Zonopimpla Ashmead, 1900

Khalaim, Andrey I. & Ruíz-Cancino, Enrique, 2023, Darwin wasps of the subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Mexico: Camptotypus genus-group, Zootaxa 5330 (1), pp. 47-72 : 54

Genus Zonopimpla Ashmead, 1900

Zonopimpla Ashmead 1900: 55 . Type species: Zonopimpla albicincta Ashmead, 1900 , by original designation.

Synonym:

Cenodontis Townes, 1969 ( Gauld 1991: 247).

References. Townes & Townes 1966: 16 [catalogue; 6 species in Neotropical region; 1 species in Mexico]. Gauld 1991: 247 [description; review of 13 species from Costa Rica (12 described as new); key]. Gauld et al. 1998: 30 [24 species from Costa Rica (11 described as new); key]. Ruíz-Cancino et al. 2002: 645 [checklist; 1 species in Mexico]. Gauld et al. 2002: 38 [1 species in El Salvador]. Varela & Díaz 2010 [review of 11 species from Venezuela (9 described as new); key]. Victorino et al. 2023 [1 new species from Brazil].

Zonopimpla is an exclusively Neotropical genus with about 39 species, of them 24 species occur in Central America. Seven species of Zonopimpla are found to occur in Mexico, including four undescribed taxa.

Species of Zonopimpla are known as solitary or gregarious parasitoids in pupae and prepupae of coleopteran and lepidopteran hosts in galls, leaf mines and similar situations ( Gauld 1991; Gauld et al. 1998).

Key to species of Zonopimpla occurring in Mexico

1. Epicnemial carina absent. Epicnemium with vertical secondary carina at level of lower corner of pronotum............................................................................................. 1. Z. armandoi Gauld et al.

- Epicnemial carina present at least ventrally. Epicnemium without a vertical crest................................... 2

2. Head entirely black ( Fig. 11 ) or black with white markings ( Fig. 16 )............................................. 3

- Head entirely or predominantly yellow or reddish orange ( Figs 20 , 29 , 38 )........................................ 4

3. Mesosoma orange; propleuron and anterior margin of pronotum blackish ( Fig. 12 ). Head entirely black ( Fig. 11 ). Pleural carina completely absent ( Fig. 13 ). All coxae black, sometimes narrowly orange basally ( Fig. 10 ). First tergite with lateromedian carinae very strong, reaching about 0.8 of tergite ( Fig. 14 )................................... 2. Z. atriceps (Cresson)

- Mesosoma predominantly black, sometimes partly reddish brown ( Fig. 17 ). Head black with facial margins white ( Fig. 16 ). Pleural carina present ( Fig. 17 ). Fore and mid coxae white, hind coxa black or dark reddish brown ( Fig. 17 ). First tergite with lateromedian carinae weaker and shorter, less than 0.4 of tergite ( Fig. 18 )................... 3. Z. lorraineae Gauld et al.

4. Metasoma reddish brown, posterior or posterolateral margins of tergites 2–5 black ( Fig. 19 ). Ovipositor weakly decurved ( Fig. 19 )................................................................................ 4. Z. malevola sp. nov.

- Metasoma black with white markings ( Figs 28 , 35, 37 ). Ovipositor straight or weakly upcurved ( Figs 28 , 35, 37 )......... 5

5. Mesopleuron orange ( Fig. 32 ). Face white with a blackish median longitudinal stripe ( Fig. 29 ). Fore wing with areolet very small. First tergite with lateromedian carinae strong, almost reaching posterior end of tergite ( Fig. 33 ). Second tergite with distinct punctures centrally ( Fig. 33 )..................................................... 5. Z. munifica sp. nov.

- Mesopleuron entirely or predominantly white ( Figs 36 , 41 ). Face entirely white ( Fig. 38 ). Fore wing with areolet moderately large ( Fig. 40 ). First tergite with lateromedian carinae shorter, reaching at most centre of tergite. Second tergite polished, impunctate or with fine and sparse punctures centrally ( Figs 43, 44 )............................................. 6

6. Second tergite polished, impunctate. Ovipositor straight ( Fig. 35 ); apex of lower valve not expanded dorsolaterally (as in Fig. 34 )................................................................................ 6. Z. nutabilis sp. nov.

- Second tergite with sparse punctures ( Figs 43, 44 ). Ovipositor apically slightly sinuate ( Fig. 37 ); apex of lower valve distinctly expanded dorsolaterally to partially enclose the upper valve ( Fig. 39 )............................ 7. Z. puebla sp. nov.

Figures

FIGURES 10–14. Zonopimpla atriceps, ♀ (Tamaulipas): 10—habitus, lateral; 11—head, front; 12—mesosoma, lateral; 13— posterior part of metasoma, lateral; 14—base of metasoma, antero-dorso-lateral.

FIGURES 15–18. Zonopimpla lorraineae, ♀ (Jalisco): 15—habitus, dorsal; 16—head, front; 17—mesosoma, lateral; 18—base of metasoma, antero-dorso-lateral.

FIGURES 19–22. Zonopimpla malevola sp. nov., holotype (19–21) and paratype (22), ♀: 19—habitus, lateral; 20—head, front; 21—head, mesosoma and base of metasoma, lateral; 22—head and mesosoma, dorsal.

FIGURES 28–32. Zonopimpla munifica sp. nov., holotype, ♀: 28—habitus, lateral; 29—head, front; 30—headand mesoscutum, dorsal; 31—head and mesosoma, dorsal; 32—head, mesosoma and base of metasoma, lateral.

FIGURES 35–39. Zonopimpla nutabilis sp. nov., holotype, ♀: 35—habitus, lateral; 36—head, mesosoma and base of metasoma, lateral. Zonopimpla puebla sp. nov., holotype, ♀: 37—habitus, lateral; 38—head, front; 39—apex of ovipositor, lateral.

FIGURES 33–34. Zonopimpla munifica sp. nov., holotype, ♀: 33—base of metasoma, dorsal; 34—apex of ovipositor, lateral.

FIGURES 40–44. Zonopimpla puebla sp. nov., holotype (41, 42, 44) and paratype (40, 43), ♀ (41–44) and ♁ (40): 40—habitus, lateral; 41—mesosoma, lateral; 42—head and mesosoma, dorsal; 43—base of metasoma, dorsal; 44—metasomal tergites 2–4, dorsal.