Pavo Linnaeus, 1758

Gustafsson, Daniel R., Grossi, Alexandra A., Ren, Mengjiao & Zou, Fasheng, 2023, The Goniodidae (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) of peafowl (Aves: Galliformes: Pavo), with description of a new genus, Journal of Natural History 57 (17 - 20), pp. 996-1048 : 1042-1043

Key to the species of goniodid lice occurring on hosts in the genus Pavo Linnaeus, 1758

Note that Goniodes dissimilis Denny, 1842 , is likely not a common occurrence on peafowls but has been reported from Pakistan ( Naz and Rizvi 2018). We also include the unidentified species reported by Nasser et al. (2015), which they reported as G. dissimilis . The species collected by Nasser et al. (2015) belongs to species group K sensu Clay (1940), which von Kéler (1940) considered to be the separate genus Solenodes Kéler, 1940 , but the photographed specimen cannot be identified to the species level. Potentially, these species are locally established on peafowl, but published data are insufficient. They are included here for completeness, to help identify other specimens collected from the same regions.

1. Males ........................................................................................................................................................ 2.

- Females ................................................................................................................................................... 8.

2. Antennae modified: at least scape expanded or elongated and flagellomere I with thumb-like distal process ( Figure 3 ) ............................................................................................ 3.

- Antennae not modified ............................................ Goniocotes rectangulatus Giebel 1866

3. Scape cylindrical, without any processes .................................................................................. 4.

- Scape either with squamous, thumb-like process ( Figure 3 ), or with broadly triangular, non-squamous process bearing a seta apically ( Figure 26 ) .............................................. 5.

4. Lateral margin of temples rounded, not extending lateral to eye; marginal carina very broad, with posterior margin reaching about halfway of distance between frons and preantennal nodi; genitalia with distinct mesosome and parameres .................................. ........................................................................................................ Goniodes dissimilis Denny, 1842 .

- Lateral margin of temples pointed, extending much lateral to eye; marginal carina narrow, with posterior margin reaching to at most 1/5 of distance between frons and preantennal nodi; genitalia without clear mesosome or parameres.. ............................... ................................................................................ Goniodes species group K sensu Clay (1940).

5. Scape with squamous, thumb-like process ( Figure 3 ); each of abdominal segments III– V with>2 sts on each side ( Figure 1 ); os macroseta ( Figure 3 ) ........................................ 6.

- Scape with broadly triangular, non-squamous process bearing a seta apically ( Figure 26 ); each of abdominal segments III–V with at most 1 sts on each side ( Figure 24 ); os short ( Figure 26 ) .................................................................................................... 7.

6. Pterothorax with flat lateral margin where lpts and pts are close together ( Figure 1 ); each of tergopleurites III–V with>2 central macrosetae on each side ( Figure 1 ); tergopleurite X extended antero-laterally to reach near tergopleurite VIII ( Figure 1 ); parameres widening distally ( Figure 5 ) .................... Goniodes pavonis ( Linnaeus, 1758)

- Pterothorax with rounded lateral margin where lpts and ipts and widely separated ( Figure 10 ); each of tergopleurites IIIV with 1 central macroseta on each side ( Figure 10 ); tergopleurite X not extended antero-laterally ( Figure 10 ); parameres slender and tapering ( Figure 14 ) .............................. Goniodes meinertzhageni Clay 1940 .

7. Genitalia asymmetrical ( Figures 28–29 ); apical seta of triangular extension of scape spike-like ( Figure 26 ); temples not bulging at mts1 and mts5 ( Figure 26 ); mts2, mts4 and pos thick, thorn-like ( Figure 26 ) .................... Pavoniocotes parviceps ( Piaget, 1880) .

- Genitalia symmetrical ( Figures 42–43 ); apical seta of triangular extension of scape thorn-like ( Figure 40 ); temples bulging at mts1 and mts5 ( Figure 40 ); mts2, mts4 and pos microsetae ( Figure 40 ) ..................................................................................................................... ................................................ Pavoniocotes mayuri ( Lakshminarayana and Emerson 1971) .

8. Abdominal segments III–V with 1 sts on each side ( Figure 19 ) ....................................... 9.

- Abdominal segments III–V with>2 sts on each side ( Figure 2 ) ..................................... 12.

9. Sclerotised triangular processes on each side antero-lateral to vulval margin; large, highly setose fleshy lobes on each side postero-lateral to vulval margin; temples extended laterally to pointed process, with pos apical .............................................................. ........................................................................................................ Goniodes dissimilis Denny, 1842 .

- No sclerotised triangular process; no fleshy, setose lobes; temples rounded, and pos situated on lateral margin of head, not on lateral process ............................................. 10.

10. No tergopleurites with tps microsetae ( Figure 19 ); vulval margin with sparse row of short vms ( Figure 22 ) ................................................ Goniocotes rectangulatus Giebel 1866 .

- At least some of tergopleurites II–VIII with one or more tps microsetae on each side ( Figure 25 ); vulval margin with dense row of medium-length vms ( Figure 30 ) ...... 11.

11. Accessory lateral sternal plates present ( Figure 25 ); psps absent on at least tergopleurite II ( Figure 25 ) ........................................................... Pavoniocotes parviceps ( Piaget, 1880) .

- Accessory lateral sternal plates absent ( Figure 39 ); psps present on tergopleurite II ( Figure 39 ) ............ ............ Pavoniocotes mayuri ( Lakshminarayana and Emerson 1971) .

12. Tergopleurites II–VI with>3 central macrosetae on each side ( Figure 2 ); accessory lateral sternal plates not associated with row of microsetae ( Figure 2 ); subgenital plate absent ( Figure 7 ) ......................... ......................... Goniodes pavonis ( Linnaeus, 1758) .

- Tergopleurites II–VI with single central macroseta on each side ( Figure 11 ); accessory lateral sternal plates with rows of microsetae on posterior margin ( Figure 11 ); subgenital plate present ( Figure 16 ) .............................. Goniodes meinertzhageni Clay 1940 .

Figures

Figure 1. Goniodes pavonis (Linnaeus, 1758), male habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figure 2. Goniodes pavonis (Linnaeus, 1758), female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figure 10. Goniodes meinertzhageni Clay, 1940, male habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figure 11. Goniodes meinertzhageni Clay, 1940, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views. Many longer setae are broken in the examined specimen,and here illustrated only partially. Position and number of setae is thus accurate in the illustration, but cut-off setae should be longer. In most cases, the approximate length of these setae can be estimated based on the corresponding setae in other segments, or by the corresponding setae in the male.

Figure 19. Goniocotes rectangulatus Nitzsch [in Giebel], 1866, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views. Paratergal plates not clearly demarcated in specimen, and illustrated approximately.

Figure 24. Pavoniocotes parviceps (Piaget, 1880) ex Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, male habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figure 25. Pavoniocotes parviceps (Piaget, 1880) ex Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figure 39. Pavoniocotes mayuri (Lakshminarayana and Emerson, 1971), female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

Figures 3–7. Goniodes pavonis (Linnaeus, 1758). 3, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 4, female antenna and conus, ventral view. 5, male genitalia, dorsal view. 6, male genitalia, ventral view. 7, female genitalia and abdominal segments VII–XI, ventral view.

Figures 26–30. Pavoniocotes parviceps (Piaget, 1880) ex Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758. 26, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 27, female antenna and conus, ventral view. 28, male genitalia, dorsal view. 29, male genitalia, ventral view. 30, female genitalia and abdominal segments VII–XI, ventral view.

Figures 12–16. Goniodes meinertzhageni Clay, 1940. 12, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 13, female antenna and conus, ventral view. 14, male genitalia, dorsal view. 15, male genitalia, ventral view. 16, female genitalia and abdominal segments VII–XI, ventral view.

Figures 40–44. Pavoniocotes mayuri (Lakshminarayana and Emerson, 1971). 40, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 41, female antenna and conus, ventral view. 42, male genitalia, dorsal view. 43, male genitalia, ventral view. 44, female genitalia and abdominal segments VII–XI, ventral view.

Figures 20–22. Goniocotes rectangulatus Nitzsch [in Giebel], 1866. 20, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 21, male genitalia, dorsal view. 22, female genitalia and abdominal segments VIII–XI, ventral view.