Tupirinna Bonaldo, 2000

Xavier, Cláudia & Bonaldo, Alexandre B., 2021, Taxonomic revision of the genus Tupirinna Bonaldo, 2000 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Corinninae), Zootaxa 5004 (2), pp. 201-250 : 203-204

Tupirinna Bonaldo, 2000

Tupirinna Bonaldo, 2000: 133 (type species by original designation, Tupirinna rosae Bonaldo, 2000 ); WSC, 2021.

Emended diagnosis. Species of Tupirinna share with those of Stethorrhagus and Parachemmis the presence of anterior external excavations on the sternum in both sexes ( Figs 21A , 22G ) and an exclusive ventral tibial apophysis in the male palp (VTA in Figs 19C, 19F , 20D ). Tupirinna differs from both these genera by the following combination of characters: carapace with three longitudinal stripes of contrasting coloration, two marginal and one median ( Figs 1 , 2A–B ); chelicerae sexually dimorphic, longer in males, reaching about 2/3 the length of the carapace, with fangs nearly 2/3 the length of the paturon ( Fig. 22D ); male palpal tegulum weakly sclerotized, spermophore slightly spiraled; embolus short, apex simple, generally with a curved elongated basal process (TEP) ( Figs 8B , 16A , 17A , 20C ); epigynum with one copulatory opening, vulva with enlarged copulatory duct forming a copulatory pouch ( Figs 9G, H , 10E, F , 11G, H ).

Description. Total lengths (males and females) 3.75–6.90. Carapace with three stripes of contrasting coloration, two marginal, edge-curved ones and an additional median, longitudinal one; suboval, longer than wide in dorsal view ( Fig. 1 ); covered by short black hairs and few erect setae, more abundant in ocular region; with fine granulations, visible only through SEM ( Fig. 22A, B ); largest width between coxae II and III, maximum height at palpal insertion. Cephalic region low, poorly delimited, cephalic constriction slightly pronounced; anterior margin nearly straight, median anterior interocular tubercle undeveloped; thoracic region abruptly recessed in lateral view. Short, deep thoracic groove, smaller in length than MOQ; posterior margin nearly straight. Clypeus high, about two times AME diameter; clypeal groove present. Posterior eye row strongly procurved in dorsal view; MOQ as wide as long in dorsal view, anterior width approximately equal to posterior width ( Fig. 21A, B ). Median eyes rounded, lateral eyes suboval; all eyes subequal in size. Interdistances: AME-AME separated by half their diameter; AME-ALE by about one third of an AME diameter; PME-PME by about one and a half diameters; PME-PLE by slightly more than one diameter; ALE-PLE almost contiguous. Chilum entire, smooth, glabrous. Chelicerae with accentuated sexual dimorphism; in females, short, less than one-third of carapace length, slightly geniculate; in males, elongated, about two-thirds of carapace length, strongly geniculate ( Fig. 21D, E ); basal condile triangular, conspicuous; cheliceral frontal surface smooth, without granules; retrolateral surface with inconspicuous transverse ridges ( Fig. 22D, E ); fangs longer in males than in females, except in T. zebra sp. nov.. Endites convergent, promargin substraight, retromargin deeply notched ( Fig. 21A ). Labium wider than long, less than half endite lengths ( Fig. 21A ). Sternum approximately as long as wide, with long hairs not inserted in tubercles; sides of anterior margin projected; anterior sternal excavations present, deep ( Figs 21A , 22G ). Legs long, thin, covered by simple and feathery hairs; leg IV longer than others, leg I, II and III of sub-equal lengths ( Fig. 1 ). All coxae with hairs not inserted in tubercles; tibia I with three to four pairs of ventral macrosetae; metatarsus I with two pairs of ventral macrosetae. Scopular setae of tarsi I and II sparse ( Fig. 21L ); III and IV replaced by spiniform setae; metatarsus with no scopular setae, with inconspicuous ventro-distal setal tuft; tarsal claws with four to five large teeth; subungueal hairs dense; tarsal trichobothria in two dorsal rows; female palpal tarsal claw smooth; trochanters I and II slightly notched; III and IV notched. Abdomen with abundant simple and feathery hairs ( Fig. 21K ), without erectile setae; dorsal and ventral scutum absent in both sexes; tracheal tubercle present. Colulus represented by a sub-triangular plate with few simple hairs. Spinnerets (surveyed only in female of T. caraca sp. nov. ( Fig. 21G–J ). ALS ( Fig. 21G, H ) with nearly 15 piriform spigots and two major ampullate spigots; PMS ( Fig. 21G, I ) with two or three aciniform spigots, two minor ampullate spigots plus large, protruded tartipore and three large cylindrical spigots; PLS ( Fig. 21G, J ) with multiple aciniform spigots and two cylindrical spigots.

Male palp. Tibia long, longer than half of cymbial length or as long as cymbium; ventral lobe of retrolateral tibial apophysis (VL) always present, with or without apical spur; dorsal lobe absent in species of the rosae group. Ventral tibial apophysis (VTA) present, not fused retrolaterally to tibial margin. Cymbial retrolateral basal process weakly developed. Cymbial prolateral basal process absent. Tegulum wide, weakly sclerotized, spermophore weakly spiralled, with two to three wide, ventral S-shaped folds; conductor hyaline; embolus fused to tegulum, spiniform, short or relatively long, generally with basal process (absent in T. platnicki sp. nov., T. regiae sp. nov., T. mutum sp. nov., T. gigantea sp. nov. and T. araguaia sp. nov.).

Epigynum not projected over epigastric furrow, with one copulatory opening, generally anteriorly positioned (posteriorly positioned only in T. una sp. nov. and T. gigantea sp. nov.); posterior vulval plate well developed in rosae group ( Figs 9D, H , 10D, F , 11D, H , 12D, F , 13D , 14D, H ), weakly developed in trilineata group ( Figs 15D , 16D, H , 17H , 18F ). Copulatory duct expanded medially, forming copulatory pouch. In species with developed posterior vulval plate, copulatory pouch membranous; in species with undeveloped posterior vulval plate, copulatory pouch sclerotized; primary spermathecae globular; secondary spermathecae generally absent, but present and small in most species of trilineata group ( T. albofasciata , T. caraca sp. nov., T. lata sp. nov., T. cruzes sp. nov., T. palmares sp. nov., T. una sp. nov. and T. oba sp. nov.; Figs 14G, H , 15C, D, 15G, H , 16C, D, G, H , 17C, D, G, H , 20I ).

Natural history. Most of the examined specimens were collected with pitfall traps, while a few were collected by beating tray, which suggests that species of Tupirinna may inhabit both the leaf litter and vegetation ( Figs 2A–B ). The typical color pattern of Tupirinna species may be an example of disruptive coloration (Cott 1957), which leads to conspicuous convergences between phylogenetically unrelated animals. For example, the color pattern presented by Tupirinna species is similar to that presented by species of the Castianeirinae genera Copa Simon, 1886 (see Haddad 2013a: figs 1–6), Ticopa Raven, 2015 (see Raven 2015: fig. 127d) and Copuetta Haddad, 2013 (see Haddad 2013b: figs 7–13), and even to that present in the genus Cambridgea (Desidae) , endemic to the New Zealand, especially Cambridgea plagiata Foster & Wilton, 1973 and C. quadromaculata Blest & Taylor, 1995 (see Blest & Taylor 1995: fig. 1).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Tupirinna rosae Bonaldo, 2000, male, dorsal view. Watercolor drawing by Rejane Rosa.

FIGURE 2. A–B. Tupirinna sp. live juvenile from Carajás, Pará State, Brazil. Photo: Robson Zampaulo.

FIGURE 8. Tupirinna rosae: A–E: male palp, ventral view. A–D. palp; E. tibia. F–I: male palp, retrolateral view. F. tibia; G–H. palp; I. embolus and conductor detail. Abbreviations: AS, apical spur; C, conductor; dVL, dorsal process of ventral lobe; E, embolus; TEP, Tupirinna embolar process; TRP, tegular retrolateral process; VL, ventral lobe; VTA, ventral tibial apophysis.

FIGURE 9. A–D. Tupirinna regiae sp. nov.,: A–B. male palp. A. ventral view. B. retrolateral view. C–D. C. ventral view. D. dorsal view. E–H. Tupirinna araguaia sp. nov.: E–F. male palp. E. ventral view. F. retrolateral view. G–H. epigynum. G. ventral view. H. dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations:AS, apical spur; CD, copulatory duct; CO, copulatory opening; dVL, dorsal process of ventral lobe; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; PVP, posterior vulval plate; SI, primary spermathecae; TRP, tegular retrolateral process; VTA, ventral tibial apophysis.

FIGURE 10. A–D. Tupirinna platnicki sp. nov.: A–B. male palp, arrow: subapical embolar reinforcement ring. A. ventral view. B. retrolateral view. C–D. epigynum C. ventral view. D. dorsal view. E–F. Tupirinna goeldi sp. nov.: epigynum. E. ventral view. F. dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: AS, apical spur; dVL, dorsal process of ventral lobe; E, embolus; SI, primary spermathecae; PVP, posterior vulval plate; VTA, ventral tibial apophysis.

FIGURE 11. A–D. Tupirinna mutum sp. nov.: A–B. male palp. A. ventral view. B. retrolateral view. C–D. epigynum C. ventral view. D. dorsal view. E–H. Tupirinna gigantea sp. nov.: E–F. male palp. E. ventral view. F. retrolateral view. G–H. epigynum. G. ventral view. H. dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: AS, apical spur; CO, copulatory opening; dVL, dorsal process of ventral lobe; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; SI, primary spermathecae; PVP, posterior vulval plate; VTA, ventral tibial apophysis.

FIGURE 12. A–D. Tupirinna coari sp. nov.: A–B. male palp. A. ventral view. B. retrolateral view. C–D. epigynum. C. ventral view. D. dorsal view. E–F. Tupirinna luctuosa sp. nov.: epigynum. E. ventral view. F. dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: AS, apical spur; dVL, dorsal process of ventral lobe; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; PVP, posterior vulval plate; TRP, tegular retrolateral process; VL, ventral lobe; VTA, ventral tibial apophysis; vVL, ventral process of ventral lobe.

FIGURE 13. A–D. Tupirinna zebra sp. nov.: A–B. male palp. A. ventral view. B. retrolateral view. C–D. epigynum C. ventral view. D. dorsal view. E–F. Tupirinna urucu sp. nov. male palp. E. ventral view. F. dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: AS, apical spur; CO, copulatory opening; dVL, dorsal process of ventral lobe; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; VTA, ventral tibial apophysis; vVL, ventral process of ventral lobe.

FIGURE 14. A–D. Tupirinna ibiapaba sp. nov.: A–B. male palp. A. ventral view. B. retrolateral view. C–D. epigynum. C. ventral view. D. dorsal view. E–H. Tupirinna lata sp. nov.: E–F. male palp. E. ventral view. F. retrolateral view. G–H. epigynum. G. ventral view. H. dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening; CP, copulatory pouch; DL, dorsal lobe; E, embolus; PVP, posterior vulval plate; SI, primary spermathecae; VL, ventral lobe; VTA, ventral tibial apophysis.

FIGURE 15. A–D. Tupirinna cruzes sp. nov.: A–B. male palp. A. ventral view. B. retrolateral view. C–D. epigynum C. ventral view. D. dorsal view. E–H. Tupirinna caraca sp. nov.: E–F. male palp. E. ventral view. F. retrolateral view. G–H. epigynum G. ventral view. H. dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: AS, apical spur; DL, dorsal lobe; E, embolus; PTR, posterior transversal ridges SII, secondary spermathecae, TEP, Tupirinna embolar process; TPP, tegular prolateral process; TRP, tegular retrolateral process.

FIGURE 16. A–D. Tupirinna una sp. nov.: A–B. male palp. A. ventral view. B. retrolateral view. C–D. epigynum. C. ventral view, arrows indicate pockets. D. dorsal view. E–F. Tupirinna oba sp. nov.: epigynum. E. ventral view. F. dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: CP, copulatory pouch; DL, dorsal lobe; E, embolus; PTR, posterior transversal ridges; PVP, posterior vulval plate; SII, secondary spermathecae; TEP, Tupirinna embolar process; TRP, tegular retrolateral process; VL, ventral lobe; VTA, ventral tibial apophysis.

FIGURE 17. A–D. Tupirinna palmares sp. nov.: A–B. male palp. A. ventral view. B. retrolateral view. C–D. epigynum C. ventral view. D. dorsal view. E–F. Tupirinna albofasciata: epigynum. E. ventral view. F. dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: CO, copulatory opening; CP, copulatory pouch; DL, dorsal lobe; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; PVP, posterior vulval plate; SI, primary spermathecae; SII, secondary spermathecae; TEP, Tupirinna embolar process; TRP, tegular retrolateral process; VL, ventral lobe, VTA, ventral tibial apophysis.

FIGURE 18. A–F. Tupirinna platnicki sp. nov. female genitalia. A–C. ventral view. A. epigynum. B. copulatory opening. C. copulatory opening detail. D–F. dorsal view with PVP removed. D–E. epigynum. F. primary spermatheca detail. Abbreviations: CD, copulatory duct; CO, copulatory opening; CP, copulatory pouch; SI, primary spermathecae.

FIGURE 19. A–F. Tupirinna zebra sp. nov. male palp: A–C. ventral view. A. palp. B. sclerites of palp. C. tibia. D–F. retrolateral view. D. palp. E. embolus and conductor detail. F. tibia. G–I female genitalia. G–H dorsal view. G. epigynum. H. primary spermatheca. I. copulatory opening in ventral view. Abbreviations: AS, apical spur; C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; CP, copulatory pouch; dVL, dorsal process of ventral lobe; E, embolus; PVP, posterior vulval plate; SI, primary spermathecae; VTA, ventral tibial apophysis.

FIGURE 20. Tupirinna caraca sp. nov.: A–G. male palp: A–D. ventral view. A. palp. B. sclerites of palp. C. embolus and conductor detail. D. VTA. E–G. retrolateral view. E. palp. F. embolus and conductor detail. G. tibia. H–I. female genitalia dorsal view: H. epigynum. I. primary and secondary spermatheca. Abbreviations: AS, apical spur; C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; CP, copulatory pouch; DL, dorsal lobe; E, embolus; PVP, posterior vulval plate; SI, primary spermathecae; SII, secondary spermathecae; TEP, Tupirinna embolar process; VTA, ventral tibial apophysis.

FIGURE 21. Tupirinna caraca sp. nov. A–D. male: A. endites, labium and anterior margin of sternum, arrows indicating anterior lateral excavations on sternum. B–C. endites. D. chelicerae. E–L. female: E. chelicerae. F. chelicerae teeth. G–J. spinnerets. H. anterior lateral spinnerets. I. posterior median spinnerets. J. posterior lateral spinnerets, arrows indicating aciniform gland spigots. K. abdomen setae. L. tarsus retrolateral view. Abbreviations: Ac, aciniform gland spigots; ALS, anterior lateral spinnerets; Cy, cylindrical spigots; Ed, endites; Lb, labium; MaAm, major ampullate gland spigots; MiAm minor ampullate gland spigots; Pi, piriform gland spigots; PLS, posterior lateral spinnerets; PMS, posterior median spinnerets; Tp, tartipore.

FIGURE 22. Tupirinna lata sp. nov. male: A–B. carapace. C. endites. D–E. chelicerae. F. cheliceral teeth. G. anterior lateral excavation on sternum. H–I. Leg I tibial setae. J. leg II - trichobothrium. K–L. leg III - tarsal organ. Abbreviation: TO, tarsal organ.