Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903

Kaderka, Radan, 2015, The Neotropical genus Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903 and new species from Peru, Brazil and Venezuela (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), Journal of Natural History 50, pp. 393-465 : 396-398

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00222933.2015.1076082
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:727D9326-42D3-45FF-A593-2EF6A9CE5745
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4331348
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A9E109-FF93-2F37-FE55-B8C8FDE1FD32
treatment provided by	Carolina
scientific name	Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903
status

Treatment

Genus Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903 View in CoL View at ENA

Synonymies

Erythropoicila Fischel, 1927 ; Pseudhomoeomma Mello-Leitão, 1930

Type species

Cyriocosmus sellatus ( Simon 1889) View in CoL

Generic diagnosis

Differs from all known genera of Theraphosinae by the presence of the paraembolic apophysis in male palpal bulbs ( Figures 25 View Figure 25 , 26 View Figure 26 ) and by the presence of spermathecae with two separated spiral seminal receptacles, mostly terminating with caliciform or globular extension ( Figure 29a – h View Figure 29 ), with reversion in C. nogueira-netoi View in CoL having S-shaped receptacles, in combination with the presence of the type III urticating setae ( Kaderka 2010, figure 13) in the central patch on dorsal abdomen ( Figures 3d View Figure 3 , 6d View Figure 6 , 10d View Figure 10 , 11d View Figure 11 , 13d View Figure 13 , 14d View Figure 14 , 16d View Figure 16 , 19c View Figure 19 , 20d View Figure 20 , 21c View Figure 21 , 23c View Figure 23 ).

Species included

C. bertae Pérez-Miles, 1998 View in CoL , C. blenginii Pérez-Miles, 1998 View in CoL , C. chicoi Pérez-Miles, 1998 View in CoL , C. elegans ( Simon, 1889) View in CoL , C. fasciatus ( Mello-Leitão, 1930) View in CoL , C. fernandoi Fukushima, Bertani and da Silva, 2005 View in CoL , C. leetzi Vol, 1999 View in CoL , C. nogueiranetoi Fukushima, Bertani and da Silva, 2005 View in CoL , C. perezmilesi Kaderka, 2007 View in CoL , C. pribiki Pérez-Miles and Weinmann, 2009 View in CoL , C. ritae Pérez-Miles, 1998 View in CoL , C. sellatus ( Simon, 1889) View in CoL , C. venezuelensis Kaderka, 2010 View in CoL , C. versicolor ( Simon, 1897) .

Distribution

Cyriocomus is exclusive to (sub-)tropical South America ( Schiapelli and Gerschman de Pikelin 1973) including northern Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Tobago, Trinidad and Venezuela, including Isla Margarita ( Figure 36 View Figure 36 ). Spiders of the genus inhabit tropical and non-tropical areas, lowland rainforests as well as high-altitude forests at the elevation of 3000 m asl (Fukushima et al. 2005; Pérez-Miles and Weinmann 2009).

Description

The genus Cyriocosmus comprises small to medium-sized spiders, with total length 10 – 32 mm, excluding chelicerae and spinnerets. Carapace oval, uniformly coloured or with bicoloured pattern. Caput moderately domed. Eye tubercle oval, flattened, distinctly wider than longer, with eight eyes, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row slightly recurved in dorsal view, a group of strong setae present on the median anterior margin of the tubercle. Clypeus absent to very narrow. Fovea transverse, straight to slightly procurved. Chelicerae without rastellum and stridulatory bristles, with teeth on promargin (7 – 10), first basal teeth are complemented with granulation. Labium domed, wider than longer, with 30 – 100 cuspules in anterior third, maxillae with 100 – 360 cuspules in basal half on ventral side, maxillary lobe pronounced into conical process. Variability in number of labial and maxillary cuspules in Cyriocosmus perezmilesi was described by Kaderka (2010). Labiosternal groove distinct, shallow and flat, with two slightly separate or joined elongated sigilla. Sternum oval, with three pairs of small, oval sigilla located near coxae III, coxae II and coxae I, posteriorly separated from the margin approximately by their own diameter. Legs uniformly hirsute, with ( Figures 12b View Figure 12 , 17b View Figure 17 , 34 View Figure 34 ) or without ( Figures 1b View Figure 1 , 7 View Figure 7 ) whitish or yellowish longitudinal striation on dorsal side. Leg pattern (from longest to shortest): I>IV>II>III in Cyriocosmus ritae or IV>I>II>III in all congeners. Leg segments: generally uniform to slightly incrassate on femur III. Incrassate tibia I is present in males of C. ritae only ( Figure 24b View Figure 24 ).

Dense scopulae on ventral side of all tarsi, metatarsi partly scopulate, scopulae more extended on anterior than on posterior legs. Tarsal scopulae I, II usually undivided, on tarsi III, IV usually divided by longitudinal band of setae. Retrolateral side of femur IV and prolateral side of femur I without pad of plumose setae. Maxillary and trochanteral stridulatory setae or bristles absent. Spination as in species descriptions. Dorsal side of all tarsi with two irregular longitudinal rows of very short claviform trichobothria. Paired tarsal claws without teeth, third claw absent in all tarsi. Claw tufts dense, bilobate, present on all tarsi.

Abdomen uniformly coloured ( Figures 1b View Figure 1 , 7 View Figure 7 ) or with lateral stripes ( Figures 12b View Figure 12 , 16c View Figure 16 , 17b View Figure 17 , 34 View Figure 34 ). Urticating setae of type III ( Kaderka 2010, figure 13) with very short reversed barbs are located in central semicircular ( Figure 13d View Figure 13 ) to U-shaped glossy patch ( Figures 17b View Figure 17 , 34 View Figure 34 ) . Abdomen ventrally with ( Figures 16e View Figure 16 , 23d View Figure 23 ) or without dark longitudinal band. Four spinnerets present. PLS composed of three digitiform segments. PMS digitiform, mono-segmented.

Male palpal organ: embolus with long ( Figure 26a – d View Figure 26 ) or short PA ( Figures 25 View Figure 25 , 26e – h View Figure 26 , 32a – d View Figure 32 ) and with smooth ( Figures 25a – d View Figure 25 , 26e – h View Figure 26 , 32a – d View Figure 32 ) or crested PS keel (Fukushima et al. 2005, figures 1 – 4), PS keel is absent only in males of Cyriocosmus giganteus sp. nov. ( Figure 25g, h View Figure 25 ). Apical keel is present only in Cyriocosmus versicolor and Cyriocosmus perezmilesi ( Figure 32g, h View Figure 32 ; Fukushima et al. 2005, figures 1, 2). Tegulum with distinct granulated TP, projecting prolaterally ( Figure 25a – h View Figure 25 ). Retrolateral face of cymbium with ( Figure 24a View Figure 24 ) or without basal field of spiniform setae (in Fukushima et al. 2005 called ‘ spines ’). Palpal tibia with distinct ( Figures 2e View Figure 2 , 5e View Figure 5 , 18e View Figure 18 ) or indistinct ( Figures 18c View Figure 18 , 20f View Figure 20 ) retrolateral process which is usually covered with numerous spiniform setae, absent in males of C. fernandoi , C. hoeferi sp. nov., C. nogueiranetoi and C. versicolor . Two unequal tibial apophyses are present on tibia I ( Figures 27 View Figure 27 , 28 View Figure 28 ): a longer retrolateral tibial apophysis, usually with short apical spine and a shorter prolateral tibial apophysis usually with single, well-developed retrolateral spine at base. Metatarsus I not sigmoidly curved, without basal or median protuberance on retrolateral face, except the males of C. ritae having a median protuberance ( Figure 24b View Figure 24 ). Male metatarsus I flexion between both tibial apophyses, except C. fernandoi and C. versicolor with flexion on retrolateral side of retrolateral tibial apophysis, C. pribiki on retrolateral tibial apophysis and C. ritae with flexion on prolateral tibial apophysis.

Females with spermathecae composed of two separated spiral seminal receptacles, distally terminating with caliciform ( Figure 29a, f, g View Figure 29 ) or globular extension ( Figure 29b, c, e, h View Figure 29 ), with or without sclerotized basal plates. If present they can be flat ( Figure 29a, f View Figure 29 ) or convex ( Figures 29c, g View Figure 29 , 35a, b View Figure 35 ).