Auranus quilombola, Villanueva-Bonilla & Araújo-Da-Silva & Vasconcellos-Neto & Sobczak & Fonseca & Nóbrega & Pires & Arruda & Dasilva & Sobczak, 2021

Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, Araújo-Da-Silva, Luiz Paulo, Vasconcellos-Neto, João, Sobczak, Jullyana Cristina Magalhães Silva Moura, Fonseca, Emily Oliveira, Nóbrega, Francisco Ageu De Sousa, Pires, Joedson Castro, Arruda, Italo Diego Paiva, Dasilva, Marcio Bernardino & Sobczak, Jober Fernando, 2021, First record of the interaction between the arthropod-pathogenic fungus Gibellula and a new species of harvestman Auranus (Stygnidae) narrowly endemic to the Brazilian rain forest, Zootaxa 5071 (3), pp. 403-414 : 406-408

Auranus quilombola sp. nov. Araújo-da-Silva & DaSilva

Auranus sp. DeSouza et al. 2017: 20, 21, Fig, 3A.

Type material: BRAZIL. Ceará: Guaramiranga, Parque das Trilhas, ~ 900 m. a.s.l., 06.iv.2011, Araujo-da-Silva, L.P. et al. leg. 1♂ holotype ( UFPB-OP901 ) ; idem, 9♂ 8♀ 6juv. paratypes ( UFPB-OP299 ) . Other paratypes. Guaramiranga , Parque das Trilhas, 01.vi.2018, Da Silva, M.B. et al. leg. 9♂ 8♀ 6 juv. ( UFPB-OP893 ) ; Guaramiranga, Trilha da Cachoeira do Urubu , 05.iv.2011, Araujo-da-Silva, L.P. et al. leg., 9♂ 8♀ 1juv. ( UFPB-OP302 ) ; Baturité, Reserva Particular Patrimônio Natural Sítio Palmeiras , 750 m. a.s.l., 03.iv.2011, Araujo-da-Silva, L.P. et al. leg., 10♂ 10♀ 4juv. ( UFPB-OP022 ) ; idem, 6♂ 3♀ ( MNRJ59055 ) ; Baturité, Fazenda do Dr. Antônio Carlos (CE-356), 04.iv.2011, Araujo-da-Silva, L.P. et al. leg., 11♂ 11♀ 3juv. ( UFPB-OP268 ) ; idem, 6♂ 3♀ ( MZSP76644 ) ; Pacoti, Hotel Chalé Nosso Sítio , ~ 760 m. a.s.l., 25.iv.2015, Da Silva, M.B. et al. leg., 3♂ 5♀ 2 juv. ( UFPB-OP894 ) idem, 1♂ (UFPB-OP902) ; Pacoti, Forquilha (CE-253), ~ 900 m. a.s.l., 26.iv.2015, Da Silva, M.B. et al. leg., 1♂ 1♀ ( UFPB-OP953 ) ; Itapipoca, Mata de São João , 03.vi.2018, De Souza, A.M. et al. leg., 6♂ 1♀ 1 juv. ( UFPB-OP895 ) ; Itapipoca, Quilombo Nazaré , 840 m. a.s.l., Nóbrega, F.A.S. et al. leg., 1♂ 2♀ ( UFPB-OP804 ) ; Pacatuba, Serra da Aratanha , trilha ao lado do Parque das Andreas, ~ 350 m. a.s.l., 15.ii.2013, Costa, A. et al. leg., 3♂ 6♀ ( UFPB-OP119 ) ; Pacatuba, Serra da Aratanha , 07.iv.2011, Da Silva, M.B. et al. leg., 27♂ 13♀ 4 juv. ( UFPB-OP896 ) ; Maranguape, Serra da Pirapora ( Sítio Europa ), ~ 450 m. a.s.l., 08.iv.2011, Araujo-da-Silva, L.P. et al. leg., 40♂ 19♀ 1 juv. (UFPB-OP897) ; Ubajara, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, Brejo de Altitude , ~ 700 m. a.s.l., 27.i.2014, Sampaio, C., Saraiva, N.E. V ., Da Silva M.B. leg., 6♂ 10♀ ( UFPB-OP172 ) ; Ubajara, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, Rio Gameleira , 840 m. a.s.l., 27.i.2014, Sampaio, C., Saraiva, N.E. V ., Da Silva, M.B. leg., 2♂ 3♀ ( UFPB-OP189 ) ; idem, 5♂ 5♀ (UFPB-OP162) ; Ubajara, Cachoeira Bica do Vitalino , 813 m. a.s.l., 25.x.2011 , De Souza, A.M., Araújo, E.S., Vilarinho, N. leg., 16♂ 19♀ ( UFPB-OP218 ) ; Ubajara, Cachoeira Bica do Vitalino , 813 m. a.s.l., 26.x.2011, De Souza, A.M. et al. leg., 8♂ 3♀ ( UFPB-OP225 ) ; Ubajara, Bica do Vitalino , 25.x.2011, Vilarinho, N. et al. leg., 2♂ 1♀ ( UFPB-OP226 ) ; Ubajara, Trilha do Portão Planalto , 838 m. a.s.l., 27.x.2011, Araujo, E. et al. leg., 1♂ ( UFPB-OP227 ) ; Ubajara, Sítio do Alemão , 891 m. a.s.l., 23.x.2012, De Souza, A.M. et al. leg., 1♂ ( UFPB-OP228 ) ; Ubajara, Gruta do Morcego Branco e Gruta de Ubajara , ~ 520 m. a.s.l., 22.x.2011, De Souza, A.M. et al. leg., 4♂ 7♀ ( UFPB-OP231 ) ; Ubajara, Trilha da Samambaia , 900 m. a.s.l., 30.iv.2018, Silvino, A.C.S. et al. leg., 5♂ 1♀ ( UFPB-OP694 ) ; Ubajara, Trilha da Samanbaia , 1.v.2018, Silvino, A.C.S. et al. leg., 4♂ 4♀ 1 juv. ( UFPB-OP714 ) .

Diagnosis: Similar to A. hehu by the presence of two ventral rows of tubercles in tibia IV. It can be distinguished from A. hehu and A. parvus due to the presence of one large, dorso-ectal, apical tubercle and one ventro-ectal, apical tubercle on its patella. It differs from A. hehu , A. leonidas , and A. parvus in having an undivided area II. It differs from A. tepui and A. leonidas in having a row of granules on the lateral margins of its dorsal scutum.

Etymology: “ quilombola ” is a Brazilian Portuguese name for a person who lives in a quilombo, a settlement inhabited by black slaves after they escaped from their exploitative landlords where their descendants continue to live. Q uilombos are a symbol of black resistance. The fungus-harvestmen interactions were observed at the Quilombo Nazaré. quilombola is used here as an indeclinable noun in apposition.

Description: Male holotype (Col. UFPB-OP901), ( Fig. 1–2 , 4A ).

Dorsum: Prosoma with six tubercles; ocularium smooth; dorsal scutum rectangular, iota sensu ( Kury & Medrano, 2016); lateral margin with a row of small tubercles from coxa III to the posterior margin; area I divided by a median groove, with two tubercles each half; area II undivided with seven tubercles; area III undivided, with one pair of large spines, with apexes slightly curved backwards, posterior row with four tubercles; posterior margin with five tubercles; free tergite I with five tubercles; free tergite II with seven tubercles; free tergite III with seven tubercles; anal operculum with two rows, anterior row with four small tubercles, posterior row with three small tubercles.

Venter: Coxa I–II with two rows of small setiferous tubercles equidistant; III–IV with sparsely placed, small, setiferous tubercles; posterior margin with one row of medium, setiferous tubercles; free sternites with a row of small granules.

Chelicera: robust in males, segment I with three dorsal tubercles, ectal larger; II with median strong tubercle, 15 juxtaposed minute teeth, and four median distal teeth, and III with two tubercles (a basal large one and a median strong one) and two distal teeth; inter chela space present.

Pedipalp: long and thin; coxa long, with two ventral and three dorsal (one mesal and two ectal) tubercles; trochanter inflated, with a ventral tubercle; femur smooth, slightly curved inwards at the base; setation: left tibia, ectal: IIiIi, mesal: IIiIi; right tibia, ectal: IIiIi, mesal: IIIIi; left tarsus, ectal: iIiIi, mesal: IiIii; right tarsus, ectal: iIiI, mesal: IiIii.

Legs: coxa I–II with two tubercles, anterior and posterior; II with a strong, posterior tubercle fused with the anterior one, at the apex near the lateral margin of the scutum; III with anterior tubercle fused at apex to the posterior one of coxa II; IV with three dorsal, sparsely placed tubercles; trochanter I–IV with each with four ventral, sparsely placed tubercles, basal one larger; II and III with two minute apical tubercles (pro and retrolateral) and two dorsoapical posterior tubercles; II with a minute basal retrolateral tubercle; III with a dorso-apical anterior tubercle; IV with two dorso-apical and two dorso-ectal tubercles small and similar in size, and two large tubercles (pro and retrolateral); femora with tubercles organized in five rows (two ventral, two dorsal, and one retrolateral) and two dorso-apical tubercles; III with two ventral rows of tubercles, increasing in size apically; IV with a retrolateral row of large, basal tubercles, a ventro-ectal row of tubercles extending throughout the femur, a ventro-mesal row with tubercles extending from basal third to the apex; ventro-ectal apical large pointed tubercle; patella I and II unarmed; III with two dorso-apical tubercles, one large pointed and the other reduced; IV with two dorso-apical tubercles larger than those of femur IV and one large ventro-ectal, apical tubercle; tibia I–III with dorsal and ventral rows of small tubercles; IV with two rows of pointed ventral tubercles, increasing in size towards the apex; metatarsus I unarmed; II–IV with a pair of ventro-apical large and strong setae; tarsal process present, with one-third the size of the claws; claws smooth; tarsal segmentation: 7, 14, 6, 7.

Penis ( Fig. 2 ): Calyx short and thin, more curved apically. Malleus wide and swollen, clearly separated from the calyx; chaetotaxy: MS A: A1 inserted latero-dorsally on malleus, A2–A3 inserted laterally on malleus; MS B: reduced; MS C: two-three pairs cylindrical, curved, and sharp, placed laterally on calyx; MS D: reduced; MS E: reduced; glans membranous, stylus long, dorsally curved, with a wide apex forming a keel; dorsal process long and thin; truncus inflated distally with a constriction on the apex, separated from malleus.

Coloration: General brown. Prosoma dark brown with lighter spots; abdominal scutum dark brown with lighter sulci. Pedipalps and chelicerae yellowish with dark reticulation on dorsal palps, tibia, and tarsus. Coxae and trochanters of legs orange with lighter apexes, other segments of legs brown. Free tergites dark with orange stripes.

Measurements: Length of dorsal scute: 3.47; width of dorsal scute: 3.24; interocular distance: 1.51; length of pedipalp: 7.13; length of leg I: 12.44; leg II: 26.77; leg III: 18.06; leg IV: 24.83.

Variation in males (n=10): Length of dorsal scute: 3.26–3.89; width of dorsal scute: 2.73–3.41; interocular distance: 0.95–1.62; length of pedipalp: 7.13–8.23; length of leg I: 11.52–14.63; leg II: 24.75–31.14; leg III: 16.88– 22.04; leg IV: 22.35–31.35. Pedipalp setation: tibia mesal: IiiIi, IIiII, IiiIi, ectal: IiiIi, IiiII, IIiII, IIiIi; tarsus mesal: IiIiIi, iiIiIi, IiIii, Iiiii, ectal: iIiiiIii, iIiiiIiii, iIiiiIiI, iIiii, iIiIiiiI, iIiIii, iIiIi. Tarsal segmentation: 6–7, 14–17, 6–7, 6–7.

Sexual dimorphism: Visible with respect to size of chelicerae and armature of legs. Females have smaller chelicerae, and their legs are less armed in comparison to males, and absence of rows of ventral tubercles on tibia IV in the females.

Variation in females (n = 12): Length of dorsal scute: 3.27–3.92; width of dorsal scute: 2.69–3.74; interocular distance: 0.89–1.55; length of pedipalp: 6.46–7.77; length of leg I: 10.28–12.28; leg II: 22.79–27.59; leg III: 15.43– 19.6; leg IV: 20.46–25.69. Pedipalp setation: tibia mesal: IiiIi, IIiIIi, IIiII, IIiIi, ectal: IIiIi, IIiII, IiiIi; tarsus mesal: IiIiIi, ectal: iIiiiIi, iIiiiIii, iIiiIi. Tarsal segmentation: 7, 14–17, 5–6, 6–7.

Type locality: BRAZIL. Ceará. Guaramiranga. Parque das Trilhas (4.25 ° S, 38.93 ° W)

Geographic distribution ( Fig. 3 ): BRAZIL. Ceará (Baturité, Guaramiranga, Itapipoca, Maranguape, Pacatuba, Pacoti, Ubajara). Montane and submontane humid forests (brejos de altitude) of Baturité, Maranguape, Aratanha, Uruburetama, and Ibiapaba mountain slopes.

Field note: Auranus quilombola sp. nov. is found abundantly in all the localities from where the specimens were collected (there are no quantitative data, but its abundance is reflected in the high numbers of deposited specimens; refer to “ Type Material” above). The individuals are very quick and agile, a distinct behavior when compared to harvestmen species in general.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Schematic drawing of Auranus quilombola sp. nov. (Holotype, UFPB OP-901), showing main external characters. A) Dorsal habitus, B) Lateral view of the body, C) Dorsal view of left leg (trochanter, femur, patella, and tibia), D) Ventral view of left leg (trochanter, femur, patella, and tibia), E) Right pedipalp (tibia and tarsus). Scale = 1 mm.

FIGURE 2. Penis of Auranus quilombola sp. nov. (Holotype, UFPB OP-901), dorsal view on the left, lateral view at the center, and ventral view on the right. Details of macrosetae are shown with colors. Scale = 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 3. Distribution map of Auranus quilombola sp. nov. and other Auranus species. A) Records of A. quilombola sp. nov. in Brejos de Altitude of Ceará state. Black dots are the known records, red arrow is the location of observation of fungusharvestmen interaction, full line is the Brejos Cearenses area of endemism delimitation. B) Distribution of Auranus species in the Amazon forest according Colmenares et al. (2016) and the new species in Atlantic forest. In detail, South America with the two great blocks of rain forest, Amazonian and Atlantic forest, showing the geographic locations of A and B.

FIGURE 4. Fungus-harvestman interaction. A) Habitus of male Auranus quilombola sp. nov. without fungus infection. B) A. quilombola sp. nov. male, parasitized by arthropod-pathogenic fungus Gibellula sp. C) Details of the fungus Gibellula sp. parasitizing the harvestman A. quilombola sp. nov. (blue arrow shows the mycelium; red arrow shows the perithecium).