Potamides disjunctus (J. de C. Sowerby, 1832 )

Harzhauser, Mathias, Guzhov, Aleksandr & Landau, Bernard, 2023, A revision and nomenclator of the Cainozoic mudwhelks (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Batillariidae, Potamididae) of the Paratethys Sea (Europe, Asia), Zootaxa 5272 (1), pp. 1-241 : 66-70

Potamides disjunctus (J. de C. Sowerby, 1832)

Figs 7A–I

* [ Cerithium ] disjunctum Sowerby —J. de C. Sowerby 1832: 420, pl. 39, fig. 12.

[ Cerithium ] turritella Sowerby —J. de C. Sowerby 1832: 420, pl. 39, fig. 13.

Cerithium coronatum Brug. — Dubois de Montpéreux 1831: 33, pl. 2, fig. 11 [non Bruguière, 1792].

Cerithium coronatum Brug. — Andrzejowski 1832: 562 [non Bruguière, 1792].

Cerithium coronatum —Andrzejowski 1835: 322 [non Bruguière, 1792].

C [erithium]. coronatum Brug. — Pusch 1836: 526 [non Bruguière, 1792].

C [erithium]. plicatum Brug. — Pusch 1836: 527 [non Bruguière, 1792].

Cerithium plicatum Brug. — Pusch 1837: 147 [non Bruguière, 1792].

[ Cerithium ] cinctum Lmk. — Hauer 1837: 419 [non Bruguière, 1792].

[ Cerithium ] plicatum Lam. — Ĥrnes 1848: 21 [non Bruguière, 1792].

Cerith[ium]. connexum m.— Eichwald 1851: 88, pl. 7, fig. 17.

Cerithium connexum — Eichwald 1852: 2, pl. 7, figs 17a–c.

Cerith [ium]. convexum [sic] m.— Eichwald 1853: 157.

Cerithium disjunctum Sow. — Ĥrnes 1855: 406, pl. 42, figs 10, 11.

Cerithium disjunctum Sow. — Hilber 1879b: 124.

Cerithium disjunctum Sowerby — Cobălcescu 1883: 149, pl. 15, figs 2–4.

Cerithium disjunctum Sow. — Handmann 1888: 70, pl. 4, fig. 40.

Cerithium szenthesiense — Halaváts 1888: 178, pl. 32, figs 9a – b.

Cerithium disjunctum Sow. — Bogdanovich 1890: 110, pl. 2, figs 3–4.

Potamides (Bittium) disjunctus Sow. — Hilber 1891: 242, fig. 15.

Cerithium Szentesiense Halav — Halaváts, 1895: 196.

Cerithium disjunctum Sow. — Simionescu 1902: 26, pl. 2, fig. 23.

Potamides disjunctus Sow. — Friedberg 1914: 291, pl. 18, fig. 1, text-figs 63–64.

Cerithium disjunctum Sow. — Kolesnikov 1935: 228, pl. 28, figs 33–34.

Pirenella disjuncta (Sow.) — Sieber 1937: 483.

Pirenella disjuncta (Sow.) var. quadricincta nov. var. — Sieber 1937: 483, pl. 24, fig. D5.

Cerithium disjunctum Sow. — Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 77, pl. 1, figs 9–12.

Cerithium disjunctum Sow. var. conica n. var. — Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 79, pl. 1, fig. 13 [non Blainville, 1829].

Cerithium disjunctum Sow. var. raducanensis n. var. — Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 79, pl. 1, fig. 14.

Cerithium nefaris Kol. — Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 80 (pars), pl. 1, figs 15–16 [non Kolesnikov, 1935].

Cerithium caspium Andr. — Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 81, pl. 1, figs 24–26 [non Andrussow, 1902].

Cerithium convexum [sic] Eichw.— Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 81, pl. 1, fig. 27.

Cerithium friedbergi n.f.— Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 82, pl. 1, fig. 28.

Cerithium orheiense n.f.— Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 83, pl. 1, fig. 29.

Cerithium dobrogense n.f.— Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 83, pl. 1, fig. 30, text-figs 90–91.

Seila semiornata n.f.— Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 101, pl. 2, fig. 21.

Cerithium ( Sandbergeria ?) turrilitiforme n.f.— Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 101, pl. 2, fig. 24.

Pirenella disjuncta Sowerby — Jekelius 1944: 79, pl. 20, figs 10–22.

Bittium sandori n. sp. — Jekelius 1944: 82, pl. 21, figs 21–23.

Cerithium disjunctum Sowerby — Andréeva-Ouchéva 1954: 271, pl. 11, figs 10 – 11.

Potamides disjunctus (Sow.) — Csepreghy-Meznerics 1954: 20, pl. 2, figs 1–4.

Pirenella disjuncta disjuncta (Sowerby) — Papp 1954: 42, pl. 6, figs 21–23.

Pirenella disjuncta quadricincta (Sieber) — Papp 1954: 344, pl. 7, fig. 24.

P [otamides]. disjuncta disjuncta (Sow.) — Sieber 1958: 136.

P [otamides]. disjuncta quadricincta Sieber — Sieber 1958: 136.

Pirenella disjuncta disjuncta (Sowerby) — Boda 1959: 615, pl. 25, figs 1–6.

Pirenella disjuncta quadricincta Sieber — Boda 1959: 616, pl. 25, fig. 7.

Cerithium szenthesiense Halaváts, 1888 — Boda 1964: 110.

Potamides (Pirenella) disjunctus Sowerby, 1931 — Strausz 1966: 144, pl. 7, fig. 3.

Pirenella disjuncta disjuncta (Sowerby, 1932 [sic])—Hinculov in Iliescu et al. 1968: 125, pl. 29, figs 9–10.

Potamides disjunctum ( Sowerby, 1832) — Zelinskaya et al. 1968: 157, pl. 39, figs 5–6.

Potamides convexus [sic] (Eichwald)— Ionesi 1968: 252, pl. 9, figs 24–26.

Potamides disjunctus var. conica ( Simionescu et Barbu, 1940) — Ionesi, 1968: 252, pl. 9, figs 16–17 [non de Blainville, 1829].

Potamides disjunctus var. raducanensis (Simionescu & Barbu) — Ionesi, 1968: 252, pl. 9, figs 18–20.

Potamides disjunctus var. enodis Sim. — Ionesi 1968: plate captions, pl. 9, figs 21–23 [nomen nudum].

Pirenella disjuncta disjuncta (Sowerby in Sedgwik [sic] & Murchison, 1832)— Kojumdgieva 1969: 93, pl. 33, figs 5–7.

Pirenella disjuncta quadricincta Sieber, 1937 — Kojumdgieva 1969: 94, pl. 33, figs 8–9.

Pirenella disjuncta quadricincta Sieber — Plǎmǎdealǎ 1970: 116, pl. 6, figs 1–5.

Pirenella disjuncta disjuncta (Sowerby) — Plǎmǎdealǎ 1970: 113, pl. 6, figs 7, 9, 10, pl. 7, figs 10–11.

Pirenella disjuncta disjuncta (Sowerby, 1831) — Švagrovský 1971: 334, pl. 57, figs 1–2.

Pirenella disjuncta quadricincta Sieber, 1937 — Švagrovský 1971: 337, pl. 57, fig. 3.

Pirenella disjuncta disjuncta (Sowerby) — Papp 1974: 344, pl. 7, figs 19–21.

Pirenella disjuncta quadricincta Sieber — Papp 1974: 43, pl. 7, fig. 22.

Pirenella disjuncta (Sowerby) — A.A. Ali-Zade 1974: 112, pl. 38, figs 1–3.

Cerithium szentesiense — Krolopp 1975: 152.

Potamides disjunctus quadricinctus (Sieber) — Ionesi & Vele 1981: 126, pl. 3, figs 8–27.

Potamides disjunctus disjunctus (Sowerby) — Ionesi & Vele 1981: 130, pl. 1, figs 1–28, pl. 2, figs 1–25.

Potamides disjunctus quinquecinctus n. ssp. — Ionesi & Vele 1981: 132, pl. 4, figs 1–8.

Pirenella disjuncta (Sowerby) — Munteanu & Munteanu 1997: 157, pl. 20.IV, fig. 22.

Pirenella quadricincta (Sieber) — Munteanu & Munteanu 1997: 157, pl. 20.IV, figs 21, 23.

Pirenella disjuncta disjuncta (Sowerby) — Schultz 1998: 130, pl. 59, fig. 9.

Potamides disjunctus (Sowerby, 1831) — Harzhauser & Kowalke 2002: 68, pl. 13, figs 4–5, 8–9, 12–13.

Potamides disjunctus disjunctus ( Sowerby, 1832) — Ionesi & Ţabără 2004: 166, pl. 3, figs 12–13.

Potamides disjunctus conicus ( Simionescu et Barbu, 1940) — Ionesi & Ţabără 2004: 166, pl. 3, figs 14–21 [non de Blainville, 1829].

Cerithium orheiense Simionescu et Barbu, 1940 — Ionesi et al. 2005: 108.

Potamides disjunctus disjunctus (Sow.) — Ionesi 2006: 197, pl. 5, fig. 1.

Potamides disjunctus quinquecinctus Bica Ionesi et Vele — Ionesi 2006: 198, pl. 5, fig. 4.

Potamides disjunctus quadricinctus (Sieber) — Ionesi 2006: 198, pl. 5, figs 2–3.

Potamides nefaris ( Kolesnikov, 1935) — Ionesi et al. 2005: 108 (pars), pl. 7, figs 6–7, pl. 23, figs 11–14.

Potamides disjunctus (Sowerby) — Piller & Harzhauser 2005: 452, fig. 4/7.

Potamides disjunctus (Sowerby, 1831) — Harzhauser et al. 2011: fig. 3/8.

Potamides disjunctus (Sowerby, 1831) — Lukeneder et al. 2011: 772, fig. K.

Potamides disjunctus (Sowerby, 1831) — Caze et al. 2013: figs 3A–B, 4A–F, pl. 1, figs A–E.

non Potamides (Pirenella) cf. disjunctus (Sow.) — Boettger 1902: 122 [= unknown].

non Potamides disjunctum Sow. — Ossaulenko 1936: 87, pl. 3, fig. 16 [= Potamides taitboutii (d’Orbigny, 1844) ]. non Pirenella cf. disjuncta quadricincta Sieber — Pavlovsky 1960: 215, pl. 1, fig. 7a [= Terebralia sp. ].

non Pirenella disjuncta (Sowerby in Murchison)—Davoli 1990: 49, pl. 2, figs 6–10 [= Potamides sp. ].

Type material. The syntype was stored in the Natural History Museum , London ( UK) but could not be found .

Type locality: Bad Radkersburg ( Austria) (J. de C. Sowerby 1832) .

Stratigraphy. Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian).

Illustrated material. NHMW 1847/0037/0094, SL: 33.7 mm, MD: 11.5 mm, Natural History Museum Vienna ( Austria), Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian), Wiesen ( Austria), illustrated in Ĥrnes (1855: pl. 42, fig. 11), Figs 7A 1 –A 2. NHMW 1846/0037/0374, SL: 31.7 mm, MD: 9.9 mm, Natural History Museum Vienna ( Austria), Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian), Wiesen ( Austria), illustrated in Ĥrnes (1855: pl. 42, fig. 10), Figs 7B 1 –B 2. NHMW 1847/0037/0094, SL. 24.8 mm, MD: 9.7 mm, Natural History Museum Vienna ( Austria), Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian), Ĥflein ( Austria), lectotype of Pirenella disjuncta quadricincta Sieber, 1937 illustrated in Sieber (1937: pl. 24, fig. D5), Figs 7C 1 –C 2. PM SPSU 3/320, SL: 19 mm, MD: 8 mm, St. Petersburg State University, Paleontological Museum ( Russia), Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian), Kamenka ( Moldova), lectotype of Cerithium connexum Eichwald, 1851 , Figs 7D 1 –D 2. PIN 2984/147, SL: 32.8 mm, MD: 11.6 mm, Bursuc ( Moldova), Sarmatian (Volhynian); illustrated in ( Plǎmǎdealǎ, 1970, pl. 6, fig. 1), Figs 7E 1 – E 2. 41732, Col. Ionesi et Vele, Museum of Paleontology, University of “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, IaȘi ( Romania), Văleni ( Romania), Sarmatian (Volhynian), holotype of Potamides disjunctus quinquecinctus Ionesi & Vele, 1981 , illustrated in Ionesi & Vele (1981: pl. 4, fig. 1), Fig. 7F. NHMW, St. Margarethen ( Austria), Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Bessarabian), from Harzhauser & Kowalke (2002), Fig. 7G. PIN 2984/151, SL: 28.0 mm, MD: 8.8 mm, MolochiȘul ( Moldova), Sarmatian (Volhynian), illustrated in Plǎmǎdealǎ (1970, pl. 7, fig. 10), Fig. 7H. PIN 2984/159, SL: 19.8 mm, MD: 7.0 mm, Doibani ( Moldova), Sarmatian (Bessarabian), illustrated in Plǎmǎdealǎ (1970, pl. 7, fig. 8), Fig. 7I.

Studied material. 5 spec., NHMW 1847/0037/0094, Ĥflein ( Austria) ; 37 spec., NHMW 1860/0001/0000, Ĥflein ( Austria) ; 3 spec., NHMW 1875/0035/0039, Grossrussbach ( Austria) ; 20 spec., A 52, Hauskirchen ( Austria) ; 50 spec., 1688, Hauskirchen ( Austria) ; 6 spec., A 2350, Hauskirchen ( Austria) ; 52 spec., NHMW 1847/0037/0095, Wiesen ( Austria) ; 9 spec., A 1689, Wiesen ( Austria) ; 26 spec., NHMW 1847/0037/0094, Wiesen ( Austria) ; 80 spec., NHMW 1846/0037/0374, Wiesen ( Austria) ; 48 spec., NHMW 1866/0001/0564, Drassburg ( Austria) ; 63 spec., NHMW 1869/0001/0014, Sopron ( Hungary) : 2 spec., NHMW 1904/0008/0098, Sopron ( Hungary) ; NHMW 1860/0001/0000, Velké Bílovice ( Czech Republic) ; 25 spec., NHMW 1858/0026/0066, Holič ( Czech Republic) .

Revised description. Medium sized (commonly about 35 mm in height with rare specimens of up to 50 mm), moderately slender conical shell of about 14 teleoconch whorls; apical angle ~20–22°. Protoconch of one smooth, convex whorl, terminated by thickened, slightly sinuous rim. Early teleoconch whorls strongly convex with two weak spiral cords; adapical cord separating broad subsutural ramp, second cord distinctly above abapical suture. Wide-spaced axial ribs appear on third teleoconch whorl, forming small beads at intersections with spiral cords. Third spiral cord develops on subsutural ramp around sixth teleoconch whorl. On later adult whorls, fourth spiral appears just above suture, mostly obscured by subsequent whorl, Whorl profile straight-sided to weakly convex, without varices on subsequent whorls, bearing three spiral cords of equal strength separated by deep spiral grooves of rectangular cross-section. Rounded to subquadratic beads develop at intersections of spiral cords with axial ribs. About 15 to 22 axial ribs on penultimate whorl; typically ranging around 17–19 axial ribs. Whorls separated by deeply and narrowly impressed suture accompanied by weak spiral cord. Periphery of last whorl convex; last whorl constricted with weakly convex base covered by about six to eight faintly beaded spiral cords. Aperture wide, ovoid. Columella weakly concave, smooth. Columellar callus moderately thickened, forming moderately broad, somewhat elevated callus rim, well delimited from base by narrow chink.Anal canal indistinct. Outer lip not thickened, simple, weakly concave in lateral view with opisthocyrt basal margin. Siphonal canal wide, moderately incised, moderately deflected to the left. Color pattern consisting of reddish stripes between spiral cords ( Caze et al. 2013).

Synonyms. Specimens with well-developed fourth, abapical spiral cord occur in all populations of Potamides disjunctus .For these, Sieber(1937) had established Pirenella disjuncta quadricincta Sieber,1937 .Aberrant specimens with a fifth spiral cord have been described by Ionesi & Vele (1981) as Potamides disjunctus quinquecinctus and as Cerithium orheiense by Simionescu & Barbu (1940). Cerithium taitboutii d‘Orbigny, 1844 is a subadult or dwarf specimen consisting of only nine teleoconch whorls, but does not differ from P. disjunctus . Cerithium turritella J. de C. Sowerby, 1832 seems to represent an aberrant specimen of P. disjunctus with strongly reduced sculpture. The illustration of Cerithium connexum Eichwald, 1851 shows a high conical morph of P. disjunctus with delicate sculpture. However, the lectotype of C. connexum illustrated herein does not differ from typical specimens of P. disjunctus . Cerithium conica Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 is based on a dwarf specimen with an inflated last whorl, which might point to a parasitized specimen as typical for recent species (e.g., Reid & Ozawa 2016). Similarly, Cerithium raducanensis Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 is dwarf specimen. Cerithium dobrogense Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 is based on a broad conical specimen with predominant axial sculpture. Elongate specimens with weak sculpture (probably due to abrasion) have been described as Cerithium turrilitiforme Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 . Cerithium friedbergi Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 represents a Potamides disjunctus with subcylindrical whorls, incised suture and axial ribs, resulting in a shell that is reminiscent of Granulolabium plicatum (Bruguière, 1792) . Bittium sandori Jekelius, 1944 is a morph of Potamides disjunctus with strongly convex whorl and weak beads. Seila semiornata Simionescu & Barbu (1940) seems to be based on an almost smooth and abraded specimen of Potamides disjunctus . Cerithium szentesiense Halaváts, 1888 represents a specimen, which was reworked from Sarmatian strata into Pannonian deposits and was established because Halaváts (1888) erroneously considered it an autochthonous Pannonian species. Potamides hartbergensis enodis Ionesi, 1968 is a nomen nudum, referring to specimens with slightly reduced sculpture.

Discussion. This widespread species was eponymous for the Potamides disjunctus assemblage defined by Harzhauser & Kowalke (2002), which occurred in shallow littoral to sublittoral settings on sand under marine conditions. Normal marine and even hypersaline conditions were documented by stable isotope data ( Latal et al. 2004). See Potamides taitboutii (d’Orbigny, 1844) for discussion on the separation of P. disjunctus and P. taitboutii .

Distribution. Potamides disjunctus was endemic to the Sarmatian of the Paratethys Sea, being widespread in the Central and Eastern Paratethys from the Volhynian to the early Bessarabian. Badenian occurrences are based on misidentifications (e.g., Boettger 1902; Pavlovsky 1960). Similarly, occurrences in the Proto-Mediterranean Sea are based on misidentifications (e.g., Davoli 1990).

Central Paratethys. Sarmatian, Volhynian (Middle Miocene, Serravallian): Polish-Ukrainian Fore-Carpathian Basin: Kuncha, Zavadyntsi (Khmel'nytskyi Region), Derman (Rivne Region), Ocheretnе (Ternopil Region), Zalistsi, ravine Zhabyak near Dzvynyacha, Zhukivtsi (Ternopil Region) ( Ukraine); Camenca, Grigoriopol, Rîbnița ( Moldova) ( Eichwald 1853; Friedberg 1914); Vienna Basin: Gaweinstal, Hautzendorf, Hauskirchen, Hobersdorf, Ĥflein, Nexing ( Austria) ( Papp 1974), Bílovice u Uherského Hradiště, Čejč, Holič, Podivín, Strážnice ( Czech Republic) ( Švagrovský 1971), Holič ( Slovakia) ( Švagrovský 1971); Danube Basin: Trenčianske Stankovce ( Švagrovský 1971); Eisenstadt-Sopron Basin: Drassburg, Ĥflein, Mattersburg ( Austria) ( Ĥrnes 1855; Handmann 1888; Harzhauser & Kowalke 2002); Oberpullendorf Basin: Oberpullendorf ( Austria) (own data); Pannonian Basin: Soceni ( Romania) ( Jekelius 1944), Pécs, Pécsvárad, Karád, Vérkút, Tihany, Várpalota, Úny, Tinnye, Mány, Zsámbék, Galgagŷrk, Vanyarc, Szirák, Tard, Sátoraljaújhely ( Hungary) ( Boda 1959); Eastern Slovakian Basin: Slančík, Slanec ( Švagrovský 1971); Mehadia Basin: Valea Tudoroviţa, Valea Hamka (Hinculov in Iliescu et al. 1968); Dacian Basin: Dolni Vadin, Gradeshnitsa, Slavovitsa, Tyrnava ( Bulgaria) ( Kojumdgieva 1969). Sarmatian, Bessarabian (Late Miocene): Eisenstadt-Sopron Basin: St. Margarethen, Wiesen ( Austria) ( Harzhauser & Kowalke 2002), Fertőrákos, Sopron ( Hungary) (Hörnes 1855; own data), Styrian Basin: Bad Radkersburg (Styria) (J. de C. Sowerby 1832), Totterfeld at Hartberg ( Austria) (own data).

Eastern Paratethys. Sarmatian, Volhynian (Middle Miocene, Serravallian): Dacian Gulf: Capul Mielului Valley, Şipote ( Romania) ( Munteanu & Munteanu 1997; Caze et al. 2013); Moldavian Platform: Bursuc, Butuceni, Ghidirim, Mîndîc (= Livadeni), Lupăria, MolochiȘul, Rîbnița, Saharna, Severinovca, Tîrnova, Yagorlyk River, Zăzuleni ( Moldova) ( Kolesnikov 1935; Plǎmǎdealǎ 1970; Ionesi 2006; own data); Văleni ( Romania) ( Ionesi & Vele 1981). Sarmatian, Bessarabian (Late Miocene) [note that some occurrences might represent Potamides taitboutii ]: Moldavian Platform: Azarlâc, Capu-Dealului, Colecţia, Drupă, Hârtop, IaȘi, Manolea, Nisipurile, Răducăneni, Repedea, Şcheia, Tătăruşi, Ungheni, Vlădiceni ( Romania); Bujor, Buşăuca, Butuceni, Chişinău, Coropceni, Cricova, Ghidirim, Gura Bîkului, Lăpuşna, MolochiȘul, Orhei, Oxentea, Piatra, Roşcani, ṢoldăneȘti, Soroca, TaȘlîc, Trebujeni ( Moldova) ( Cobălcescu 1883; Simionescu & Barbu 1940; Plǎmǎdealǎ 1970; Ionesi et al. 2005); Dacian Basin: Colecţia, Ruşavăt-Buzău, Scăioşi, Şipotele ( Romania) ( Simionescu & Barbu 1940; Munteanu & Munteanu 1997; Ionesi et al. 2005); Caspian Basin: Çeşməbasar ( Azerbaijan) ( Ali-Zade 1974).