Bengalia torosa Wiedemann, 1819

Rognes, Knut, 2018, Revision of the Bengalia torosa Wiedemann, 1819 species-group (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with notes on the systematic position of B. robertsi Kurahashi, 1987 and B. subnitida James, 1964, Zootaxa 4391 (1), pp. 1-71 : 9-10

Key to males of the Bengalia torosa Wiedemann species group

All B. torosa species-group species lack discal setae on T5. This feature is shared with species belonging to the B. labiata Robineau-Desvoidy species-group [equivalent to the subfamily “ Bengaliinae ” of Lehrer (2005)]. All species in the latter group have a ventrally pointed (“gourd-shaped”) greater ampulla ( Figs 259, 262 ) and a pair of strong marginal setae on ST4 ( Rueda 1985; Kurahashi & Magpayo 2000), whereas the greater ampulla in the B. torosa species-group is always oval ( Figs 151 , 172 , 195 , 256 ). Species in the torosa -group are in general very similar to one another. Good starting points for identification of male specimens are the shape of the ST5 flap and the pattern of strong ventral setae on the fore tibia. However, the shape of the ST5 flap is variable (especially in B. kanoi , see Figs 138–148 ) and should be used with caution. Note also that its shape may be difficult to ascertain in dry specimens, because it does not always present itself in its broadest aspect (compare Figs 28 and 30 ), and the lack of microtrichia close to the margin may obscure its true shape. The anepimeron also provides useful characters. Its vestiture is often all pale, or consists of a bundle of black setulae in the upper part and pale or dark setulae in the lower part. Colour pattern should be used with caution. Very dark specimens may occur in species that normally are rather pale, and the opposite is also sometimes true. As a general rule, the phallus (aedeagus) should always be examined for safe identification. Some females may be identified from the typical external features also found in males (e.g., B. escheri and B. torosa ), and with a fair degree of certainty if they have been captured together with males all belonging to a single species. So far, the ovipositor has not been investigated for any species of the B. torosa species-group.

1 Posterior margin of eye with a distinct concavity in profile ( Fig. 207 ); fore tibia ventrally with two groups of spinous setae in a 5+2 pattern ( Fig. 209 ); no strong erect marginal setae on T4; distance between vibrissae equal to or less than distance between vibrissa and eye; transverse line connecting vibrissae separated from lower facial margin by a distance greater than width of first flagellomere ( Fig. 208 ); clypeus strongly projecting below lower facial margin ( Fig. 208 ); anepimeron with pale setulae only ( Fig. 212 )............................................................... Bengalia torosa (Wiedemann)

- Posterior margin of eye straight, without a concavity in profile ( Figs 106 , 252 ); fore tibia with a single group of spinous setae ventrally; strong marginal setae present on T4; distance between vibrissae greater than distance between vibrissae and eye; vibrissa level with lower facial margin; clypeus less strongly projecting below lower facial margin; anepimeron with pale setulae only or at least a group of black setulae in upper part..................................................... 2

2 Anepimeron with pale setulae only (as in Figs 12 and 212 )..................................................... 3

- Anepimeron with black setulae all over, or black setulae in a group in upper part in combination with exclusively or several

pale setulae in lower part (as in Fig. 92 ) ( B. kanoi very rarely without black setulae or with a single black setula on anepimeron)............................................................................................... 6 3 Tegula black, sometimes with a pale margin ( Fig. 9 ); mesonotum and mesopleuron bluish grey ( Figs 3, 12 ); T4 and T5 with broad dark marginal bands ( Fig. 4 ), often appearing all dark; T1+2 and T3 mostly yellow with dark marginal bands ( Fig. 4 ), sometimes with middorsal dark stripe; ST5 flap large, triangular-circular ( Figs 10–11 ); bacilliform sclerite process of complex structure ( Fig. 20 ); semidomes forming an almost perfectly circular structure when viewed apically ( Fig. 18 )........................................................................................... Bengalia chekiangensis Fan

- Tegula yellow; mesonotum and mesopleuron yellowish-brown, not bluish; semidomes not forming an almost perfectly circular structure when viewed apically........................................................................... 4

4 Anepisternum usually dark in upper third ( Fig. 242 ); T5 yellow on disc ( Fig. 241 ); ST5 flap asymmetric ( Figs 239–240 ); cercus with pronounced dorsal projections ( Fig. 238 ), appearing as pale buttons in posterior view ( Fig. 237 )........................................................................................ Bengalia xanthopyga Senior-White

- Anepisternum usually all yellow; T5 yellow or dark on disc; cercus without such projections......................... 5

5 Abdominal tergites with broad hind marginal bands, occupying about a third of tergite length; ST5 flap longer than wide, with a nick in the distal edge and with a narrow projection, almost as long as the flap itself, alongside it on both sides ( Figs 42, 45 ); bacilliform sclerite process long, thin and pointed ( Fig. 38 ); distal lip process (dlp) large, like a half cylindrical tube directed apically, with a distal nick ( Figs 39–41 ).............................................. Bengalia concava Malloch

- Abdominal tergites with very narrow black marginal bands ( Fig. 196 ), T5 all pale or with a narrow dark marginal band; ST5 flap very short, much shorter than wide ( Figs 186 , 197–198, 203–204, 206 ), without narrow projections alongside it; bacilliform sclerite process with a backward projection ( Figs 185 , 202, 205 ); distal lip projection bifid ( Figs 187–188, 191 )...................................................................................... Bengalia recurva Malloch

6 Wing with pale area around r-m crossvein ( Figs 61 , 67 , 95 ) (easier to see on actual specimens than in the photographs); distal lip process apparently bifid in anterior view ( Figs 57 , 86 ).................................................... 7

- Wing without pale area around r-m crossvein; distal lip process different......................................... 8

7 Pale species. ST5 flap as in Figs 80, 83 , 91, 96 . Narrow black marginal bands on T1+2–4 ( Figs 94, 99 ). Fore tibial vestiture as in Fig. 90 . Femora yellow. Anepimeron with a bundle of dark setulae in upper part, and with pale setulae in more than lower half ( Fig. 92 ). Bacilliform sclerite process distally with an apically rounded projection directed towards hypandrium, and a narrow pointed projection directed towards base of cercus; lower edge of bacilliform sclerite process strongly concave ( Figs 78– 79 )........................................................................... Bengalia fuscipennis Bezzi

- Dark species. ST5 flap as in Figs 51–52 , 68 . Usually with broad black marginal bands on T1+2–4 ( Figs 61–62 ). Fore tibial vestiture as in Figs 59 , 64 , 73–74 . Femora dark in distal half ( Fig. 60 ). Anepimeron usually with dark setulae all over, sometimes with some pale setulae in much less than lower half ( Fig. 70 ). Bacilliform sclerite process distally without rounded projection directed towards hypandrium, only with the narrow pointed projection directed towards base of cercus; lower edge of bacilliform sclerite process straight ( Figs 49–50 , 75–76 )......................................... Bengalia escheri Bezzi

8 ST5 flap as in Figs 107 and 116 , broad with hind edge straight or very slightly concave, with rounded lateral angles; distal lip process complex, broader than long and with broad lateral wing-like projecting membranes in dorsal view ( Figs 103, 105 )................................................................................. Bengalia jejuna (Fabricius)

- ST5 flap as in Figs 28, 30 , 138–148 , 168 , 177–178 ; distal lip process different ( Figs 31–34 , 134 , 154, 156–157 , 162–164 ).. 9

9 ST5 flap with broad and evenly convex distal edge ( Figs 28, 30 ); pregonite elongate with a distal bifid tip ( Fig. 24 ), postgonite with a broad tip, shaped as a bird’s head with a beak ( Fig. 24 ); distal lip process a prominent trough or gutter with parallel edges and with low lateral walls at a right angle to floor of trough, with a narrow distal excavation ( Figs 31, 33 ); semidomes with a horizontal upper edge forming an angle with lateral edge, as seen in apical view ( Fig. 34 ).................................................................................... Bengalia chiangmaiensis Kurahashi & Tumrasvin

- ST5 flap with a concave or straight distal edge ( Figs 138–148 ), or distal edge with a small convex projection with concave sections on each side ( Figs 168 , 177–178 ); pre- and postgonite of the normal type ( Figs 136 , 181 ); distal lip process different, with lateral and ventral dentate keels ( Figs 134 , 154, 156–157 , 162–164 ); semidomes different, upper edge rounded ( Fig. 154 , 165 ).................................................................................................. 10

10 Distal edge of ST5 flap varying from concave to straight ( Figs 138–148 )........... Bengalia kanoi Kurahashi & Magpayo

- Distal edge of ST5 flap with a small convex projection with concave sections on each side ( Figs 168 , 177–178 ).................................................................................. Bengalia martinleakei Senior-White

Figures

FIGURES 257–262. Bengalia robertsi Kurahashi (holotype, BPBM). 257. Labels and genitalia vial. 258. Detail of body, dorsal view. 259. Left greater ampulla, lateral view. 260. Detail of fore legs, left lateral view. 261. Detail of fore legs, right lateral view. 262. Most of thorax, left dorsolateral view; upper arrow showing Hough seta, lower arrow showing greater ampulla.

FIGURES 149–158. Bengalia kanoi Kurahashi & Magpayo (149: male from Camarines Sur, Mt Isarog, Philippines, BPBM; 150: male from Anamalai Hills, India, CNC; 151: holotype of Gangelomyia schiavoae, NHMUK; 152: male paratype of Bengalia kanoi from Davao, Mt. Talomo, Philipines, NHMUK; 153: holotype of Gangelomyia phantastika Lehrer, SDEI; 154: male from Anamalai Hills, India, CNC; 155: holotype of Gangelomyia phantastika Lehrer, SDEI; 156: male paratype of Bengalia kanoi from Davao, Mt. Talomo, Philipines, NHMUK; 157–158: male from Camarines Sur, Mt Isarog, Philippines, BPBM). 149. Abdomen, dorsal view. 150. Abdomen, dorsal view. 151. Right anepimeron. 152. Detail of fore legs, lateral view. 153. Distiphallus, apical view. 154. Distiphallus, apical view. 155. Epandrial complex, right lateral view (right surstylus lost). 156. Apex of distiphallus, oblique apicolateral view. 157. Detail of distiphallus, ventral view. 158. Detail of distiphallus, ventral view; arrows showing weakly denticulate area. All scale bars = 0.25mm. Abbreviations: dlp = distal lip process; lf = lateral finger; sd = semidomes.

FIGURES 171–182. Bengalia martinleakei Senior-White (171–176, 178–179: holotype of Bengalia martinleakei, NHMUK; 177, 180–182: male from Darjeeling, India, MNHN). 171. Abdomen, dorsal view. 172. Right anepimeron. 173. Labels. 174. Left fore tibia. 175. Microscope slide of genitalia. 176. ST5 (crumpled remains of ST5 flap to the right). 177. ST5 flap. 178. ST5 flap (reproduced from Senior-White [1930 Plate II, fig. 2a]; copyright expired). 179. Epandrial complex, right lateral view. 180. Distiphallus, oblique ventrolateral view. 181. Pre- and postgonites. 182. Detail of extreme ventroapical part of distiphallus, ventrolateral view; arrows showing denticulate area on either side of ejaculatory opening. Scale bars: 0.25mm (Figs 180, 182); 0.5mm (Fig. 181). Abbreviations: dlp = distal lip process; pog = postgonite; prg = pregonite; sd = semidomes.

FIGURES 193–206. Bengalia recurva Malloch (193–196, 202, 204: holotype of Laoziella singhasaria Lehrer, NHMUK; 197: holotype of Laoziella camerina Lehrer, BPBM; 198: holotype of Laoziella mandarina Lehrer, MSNM; 199–201, 203: male from Brookes Point, Uring Uring, Palawan, Philippines, WSU; 205–206: male from Bantaeng, Sulawesi, Indonesia, ZMHB). 193. Distiphallus, left lateral view. 194. Distiphallus, ventrolateral view. 195. Left anepimeron. 196. Abdomen, oblique postero-ventrolateral view. 197. ST5 flap. 198. ST5 flap. 199. Distiphallus, apical view. 200. Right fore tibia, inside view. 201. Right fore femur and part of fore tibia, inside view. 202. Bacilliform sclerite process. 203. ST5 flap. 204. ST5 flap (partly destroyed). 205. Bacilliform sclerite process. 206. ST5 flap. All scale bars = 0.25mm. Abbreviations: dlp = distal lip process; sd = semidomes.

FIGURES 251–256. Bengalia favillacea (Walker) (lectotype of Musca favillacea Walker, NHMUK). 251. Head, frontal view. 252. Head and most of thorax, left lateral view. 253. Abdomen, dorsal view. 254. Labels. 255. Left anepimeron. 256. Right anepimeron.

FIGURES 131–148. Bengalia kanoi Kurahashi & Magpayo (131–138: male from Cinchona, Anamalai Hills, India, CNC; 139: holotype [reproduced with permission from Kurahashi & Magpayo (2000: 45, fig. 11d)]; 140: male from Mt Isarog, Philippines, BPBM; 141: holotype of Gangelomyia indipyga Lehrer, BPBM; 142: holotype of Gangelomyia shivanella Lehrer, NHMUK; 143: holotype of Gangelomyia schiavoae Lehrer, NHMUK; 144: holotype of Gangelomyia tagaloga Lehrer, BPBM; 145: holotype of Gangelomyia phantastika Lehrer, SDEI; 146: holotype of Gangelomyia philipyga, BPBM; 147: male paratype of Gangelomyia schiavoae Lehrer from Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia, NHMUK; 148: male paratype of Gangelomyia schiavoae Lehrer from West Java, Indonesia, NHMUK). 131. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 132. Epandrial complex, left lateral view. 133. Distiphallus, dorsal view. 134. Distiphallus, left lateral view. 135. Distiphallus, ventral view. 136. Pre- and postgonites. 137. Labels. 138–148. ST5 flaps. All scale bars = 0.25mm. Abbreviations: bsp = bacilliform sclerite process; dlp = distal lip process; pog = postgonite; prg = pregonite; sd = semidomes.

FIGURES 21–30. Bengalia chiangmaiensis Kurahashi & Tumrasvin (21–27: male from Laos, BPBM; 28–29: male from Thailand, Chiang Mai Province, NSMT; 30: reproduced with permission from Kurahashi & Tumrasvin [1979, fig. 2C]). 21. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 22. Epandrial complex, left lateral view. 23. Epandrial complex, posterolateral view. 24. Pre- and postgonites; scale bar = 0.25mm. 25. Left anepimeron. 26. Labels (4) and glass genitalia microvial. 27. Left fore leg, inside view. 28. ST5 flap (not in widest aspect). 29. Labels (2). 30. ST5 flap. Abbreviations: pog = postgonite; prg = pregonite.

FIGURES 207–212. Bengalia torosa (Wiedemann) (207, 212: male from Uring Uring, Brookes Point, Palawan, Philippines, KR; 208–209: male from Cambodia, KR; 210–211: male from Wapikhamthong, Laos, BPBM). 207. Head, left lateral view. 208. Detail of head, frontal view. 209. Left fore leg, outside view. 210. ST5 flap. 211. ST5 flap (arrow), apical view. 212. Left anepimeron.

FIGURES 100–113. Bengalia jejuna (Fabricius) (100–111: male from Kahalla, Sri Lanka, CNC; 112–113: male from Okkampitiya, Sri Lanka, CNC). 100. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 101. Epandrial complex, right lateral view. 102. Epandrial complex, oblique lateral view. 103. Distiphallus, dorsal view. 104. Distiphallus, left lateral view. 105. Distiphallus, ventral view. 106. Head, left lateral view. 107. ST5 flap. 108. Left anepimeron. 109. Distiphallus, apical view. 110. Pre- and postgonites. 111. Label. 112. Label. 113. Right fore leg, outside view. All scale bars = 0.25mm. Abbreviations: dlp = distal lip process; pog = postgonite; prg = pregonite; sd = semidomes.

FIGURES 1–14. Bengalia chekiangensis Fan (1–10, 12–14: male from Taiwan, CNC; 11: male from Taiwan, CMNH). 1. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 2. Epandrial complex, left lateral view. 3. Head and thorax, dorsal view. 4. Abdomen, dorsal view. 5. Head, left lateral view. 6. Head from front. 7. Left fore leg, outside view. 8. Left fore leg, inside view. 9. Base of right wing showing basicosta and tegula. 10. ST5 flap and much of ST5. 11. ST5 flap; scale bar = 0.25mm. 12. Left anepimeron. 13. Labels. 14. Right wing, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bsp = bacilliform sclerite process.

FIGURES 89–99. Bengalia fuscipennis Bezzi (89–91: lectotype, ETHZ; 92: female from Taitung Hsien, Taiwan, KR; 93–99: male from Kosempo, Taiwan, MNHN). 89. Labels. 90. Left fore tibia, outside view. 91. ST5 flap, oblique view. 92. Left anepimeron. 93. Labels. 94. Abdomen, dorsal view. 95. Detail of wing; arrow showing pale area around r-m crossvein. 96. ST5 flap. 97. Fore femora, from front. 98. Left fore leg, inside view. 99. Habitus.

FIGURES 15–20. Bengalia chekiangensis Fan (15–17, 19–20: male from Taiwan, CNC; 18: male from Taiwan, CMNH). 15. Distiphallus, dorsal view. 16. Distiphallus, left lateral view. 17. Distiphallus, ventral view. 18. Semidomes and distal lip projection, anteroventral view. 19. Pre- and postgonites. 20. Bacilliform sclerite process. All scale bars = 0.25mm. Abbreviations: dlp = distal lip process; e = external hypophallic lobe; lf = lateral finger; i = internal hypophallic lobe; sd = semidomes.

FIGURES 237–244. Bengalia xanthopyga Senior-White (237–239, 244: male from Doi Suthep N.P.: Konthathan, Thailand, NHMD; 240: holotype, NHMUK; 241–243: male from Chiang Mai, Thailand, ZMUM). 237. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 238. Epandrial complex, left lateral view. 239. ST5 flap. 240. ST5 flap. 241. Abdomen, posterolateral view. 242. Left anepisternum and anepimeron. 243. Right fore leg, inside view. 244. Pre- and postgionites. All scale bars = 0.25mm. Abbreviations: bsp = bacilliform sclerite process; pog = postgonite; prg = pregonite.

FIGURES 37–46. Bengalia concava Malloch (37, 39–43, 46: male from Kuala Lumpur, NHMUK; 38, 44: male from Malaysia, nr. Petaling, NHMUK; 45: holotype, NHMUK). 37. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 38. Epandrial complex, left lateral view. 39. Distiphallus, dorsal view. 40. Distiphallus, left lateral view. 41. Distiphallus, ventral view. 42. ST5 flap and processes beside it. 43. Pre- and postgonites. 44. Right anepimeron. 45. ST5 flap and processes beside it. 46. Right fore leg, inside view. Scale bars: 0.25mm (Figs 39–41, 43); 0.5mm (Figs 37, 42). Abbreviations: bsp = bacilliform sclerite process; dlp = distal lip process; sd = semidomes.

FIGURES 183–192. Bengalia recurva Malloch (male from Brookes Point, Uring Uring, Palawan, Philippines, NHMD). 183. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 184. Epandrial complex, left lateral view. 185. Bacilliform sclerite process. 186. ST5 flap. 187. Distiphallus, left lateral view. 188. Distiphallus, dorsal view. 189. Distiphallus, ventral view. 190. Distiphallus, apical view. 191. Distiphallus, apical view. 192. Pre- and postgonites. All scale bars = 0.25mm. Abbreviations: dlp = distal lip process; e = external hypophallic lobe; i = internal hypophallic lobe; pog = postgonite; prg = pregonite; psur = proximal surstylus; sd = semidomes.

FIGURES 60–66. Bengalia escheri Bezzi (lectotype, ETHZ). 60. Anterior part of body, left lateral view. 61. Posterior part of body, left lateral view. Arrow points to r-m crossvein. 62. Abdomen, posterodorsal view. 63. Left fore leg, inside view. 64. Right fore leg, outside view. 65. ST5 in situ at tip of abdomen, oblique antero-ventrolateral view. 66. Labels.

FIGURES 67–76. Bengalia escheri Bezzi (67–75: holotype of Bezzigalia rivanella Lehrer, MSNM; 76: dissected male from Taiwan, CNC). 67. Hind part of body, dorsal view. Arrow points to r-m crossvein. 68. ST5 flap. 69. Labels. 70. Left anepimeron, lateral view. 71. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 72. Distal surstylus, broadest aspect view. Arrow points to nick in distal surstylus 73. Left fore tibia and femur, outside view. 74. Right fore tibia, inside view. 75. Left bacilliform sclerite process and distal surstylus, lateral view. 76. Right bacilliform sclerite process and distal surstylus, lateral view. Arrow points to nick in latter. Abbreviations: bsp = bacilliform sclerite process; dsur = distal surstylus.

FIGURES 47–59. Bengalia escheri Bezzi (47–49, 51, 53–56, 58–59: male from Mishmi Hills, India [as “Burma”], NHMUK; 50, 52, 57: male from N. Kedah, Changloon, India, NHMUK). 47. Epandrial complex, posterior view (under stereomicroscope). 48. Epandrial complex, posterior view (under compound microscope, for better resolution). 49. Epandrial complex, left lateral view. 50. Epandrial complex, left lateral view. 51. ST5 flap. 52. ST5 flap. 53. Distiphallus, dorsal view. 54. Distiphallus, left lateral view. 55. Distiphallus, ventral view. 56. Distiphallus, apical view. 57. Distiphallus, apical view. 58. Pre- and postgonites. 59. Right fore leg, inside view. Scale bars: 0.5mm (Fig. 48); 0.25mm (Figs 51–56, 58). Abbreviations: bsp = bacilliform sclerite process; dlp = distal lip process; lf = lateral finger; pog = postgonite; prg = pregonite; sd = semidomes.

FIGURES 77-88. Bengalia fuscipennis Bezzi (77–79, 81–88: male paratype of Gangelomyia laoziella Lehrer from Tappani, Taiwan, SDEI; 80: male from Doi Inthanon N.P., Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, NHMD). 77. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 78. Epandrial complex, left lateral view. 79. Left distal surstylus and bacilliform sclerite process, lateral view. Arrow points to nick in distal surstylus. 80. ST5 flap. 81. Distiphallus, dorsal view. 82. Distiphallus, apical view. 83. ST5 flap. 84. Distiphallus, left lateral view. 85. Distiphallus, apical view. 86. Distiphallus, apical view. 87. Distiphallus, ventral view. 88. Pre- and postgonites. All scale bars = 0.25mm. Abbreviations: bsp = bacilliform sclerite process; dlp = distal lip process; lf = lateral finger; pog = postgonite; prg = pregonite sd = semidomes.

FIGURES 114–125. Bengalia jejuna (Fabricius) (114–124: holotype of Gangelomyia evafoneae Lehrer, NHMUK; 125: male from Coimbatore, India, WSU). 114. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 115. Epandrial complex, left lateral view. 116. ST5 flap. 117. Distiphallus, dorsal view. 118. Distiphallus, lateral view. 119. Distiphallus, ventral view. 120. Labels. 121. ST5 flap, hind edge view, inside up. 122. Pre- and postgonites. 123. Distiphallus, apical view, scale bar = 0.25mm. 124. Distiphallus, apical view. 125. Tip of distiphallus, oblique anterodorsal view. Abbreviations: dlp = distal lip process; pog = postgonite; prg = pregonite; sd = semidomes.

FIGURES 159–170. Bengalia martinleakei Senior-White (holotype of Gangelomyia gandhiana Lehrer, NHMUK). 159. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 160. Epandrial complex, left lateral view. 161. Abdomen, dorsal view. 162. Distiphallus, dorsal view. 163. Distiphallus, oblique dorsolateral view. 164. Distiphallus, ventral view. 165. Distiphallus, apical view. 166. Detail of distiphallus, ventral view; arrows showing denticulate area. 167. Labels. 168. ST5 flap, broadest aspect. 169. ST5 flap, hind edge view, inside up. 170. Fore femora, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25mm (Figs 162–164, 166); 0.5mm (Fig. 168). Abbreviations: dlp = distal lip process; lf = lateral finger; sd = semidomes.

FIGURES 31–36. Bengalia chiangmaiensis Kurahashi & Tumrasvin (31–34: male from Laos, BPBM; 35–36: male from Thailand, NSMT). 31. Distiphallus, dorsal view. 32. Distiphallus, left lateral view, obliquely from front. 33. Distiphallus, ventral view. 34. Distiphallus, apical view. 35. Habitus. 36. Abdomen, posterodorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25mm (Figs 31–34); 10mm (Fig. 35). Abbreviations: dlp = distal lip process; lf = lateral finger; sd = semidomes.