricted to lowland forests (map 9).
COMPOSITION: The genus as construed here includes five named species, all of which are here newly described. Apart from that, I have seen numerous undescribed species, mostly from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (in MUSM, MCN, CAS).
Otavaloa angotero , new species Figures 1231–1242
TYPES: Male holotype, 23 paratypes from Jatun Sacha , Napo, Ecuador ; Sept. 1996 (R. L. Rodriguez), in AMNH .
ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition honoring the Angotero, a highly assimilated group of Indians living in Amazonian Peru and southern Colombia.
DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners by the shape of the procursus (figs. 1235– 1236, 1238–1239).
MALE (holotype): Total length 2.5, carapace width 1.1; leg 1 missing, tibia 2: 5.0, tibia 3 missing, tibia 4: 4.3. Habitus as in fig. 1231. Carapace relatively flat, but with distinct thoracic groove, pale whitish with brown stripe (figs. 1233–1234), eight eyes on pale whitish, moderately elevated ocular area; distance PME-ALE about 70% of PME diameter. Clypeus and sternum pale whitish, labium brown. Chelicerae light brown, with sclerotized ridge at basis of cheliceral laminae (fig. 1232). Palps as in figs. 1235–1236; light ochre to light brown, distal sclerites black; coxa with distinct retrolateral apophysis, femur with proximal retrolateral apophysis, widened distally, procursus distinctively curved, with relatively complicated tip (figs. 1235–1236, 1238– 1239), palpal tarsal organ exposed. Legs brown, tibiae distally whitish; all legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 (paratype) at 4%; tarsus 1 (paratype) with over 20 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma light bluish-green, with darker spots dorsally, brown rectangular genital plate, gonopore without epiandrous spigots. ALS with only one piriform gland spigot each, other spinnerets typical for family.
VARIATION: Measurements of a male from Putumayo: Leg 1: 24.0 (6.4+0.3+5.6+10.4 +1.3), tibia 4: 5.2; tibia 1 l/d: 52. Some males have light ochre legs (recently molt- ed?), one of the Peruvian males has a pale grayish opisthosoma.
FEMALE ( Colombia: near Puerto Asis): Total length 2.5, tibia 1: 6.7. In general similar to male, but prosoma without darker median band, legs with dark rings (femora and tibiae subdistally) followed by whitish tips. Epigynum light brown, with distinctive scape (figs. 1240–1241), internal genitalia with pair of round pore plates (fig. 1242).
DISTRIBUTION: Known from southern Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru (map 9).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: ECUADOR: Napo: Jatun Sacha: types above. COLOMBIA: Putumayo: Rio Putumayo, near Pto Asis, no date (W. G. Eberhard), 23 1♀ in MCZ.
PERU: Amazonas: Rio Alto Marañon, between Rios Cempa and Nieva (~ 4°40̍S, 78°00̍W), Sept. 10–24, 1924 (Klug), 23 in AMNH.
Otavaloa otanabe , new species Figures 1243–1244
TYPE: Male holotype from ‘‘ Mishquiyacu ,’’ 20 km NE Moyobamba, Dept. San Martín, Peru ; Aug. 1947 (F. Woytkowski), in AMNH .
ETYMOLOGY: The species name is a noun in apposition honoring the Muniche (also called Otanabe), an Indian tribe in the Amazonian jungle of north central Peru. By the 1980s there were only about 10 people left who still understood the aboriginal language.
DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to O. angotero and O. piro ; distinguished by the shape of the procursus (figs. 1243–1244).
MALE (holotype): Total length 2.4, carapace width 1.2; leg 1 missing, tibia 2: 4.5, tibia 3: 3.0, tibia 4: 4.0. Habitus and prosoma shape as in O. angotero (cf. figs. 1231, 1233–1234); distance PME-ALE about 70% of PME diameter. Entire prosoma orange to light brown, chelicerae as in O. angotero (cf. fig. 1232), palps in general as in O. angotero (cf. figs. 1235–1236), with distinctive procursus (figs. 1243–1244), bulb apparently identical to O. angotero (cf. fig. 1237). Legs light brown, tibiae distally whitish; all legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs. Opisthosoma pale greenish-ochre, with darker greenish spots dorsally, orange genital plate, dark stripe behind genital plate halfway to spinnerets.
FEMALE: Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality (map 9).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: San Martín: type above.
Otavaloa piro , new species Figures 1245–1248
TYPES: Male holotype, 13 2♀ paratypes from Zona Reservada Pakitza (11°56̍S, 71°17̍W), Dept. Madre de Dios, Peru ; 356 m elev., May 3, 1991 (D. Silva), in MUSM .
ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition honoring the Píro, an interfluvial people living at the junction of the Brazilian-Bolivian-Peruvian borders. They were devastated by the rubber boom around 1900, and are today rapidly being acculturated.
DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners by the shape of the procursus (figs. 1245– 1246), and the narrow epigynal scape (fig. 1247).
MALE (holotype): Total length 2.4, carapace width 1.1; leg 1: 34.3 (8.1+0.4+7.7 +15.7+2.4), tibia 2: 4.6, tibia 3: 3.1, tibia 4: 4.1; tibia 1 l/d: 68. Habitus and prosoma shape as in O. angotero (cf. figs. 1231, 1233–1234); distance PME-ALE about 70% of PME diameter. Carapace pale ochre with brown median line; ocular area and clypeus pale ochre, sternum pale whitish, labium brown. Chelicerae light brown, with sclerotized ridge at basis of cheliceral laminae as in O. angotero (cf. fig. 1232). Palps in general as in O. angotero (cf. figs. 1235–1236), light ochre to light brown, distal sclerites black; procursus with distinctive tip (figs. 1245–1246). Legs brown, tibiae distally whitish; all legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 with over 20 pseudosegments (difficult to count). Opisthosoma shape as in O. angotero (cf. fig. 1231), pale greenish-gray, with large darker spots dorsally, brown rectangular genital plate.
FEMALE: Tibia 1 in 4 females: 5.6, 5.9, 6.0, 6.4. In general very similar to male, but legs with dark rings (femora and tibiae subdistally) followed by whitish tips. Epigynum light brown, with distinctive narrow scape (fig. 1247), internal genitalia with pair of round (globular?) pore ‘‘plates’’ (fig. 1248).
VARIATION: The dark pattern in front of the epigynum varies widely. Apart from that, there is only slight variation in the length of the epigynal scape.
DISTRIBUTION: Known from southern Peru (Madre de Dios) and northern Bolivia (Beni) (map 9).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Madre de Dios: Zona Reservada Pakitza: types above ; same locality, same collector: May 2–5, 1991, 23 2♀ in MUSM ; Apr. 21–29 and Sept. 26–Oct. 19, 1991, 133 17♀ (5 vials) in USNM ; same locality, Sept. 28–Oct. 10, 1987 (D. Silva & J. Coddington), 43 9♀ (7 vials) in USNM ; Pakitza, Rio Manú (12°07̍S, 70°58̍W), 250 m elev., Sept. 22, 1988 (T. Erwin & B. D. Farrel), 13 in USNM ; 5 mi upstream Pakitza, Quebrada El Pachira , Oct. 4, 1987 (D. Silva & J. Coddington), 13 1♀ in USNM ; Zona Reservada Tambopata (12°50̍S, 69°17̍W), 290 m elev., June 5–7, 1988 (J. Coddington), 13 3♀ (2 vials) in USNM ; 15 km E Puerto Maldonado (12°33̍S, 69°03̍W), 200 m elev., Feb. 22– Mar. 6, 1990 (D. Silva), 53 3♀ in MUSM. BOLIVIA: Beni: Estacion Biologica Beni, Sept. 6–14, 1987 (S. Larcher & J. Coddington), 23 1♀ 2 juveniles (2 vials) in USNM ; 16.8 mi SW Yucumo (~ 15°23̍S, 66°59̍W), ~ 500 m elev., Nov. 15–19, 1989 (J. Coddington, C. Griswold, D. Silva, S. Larcher, E. Peñaranda), ~ 223 20♀ (3 vials) in USNM .
Otavaloa lisei , new species Figures 1249–1252
TYPES: Male holotype, 13 2♀ paratypes from Caxiuanã , Melgaço, Pará, Brazil ; Aug. 11, 1996 (A. A. Lise ‘‘et al.’’), in MCP (9428, 9422) .
ETYMOLOGY: Named for the principal collector of the type material.
DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners by the shape of the procursus (figs. 1249– 1250) and the shape of the epigynal scape (fig. 1251).
MALE (holotype): Total length 2.3, carapace width 1.0; leg 1: 33.6 (8.1+0.4+7.7 +14.7+2.7), tibia 2: 4.7, tibia 3: 3.1, tibia 4 missing; tibia 1 l/d: 68. Habitus and prosoma shape as in O. angotero (cf. figs. 1231, 1233–1234), distance PME-ALE about 75% of PME diameter. Carapace pale ochre with brown median line; ocular area and clypeus pale ochre, sternum pale whitish, labium brown. Chelicerae light brown, with sclerotized ridge at basis of cheliceral laminae as in O. angotero (cf. fig. 1232). Palps in general as in O. angotero (cf. figs. 1235–1236), light ochre to light brown, distal sclerites black; procursus with distinctive, relatively complicated tip (figs. 1249 –1250). Legs brown, tibiae distally whitish; all legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 with up to 40 pseudosegments (difficult to count). Opisthosoma shape as in O. angotero (cf. fig. 1231), pale greenish, with large darker spots dorsally.
VARIATION: Tibia 1 in male paratype: 7.6. Legs of paratype not brown but pale ochre as carapace. (This male is probably more recently molted.)
FEMALE (paratypes): In general very similar to male, but legs with dark rings (femora and tibiae subdistally) followed by whitish tips. Tibia 1: 5.6 (missing in other female). Epigynum light brown, with distinctive scape (fig. 1251), large greenish area frontally (fig. 1251; this area is smaller and less distinct in
other female), internal genitalia with pair of oval (spherical?) pore ‘‘plates’’ (fig. 1252).
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality (map 9).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Pará: Caxiuanã, Melgaço: types above.
Otavaloa pasco , new species Figures 1253–1258
TYPES: Male holotype, 13 3♀ paratypes from Huancabamba , Quebrada Castillo, NW Iscozacin (10°10̍S, 75°15̍W), Dept. Pasco, Peru ; 345 m elev., Sept. 7, 1988 (D. Silva), in MUSM .
ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Peruvian state Pasco. The specific name is a noun in apposition.
DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from congeners by the shape of the frontal apophyses on the male chelicerae (fig. 1256) and by the shape of the procursus (figs. 1253–1254).
MALE (holotype): Total length 1.65, carapace width 0.7; leg 1: 34.6 (8.4+0.3+8.0 +15.6+2.3), tibia 2: 5.2, tibia 3: 3.2, tibia 4: 4.5; tibia 1 l/d: 115. Habitus and prosoma shape as in O. angotero (cf. figs. 1231, 1233–1234), entire prosoma light ochre-yellow; distance PME-ALE about 50% of PME diameter. Sternum whitish, without humps. Chelicerae with pair of brown frontal stripes and pair of blackish apophyses. Palps light ochre, only distally on procursus darker; coxa with retrolateral groove rather than distinct apophysis, femur with proximal retrolateral apophysis and ventral apophysis (fig. 1255), procursus widely curved, with characteristic dorsal apophysis and transparent projection (figs. 1253–1254). Legs ochre-yellow, distal tips of femora and tibiae whitish; all legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1.2%; tarsus 1 with ~ 30 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma pale greenish-gray, almost invisible large darker spots dorsally and laterally.
FEMALE (paratypes): Tibia 1 (N = 3) 6.0– 6.3. In general very similar to male, but legs with dark rings (femora and tibiae subdistally) followed by whitish tips. Epigynum light brown, with distinctive scape (fig. 1257), in- ternal genitalia with pair of oval pore plates (fig. 1258).
VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 5 males: 7.2–8.3 (x¯ = 7.7). Some specimens had quite distinct dark spots on the opisthosoma, as shown in O. angotero (cf. fig. 1231).
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from central Peru (Pasco, Huánuco) (map 9).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Pasco: Huancabamba : types above ; same locality, same collector: Sept. 9, 1988 (2 vials), 43 2♀ 2 juveniles in MUSM ; Huánuco: Tingo Maria , Oct. 21, 1946 (J. C. Pallister), 13 in AMNH .
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