Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel, 1887

Zhang, Lanlan & Suzuki, Noritoshi, 2017, Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean, Palaeontologia Electronica (Cambridge, England: 2003) 7 (8), pp. 1-68 : 21-23

Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel, 1887 sensu stricto

Figure 12

1887 Larcospira (Larcospirema) quadrangula Haeckel , p. 696, pl. 49, fig. 3.

non 1970 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Nigrini, p. 169, pl. 2, fig. 9.

1971 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Casey, pl. 23.3, fig. 8.

1972 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Ling, p. 168, pl. 2, fig. 4.

1976 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Renz, 1976, p. 90, pl. 1, fig. 12.

non 1976 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Tan and Tchang, p. 264-265, text-fig. 36.

non 1977 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Kling, p. 217, pl. 2, fig. 18.

non 1978 Larcospyra quadrangula Haeckel (wrong spelling for the genus name); McMillen and Casey, pl. 3, fig. 18.

aff. 1978 Pyloniidae gen. et spp. indet. Riedel and Sanfilippo, pl. 3, fig. 19 (only).

? 1979 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Kling, p. 309, pl. 1, fig. 14.

non 1979 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Nigrini and Moore, S133-134, pl. 17, fig. 2.

ZHANG & SUZUKI: TAXONOMY OF HOLOCENE PYLONIOID non 1980 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Johnson and Nigrini, p. 127, text-fig. 9a, pl. 2, fig. 15.

non 1981 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Takahashi and Honjo, p. 150, pl. 6, fig. 2.

1984 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Nigrini and Lombari, p. S93-94, pl. 13, fig. 3a-c.

non 1984b Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Nishimura and Yamauchi, p. 41, pl. 17, fig. 11, pl. 43, fig. 12.

non 1985 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Boltovskoy and Jankilevich, pl. 3, fig. 15.

non 1985 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Morley, p. 410, pl. 3, fig. 9.

non 1986 Larcospira quadrangular Haeckel (wrong spelling for the species name); Morley and Kohl, 1986, pl. 1, fig. 9.

non 1986 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Yamauchi, pl. 1, fig. 17.

non 1987 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; BjØrklund and de Ruiter, fig. 2.18.

non 1987 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Dworetzky and Morley, pl. 2, fig. 9.

non 1990 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Yeh and Cheng, pl. 6, fig. 7.

non 1991 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Takahashi, p. 92, pl. 23, figs. 11-12.

1992 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Sugiyama, Nobuhara, and Inoue, p. 13-16, pl. 8,

fig. 13, pl. 9, figs. 1-5c.

1993 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Sharma and Singh, pl. 2, fig. 25.

non 1994 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Kim,

Park, and Park, pl. 2, fig. 11.

non 1995 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; van de

Paverd, p. 188-190, pl. 55, figs. 1-2, 4-5.

non 1996 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Chen and

Tan, p. 198, pl. 23, figs. 1-3, pl. 46, figs. 2, 3.

non 1996 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Haslett,

pl. 1, fig. 1.

non 1998 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Tan, p.

280-281, text-fig. 270.

non 1999 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Tan and

Chen, p. 265-266, text-fig. 5.182.

non 2008 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Kamikuri,

Motoyama, and Nishimura, pl. 3, fig. 13.

non 2009 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Hatakeda and BjØrklund, pl. 3, fig. 4.

2009 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Itaki, p.

48, pl. 10, figs. 14-15.

2009 Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel ; Sono,

Suzuki, Yoshimura, Kano, and Takeda, pl. 1,

figs. 14a-15. non 2015a Phorticium pylonium Haeckel group; Matsuzaki, Suzuki, and Nishi, p. 32, fig. 6.11 (only).

Description. Test is cornered-square or slightly oblong in shape, and consists of a spindle-like center and lobate, latticed girdles. The length ratio of the Sg-axis to the Lt-axis is 0.9–1.0. Because of the revolving patterns, no gates develop in the 1st pseudo-concentric shell. The 2nd pseudo-concentric shell has twin outer girdles connected with the opposite ends of the 1st pseudo-concentric shell along the Lt-axis in Type 1 coordinates and the Ug-axis in Type 2 coordinates. The width ratio of the 3rd pseudo-concentric shell to the 2nd pseudo-concentric shell is 2.5–2.7. Several pillar beams from 2nd pseudo-concentric shell are bifurcated distally extending to the 3rd pseudo-concentric shell. These bifurcated pillar beams form convex depressions on the 3rd pseudo-concentric shell for a lobate appearance. Radial spines are somewhat developed on the surface of the 3rd pseudo-concentric shell. Pores are similarly small on the central combination and the S1a-girdles. Pores on the 2nd and 3rd pseudo-concentric shells are large and circular to subcircular in shape with fine pore frames.

Remarks. The Indian samples include three independent morphotypes of Larcospira . We evaluated illustrations of Larcospira quadrangula in published papers to examine their independence. Almost all illustrated Larcospira quadrangula show smooth, spherical outermost pseudo-concentric shells, and several specimens show morphological similarity to the type image of L. quadrangula ( Haeckel, 1887, plate 49, figure 3). Based on these differences, these three morphotypes are separated. Larcospira quadrangula is easily distinguished from Larcospira teres n. sp. in that the former has a cornered quadrangular to sub-quadrangular overall shape from the Sg- and Pl-views and lobate outermost girdles with clearly visible pillar beams. Larcospira quadrangula is similar to Larcospira tetragonicentrum n. sp. in the former’s lobate outermost girdles, but the former is differentiated from the latter based on the former’s spindle-like central part in contrast to a quadrangular center, as well as the former’s presence of a 2nd pseudo-concentric shell.

Figures

FIGURE 12. Photographs of the encountered morphotypes of Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel, 1887 sensu stricto. All are Pl-view at Type 1. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. All specimens are from YDY05-01.